ʻO ka hōʻoiaʻiʻo hoʻokuʻu ʻana he hōʻoia hilinaʻi kālepa, a paʻakikī a loli mau ke ʻano o ka ʻoihana kalepa honua i kēia manawa. Pono nā mākeke ʻokoʻa a me nā ʻāpana huahana i nā palapala hōʻoia a me nā kūlana like ʻole.
Palapala hōʻoia honua
1. ISO9000
ʻO ka International Organization for Standardization ka hui kūikawā nui loa o ka honua no ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, a paʻa ia i kahi kūlana koʻikoʻi i ka standardization honua.
Hoʻopuka ʻia ka maʻamau ISO9000 e ka International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ka mea e hoʻokō i ka ʻohana GB / T19000-ISO9000 o nā kūlana, alakaʻi i ka hōʻoia maikaʻi, hoʻonohonoho i ka hana standardization ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, hoʻonohonoho i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka ʻike ma waena o nā ʻāina lālā a me nā komite ʻenehana, a hui pū me nā mea ʻē aʻe. nā hui honua e aʻo pū i nā pilikia standardization.
2. GMP
Kū ʻo GMP no ka Good Manufacturing Practice, ka mea e hoʻoikaika ana i ka mālama ʻana i ka maʻemaʻe o ka meaʻai a me ka palekana i ka wā o ke kaʻina hana.
ʻO ka waiho wale ʻana, koi ʻo GMP i nā ʻoihana hana meaʻai e loaʻa i nā lako hana maikaʻi, nā kaʻina hana kūpono, ka hoʻokele maikaʻi maikaʻi, a me nā ʻōnaehana hoʻāʻo koʻikoʻi e hōʻoia i ka maikaʻi o ka huahana hope (me ka palekana o ka meaʻai a me ka maʻemaʻe) e hoʻokō i nā koi kānāwai. ʻO ka ʻike i ʻōlelo ʻia e GMP ka mea maʻamau e pono ai nā ʻoihana hoʻoponopono meaʻai.
3. HACCP
ʻO ka HACCP ke kū nei no ka Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point.
Manaʻo ʻia ka ʻōnaehana HACCP ʻo ka ʻōnaehana hoʻokele maikaʻi a maikaʻi loa no ka mālama ʻana i ka palekana o ka meaʻai a me ka maikaʻi o ka ʻono. ʻO ka standard national GB/T15091-1994 "Basic Terminology of the Food Industry" e wehewehe ana i ka HACCP ma ke ʻano he ala hoʻomalu no ka hana ʻana (hana) o ka meaʻai palekana. E noʻonoʻo i nā kumu waiwai, nā kaʻina hana nui, a me nā kumu kanaka e pili ana i ka palekana o ka huahana, e hoʻoholo i nā loulou koʻikoʻi i ke kaʻina hana, hoʻokumu a hoʻomaikaʻi i nā kaʻina hana a me nā kūlana, a lawe i nā hana hoʻoponopono maʻamau.
ʻO ka maʻamau honua CAC/RCP-1 "General Principles of Food Hygiene, 1997 Revision 3" wehewehe i ka HACCP ma ke ʻano he ʻōnaehana no ka ʻike, loiloi, a me ka hoʻomalu ʻana i nā pōʻino koʻikoʻi i ka palekana o ka meaʻai.
4. EMC
ʻO ka electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) o nā huahana uila a me nā uila he mea hōʻailona koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi, ʻaʻole pili wale i ka hilinaʻi a me ka palekana o ka huahana ponoʻī, akā hiki ke hoʻopilikia i ka hana maʻamau o nā mea hana a me nā ʻōnaehana, a pili pū me ka ka palekana o ke kaiapuni electromagnetic.
Ua ʻōlelo ke aupuni European Community e hoʻomaka ana mai Ianuali 1, 1996, pono nā huahana uila a me nā uila e hele i ka palapala EMC a hoʻopili ʻia me ka māka CE ma mua o ke kūʻai ʻia ʻana ma ka mākeke Community European. Ua nui ka hopena o kēia ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, a ua hana nā aupuni a puni ka honua i nā hana e hoʻokō i ka hoʻokele pono ʻana i ka hana RMC o nā huahana uila a me ka uila. Ka mana o ka honua, e like me ka EU 89/336/EEC.
5. IPPC
ʻO ka hōʻailona IPPC, i ʻike ʻia ʻo ka International Standard for Wooden Packaging Quarantine Measures. Hoʻohana ʻia ka logo IPPC no ka ʻike ʻana i ka pahu lāʻau e kū pono ana i nā kūlana IPPC, e hōʻike ana ua hana ʻia ka pahu lāʻau e like me nā kūlana quarantine IPPC.
I Malaki 2002, ua hoʻopuka ka International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) i ka International Plant Quarantine Measures Standard No. Hoʻohana ʻia ka logo no ka ʻike ʻana i ka pahu lāʻau e pili ana i nā kūlana IPPC, e hōʻike ana ua hana ʻia ka pahu pahu e like me nā kūlana quarantine IPPC.
6. Palapala SGS (ka honua)
ʻO SGS ka pōkole o Societe Generale de Surveillance SA, unuhi ʻia ʻo "General Notary Public". Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ia i ka makahiki 1887 a ʻo ia ka ʻoihana nui a me ka ʻoi loa o ka honua o ka hui multinational ʻekolu ʻaoʻao e hana ana i ka mana o ka huahana a me ka loiloi ʻenehana, i hoʻokumu ʻia ma Geneva.
ʻO nā hana ʻoihana pili i ka SGS ma ke ʻano maʻamau: ka nānā ʻana (nānā) i nā kikoʻī, ka nui (kaumaha), a me ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā waiwai; Ka nānā ʻana a me ka hoʻouka ʻana i nā koi ukana nui; Kumukuai i aponoia; E kiʻi i kahi hōʻike notarized mai SGS.
palapala hōʻoia ʻEulopa
EU
1. CE
ʻO CE ka European Unification (CONFORMITE EUROPEENNE), kahi hōʻailona hōʻoia palekana i manaʻo ʻia he passport no nā mea hana e wehe a komo i ka mākeke ʻEulopa. Hiki ke kūʻai ʻia nā huahana me ka hōʻailona CE ma nā mokuʻāina ʻē aʻe o ka EU, e loaʻa ana i ke kahe manuahi o nā huahana i loko o nā mokuʻāina lālā o EU.
ʻO nā huahana e koi ana i ka hōʻailona CE no ke kūʻai aku ma ka mākeke EU e pili ana i kēia:
· Nā huahana uila, nā huahana mechanical, nā mea pāʻani, nā mea kelepona a me nā mea kelepona, nā mea hoʻoheheʻe a me ka hau hau, nā mea pale pilikino, nā moku kaomi maʻalahi, nā paila wai wela, nā mea paʻi, nā waʻa leʻaleʻa, nā huahana kūkulu hale, in vitro diagnostic medical devices, implantable medical nā mea hana, nā lako uila, nā mea hāpai, nā lako kinoea, nā mea kaupaona ʻole
2. RoHS
ʻO RoHS ka pōkole no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i kekahi mau mea pōʻino i nā mea uila a me nā lako uila, i ʻike ʻia ʻo 2002/95/EC Directive.
Manaʻo ʻo RoHS i nā huahana uila a me nā uila i loaʻa i nā mea ʻino ʻeono i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna nei i kā lākou mau mea maka a me nā kaʻina hana, ʻo ia hoʻi:
· Nā mea hana keʻokeʻo (e like me nā pahu hau, nā mīkini holoi, microwaves, air conditioners, vacuum cleaners, water heaters, etc.) · Nā mea hana ʻeleʻele (e like me nā leo, nā huahana wikiō, nā DVD, nā CD, nā mea hoʻokipa TV, nā huahana IT, nā huahana kikohoʻe, kamaʻilio. nā huahana, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe) · Nā mea hana uila · Nā mea pāʻani uila uila a me nā lako uila olakino, etc
3. HIKI
ʻO ka EU Regulation on Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals, i hoʻopau ʻia ʻo ka Regulation on Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals, he ʻōnaehana hoʻoponopono kemika i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka EU a hoʻokō ʻia ma Iune 1, 2007.
Hoʻopili kēia ʻōnaehana i nā manaʻo hoʻoponopono no ka palekana o ka hana kemika, kālepa, a me ka hoʻohana ʻana, i manaʻo ʻia e pale i ke olakino kanaka a me ka palekana o ke kaiapuni, mālama a hoʻonui i ka hoʻokūkū o ka ʻoihana kemika EU, a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mana hou no nā mea ʻawaʻawa a me nā mea ʻino.
Pono ke kuhikuhi REACH i nā mea kemika i lawe ʻia mai a hana ʻia i loko o ʻEulopa e pono e hele i kahi kaʻina holoʻokoʻa o ka hoʻopaʻa inoa, loiloi, ʻae ʻia, a me ka palena ʻana i mea e ʻike maikaʻi a maʻalahi hoʻi i ka haku mele a hōʻoia i ka palekana o ke kaiapuni a me ke kanaka. Hoʻokomo nui ʻia kēia kuhikuhi i kekahi mau mea nui e like me ke kākau inoa ʻana, loiloi, ʻae ʻia, a me nā kapu. Pono e loaʻa i kēlā me kēia huahana kahi faila hoʻopaʻa inoa e papa inoa i ka haku mele a wehewehe i ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka mea hana i kēia mau mea kemika, a me kahi hōʻike loiloi ʻona.
Beritania
BSI
ʻO BSI ka British Standards Institution, ʻo ia ka hui hoʻonaʻauao aupuni mua loa o ka honua. ʻAʻole mālama ʻia e ke aupuni akā ua loaʻa i ke kākoʻo ikaika mai ke aupuni. Hoʻokumu a hoʻoponopono ʻo BSI i nā kūlana Pelekane a hoʻolaha i kā lākou hoʻokō.
Palani
NF
ʻO NF ka inoa code no kahi kūlana Farani, i hoʻokō ʻia ma 1938 a mālama ʻia e ka French Institute for Standardization (AFNOR).
ʻAʻole koi ʻia ka palapala hōʻoia NF, akā ma ka maʻamau, pono nā huahana i lawe ʻia i Farani i ka palapala NF. Ua kūpono ka palapala NF Farani me ka palapala EU CE, a ua ʻoi aku ka hōʻoia NF ma mua o nā kūlana EU ma nā ʻoihana ʻoihana. No laila, hiki i nā huahana i loaʻa ka palapala hōʻoia NF ke loaʻa pololei i ka palapala CE me ka ʻole o ka nānā ʻana i nā huahana, a pono nā kaʻina hana maʻalahi. Loaʻa ka manaʻo hilinaʻi nui o ka hapa nui o nā mea kūʻai Farani i ka palapala NF. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka palapala hōʻoia NF i ʻekolu ʻano huahana: nā mea pono hale, nā lako, a me nā mea kūkulu hale.
Kelemānia
1. DIN
Ke kū nei ʻo DIN no Deutsche Institute fur Normung. ʻO DIN ka mana hoʻonaʻauao ma Kelemānia, e lawelawe ana ma ke ʻano he ʻoihana hoʻonaʻauao aupuni a ke komo pū nei i nā hui hoʻonaʻauao kūʻokoʻa ʻole o ke aupuni.
Ua hui pū ʻo DIN i ka International Organization for Standardization ma 1951. ʻO ka German Electrotechnical Commission (DKE), i hui pū ʻia me DIN a me ka German Institute of Electrical Engineers (VDE), e hōʻike ana iā Kelemania i ka International Electrotechnical Commission. ʻO DIN hoʻi ka European Commission for Standardization a me ka European Electrotechnical Standard.
2. GS
ʻO ka hōʻailona GS (Geprufte Sicherheit) kahi hōʻailona hōʻoia palekana i hoʻopuka ʻia e T Ü V, VDE a me nā hui ʻē aʻe i ʻae ʻia e ka German Ministry of Labor. Uaʻae nuiʻia e nā mea kūʻai Europa ma keʻano he hōʻailona palekana. ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o nā huahana i hōʻoia ʻia e GS a ʻoi aku ka kaulana.
He koi koʻikoʻi ka palapala hōʻoia GS no ka ʻōnaehana hōʻoia maikaʻi o nā hale hana, a pono nā hale hana e hana i nā loiloi a me nā nānā makahiki.
E koi i nā hale hana e hoʻokumu i kā lākou ʻōnaehana hōʻoia maikaʻi e like me ka ISO9000 system standard i ka wā e hoʻouna nui ai. Pono e loaʻa i ka hale hana kāna ʻōnaehana hoʻomalu maikaʻi, nā moʻolelo maikaʻi, a me ka lawa o ka hana a me ka nānā ʻana.
Ma mua o ka hoʻopuka ʻana i ka palapala GS, pono e hoʻokō ʻia kahi loiloi o ka hale hana hou e hōʻoia ai ua kūpono ia ma mua o ka hoʻopuka ʻana i ka palapala GS; Ma hope o ka hoʻopuka ʻana i ka palapala hōʻoia, pono e nānā ʻia ka hale hana ma kahi o hoʻokahi manawa i ka makahiki. No ka nui o nā huahana e pili ana ka hale hana no nā hōʻailona TUV, pono e hana ʻia ka nānā ʻana o ka hale hana i hoʻokahi wale nō.
ʻO nā huahana e koi ana i ka palapala hōʻoia GS:
· Nā mea hana hale, e like me nā pahu hau, nā mīkini holoi, nā mea kīhini, etc. etc· Mīkini ʻenehana a me nā lako ana hoʻokolohua · Nā huahana pili palekana ʻē aʻe, e like me nā kaʻa, nā mahiole, nā alapiʻi, nā lako, etc.
3. VDE
ʻO ka VDE Testing and Certification Institute kekahi o nā ʻoihana hoʻāʻo, hōʻoia, a me ka nānā ʻana ma ʻEulopa.
Ma ke ʻano he hui i ʻike ʻia ma ka honua no ka hoʻāʻo palekana a me ka hōʻoia ʻana o nā mea uila a me kā lākou mau ʻāpana, loaʻa ʻo VDE i kahi kūlana kiʻekiʻe ma ʻEulopa a me ka honua. ʻO kāna ʻano huahana loiloi e pili ana i nā lako hale a me nā mea kūʻai aku, nā lako IT, nā lako ʻenehana a me nā ʻenehana lapaʻau, nā mea hui a me nā ʻāpana uila, nā uea a me nā kaula, etc.
4. T Ü V
ʻO ka hōʻailona T Ü V, i kapa ʻia ʻo Technischer ü berwach ü ngs Verein ma Kelemānia, he hōʻailona hōʻoia palekana i hoʻolālā kūikawā ʻia no nā mea uila ma Kelemānia. Ma ka ʻōlelo Pelekania, ʻo ia ka manaʻo ʻo "Technical Inspection Association". Ua ʻae nui ʻia ma Kelemania a me ʻEulopa. Ke noi nei i ka logo T Ü V, hiki i nā ʻoihana ke noi pū i nā palapala hōʻoia CB a loaʻa i nā palapala hōʻoia mai nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe ma o ka hoʻololi ʻana.
Eia kekahi, ma hope o ka hōʻoia ʻia ʻana o ka huahana, e ʻimi ʻo T Ü V ma Kelemania i nā mea hoʻolako kikowaena kūpono a paipai i kēia mau huahana i nā mea hana hoʻoponopono. I ka wā o ke kaʻina hana hōʻoia mīkini holoʻokoʻa, ʻae ʻia nā mea āpau i loaʻa ka māka T Ü V mai ka nānā ʻana.
Nā palapala hōʻoia o ʻAmelika ʻĀkau
ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa
1. UL
Kū ʻo UL no Underwriter Laboratories Inc., ʻo ia ka hui mana loa ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a ʻo kekahi o nā ʻoihana pilikino nui loa ma ka honua e hana ana i ka hoʻāʻo palekana a me ka loiloi.
Hoʻohana ʻo ia i nā ʻano hoʻokolohua ʻepekema e aʻo a hoʻoholo inā he mea hoʻoweliweli i ke ola a me ka waiwai, a me ke ʻano o ka pōʻino; E hoʻoholo, e kākau, a e puʻunaue i nā kūlana kūpono a me nā mea e kōkua ai i ka hōʻemi a me ka pale ʻana i nā poho o ke ola a me ka waiwai, ʻoiai e lawelawe ana i nā lawelawe noiʻi ʻoiaʻiʻo.
I ka pōkole, hana nui ia i ka hōʻoia palekana huahana a me ka hōʻoia palekana ʻoihana, me ka pahuhopu hope loa o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā waiwai me kahi pae nui o ka palekana ma ka mākeke, a me ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā haʻawina i ka hōʻoia ʻana i ke olakino pilikino a me ka palekana waiwai.
Ma ke ʻano he ala maikaʻi e hoʻopau ai i nā pale ʻenehana i ke kālepa honua, hoʻokani maikaʻi ʻo UL i ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ke kālepa honua ma o ka hōʻoia palekana huahana.
2. FDA
ʻO ka Food and Drug Administration o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, i pōkole ʻia ʻo FDA. ʻO ka FDA kekahi o nā keʻena hoʻokō i hoʻokumu ʻia e ke aupuni US i loko o ka 'Oihana Ola a me nā lawelawe kanaka a me ke Keʻena ʻOihana Ola. ʻO ke kuleana o ka FDA ka mālama ʻana i ka palekana o nā meaʻai, nā mea hoʻonaninani, nā lāʻau lapaʻau, nā mea olaola, nā mea lapaʻau, a me nā huahana radiation i hana ʻia a lawe ʻia mai paha i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.
Wahi a nā lula, e hāʻawi ka FDA i kahi helu hoʻopaʻa inoa i kēlā me kēia mea noi no ke kākau inoa. Pono nā hui haole e lawe aku ana i nā meaʻai i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa e hoʻolaha i ka US Food and Drug Administration 24 mau hola ma mua o ka hōʻea ʻana i kahi awa US, i ʻole e hōʻole ʻia ke komo ʻana a hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ke awa o ke komo ʻana.
3. ʻO ETLETL ka pōkole no nā Laboratories Hōʻike Uila ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.
ʻO kēlā me kēia huahana uila, mechanical a electromechanical paha e lawe ana i ka māka nānā ETL e hōʻike ana ua hoʻāʻo ʻia a hoʻokō i nā kūlana ʻoihana kūpono. Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia ʻoihana nā kūlana hoʻāʻo like ʻole, no laila he mea nui e nīnau i nā loea no nā koi huahana kikoʻī. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka māka nānā ETL i nā huahana kelepona, e hōʻike ana ua hala i nā hoʻokolohua kūpono.
4. FCC
Hoʻonohonoho ka Federal Communications Commission i ke kamaʻilio kūloko a me ka honua ma o ka hoʻomalu ʻana i ka hoʻolaha lekiō, televise, telecommunications, satellite, a me nā kaula. ʻOi aku ma mua o 50 mau mokuʻāina ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, Kolombia, a me kona mau ʻāina. Nui nā huahana noi uila, nā huahana kamaʻilio, a me nā huahana kikohoʻe e koi i ka ʻae FCC e komo i ka mākeke US.
ʻO ka palapala hōʻoia FCC, i kapa ʻia ʻo Federal Communications Certification ma United States. Me nā lolouila, nā mīkini fax, nā mea uila, ka loaʻa ʻole ʻana a me nā lako hoʻouna, nā mea pāʻani hoʻokele mamao ʻole, kelepona, kamepiula pilikino, a me nā huahana ʻē aʻe e hōʻino i ka palekana pilikino.
Inā hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka huahana i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, pono e hoʻāʻo ʻia a ʻae ʻia e ke keʻena hana ʻae aupuni e like me nā kūlana ʻenehana FCC. Pono nā mea lawe mai a me nā mea hana kuʻuna e haʻi aku e hoʻokō kēlā me kēia mīkini lekiō i nā kūlana FCC, ʻo ia hoʻi nā laikini FCC.
5. TSCA
ʻO ka Toxic Substances Control Act, i hoʻopau ʻia ʻo TSCA, ua kau ʻia e ka US Congress i ka makahiki 1976 a ua hoʻokō ʻia i ka makahiki 1977. Ua hoʻokō ʻia e ka US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Manaʻo ka bila e noʻonoʻo piha i ka hopena o ke kaiapuni, hoʻokele waiwai, a me ka pilikanaka o nā kemika e holo nei i loko o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, a e pale aku i nā "pilikia kūpono ʻole" i ke olakino kanaka a me ke kaiapuni. Ma hope o nā hoʻoponopono hou, ua lilo ʻo TSCA i mea hoʻoponopono koʻikoʻi no ka hoʻokele pono ʻana i nā mea kemika ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. No nā ʻoihana nona nā huahana i lawe ʻia aku i ʻAmelika e hāʻule ma lalo o ka māhele hoʻoponopono TSCA, ʻo ka hoʻokō TSCA kahi mea e pono ai no ka lawelawe ʻana i ke kālepa maʻamau.
Kanaka
BSI
ʻO BSI ka British Standards Institution, ʻo ia ka hui hoʻonaʻauao aupuni mua loa o ka honua. ʻAʻole mālama ʻia e ke aupuni akā ua loaʻa i ke kākoʻo ikaika mai ke aupuni. Hoʻokumu a hoʻoponopono ʻo BSI i nā kūlana Pelekane a hoʻolaha i kā lākou hoʻokō.
CSA
ʻO CSA ka pōkole o ka Canadian Standards Association, i hoʻokumu ʻia ma 1919 ma ke ʻano he hui waiwai ʻole mua o Canada i hoʻolaʻa ʻia no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā kūlana ʻoihana.
Pono nā huahana uila a me nā uila i kūʻai ʻia ma ka mākeke ʻAmelika ʻAmelika e hōʻoia i ka ʻōlelo palekana. I kēia manawa, ʻo CSA ke kino hōʻoia palekana nui loa ma Kanada a ʻo kekahi o nā kino hōʻoia palekana kaulana loa ma ka honua. Hiki iā ia ke hāʻawi i ka hōʻoia palekana no nā ʻano huahana āpau, me nā mīkini, nā mea kūkulu hale, nā mea uila, nā lako kamepiula, nā lako keʻena, ka mālama ʻana i ke kaiapuni, ka palekana ahi olakino, nā haʻuki a me nā ʻoliʻoli. Ua hāʻawi ʻo CSA i nā lawelawe hōʻoia i nā tausani o nā mea hana ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, me nā haneli miliona o nā huahana e lawe ana i ka logo CSA i kūʻai ʻia i kēlā me kēia makahiki ma ka mākeke ʻAmelika ʻAmelika.
Nā palapala hōʻoia Asia
Kina
1. CCC
Wahi a ka hoʻokō ʻana o Kina i ke komo ʻana i ka WTO a me ke kumu o ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka mālama ʻāina, hoʻohana ka mokuʻāina i kahi hōʻailona hoʻohui no ka hōʻoia ʻana i nā huahana pono. Ua kapa ʻia ka hōʻailona hōʻoia hōʻoia aupuni hou ʻo "China Compulsory Certification", me ka inoa Pelekane ʻo "China Compulsory Certification" a me ka ʻōlelo Pelekane ʻo "CCC".
Hoʻohana ʻo Kina i ka palapala hōʻoia huahana koi no nā huahana 149 i 22 mau ʻāpana nui. Ma hope o ka hoʻokō ʻia ʻana o ka hōʻailona hōʻoia o Kina, e hoʻololi mālie ʻo ia i ka hōʻailona "Great Wall" mua a me ka māka "CCIB".
2. CB
ʻO CB kahi hui hōʻoia aupuni i ʻike ʻia a hāʻawi ʻia me nā palapala CB e ke Kōmike Manaʻo (Mc) o ka International Electrotechnical Commission's Electrical Product Safety Certification Organization (iEcEE) i Iune 1991. Ua ʻae ʻia nā keʻena hoʻokolohua subordinate 9 ma ke ʻano he CB laboratories (certification body laboratories. ). No nā huahana uila a pau, inā loaʻa ka ʻoihana i ka palapala CB a me ka hōʻike hōʻike hōʻike i hoʻopuka ʻia e ke komite, e ʻike ʻia nā ʻāina lālā 30 i loko o ka ʻōnaehana IECEE ccB, me ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka pono e hoʻouna i nā laʻana i ka ʻāina lawe mai no ka hoʻāʻo. Mālama kēia i ke kumukūʻai a me ka manawa e loaʻa ai ka palapala hōʻoia mai kēlā ʻāina, kahi mea maikaʻi loa no ka lawe ʻana aku i nā huahana.
Iapana
PSE
He ʻāpana koʻikoʻi nō hoʻi ka ʻōnaehana komo mākeke no nā huahana uila Iapana.
I kēia manawa, hoʻokaʻawale ke aupuni Kepani i nā huahana uila i nā "huahana uila kiko'ī" a me nā "huahana uila non-specific" e like me nā ʻōlelo o ke Kānāwai Kūʻai Kūʻai Kūʻai ʻo Iapana, ma waena o nā "huahana uila kikoʻī" he 115 mau ʻano huahana; ʻO nā huahana uila kikoʻī ʻole he 338 ʻano huahana.
Aia ka PSE i nā koi no ka EMC a me ka palekana. No nā huahana i helu ʻia ma ka papa inoa "mea uila kikoʻī", e komo ana i ka mākeke Iapana, pono lākou e hōʻoia ʻia e kahi hui hōʻoia ʻekolu ʻaoʻao i ʻae ʻia e ka Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, e kiʻi i kahi palapala hōʻoia, a loaʻa i kahi daimana. PSE logo ma ka lepili.
ʻO CQC wale nō ke kino hōʻoia ma Kina i noi aku i ka mana hōʻoia PSE Iapana. I kēia manawa, ʻo nā ʻāpana huahana o Japanese PSE hōʻoia huahana i loaʻa e CQC he ʻekolu mau ʻāpana nui: nā uea a me nā kelepona (me nā huahana 20), nā mea uila (nā mea uila, nā mea uila, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, me nā huahana 38), a me nā mīkini noi uila. (nā mea hana hale, me nā huahana 12).
Korea
KC hoailona
Wahi a ke Kānāwai Hoʻokele Kūʻai Kūʻai ʻo Korea, ua hoʻokaʻawale ka KC Mark Certification Products List i ka hōʻoia palekana huahana uila i loko o ka palapala kauoha a me ka hōʻoia manawaleʻa e hoʻomaka ana mai Ianuali 1, 2009.
ʻO ka hōʻoia koi e pili ana i nā huahana uila āpau e pili ana i ka māhele kauoha a pono e loaʻa iā KC Mark palapala hōʻoia ma mua o ke kūʻai ʻia ʻana ma ka mākeke Korea. Pono nā loiloi hale hana makahiki a me nā ho'āʻo laʻana huahana. ʻO ka hōʻoia ʻana iho (voluntary) e pili ana i nā huahana uila a pau e pili ana i nā huahana manuahi e pono wale ke hoʻāʻo a hōʻoia ʻia, ʻaʻole pono e nānā i ka hale hana. Pono ka palapala hōʻoia no 5 mau makahiki.
Palapala hōʻoia ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe
Nuhōlani
1. C/A-kikiki
He hōʻailona hōʻoia i hoʻopuka ʻia e ka Australian Communications Authority (ACA) no nā lako kamaʻilio, me kahi pōʻai hōʻoia C-tick o 1-2 mau pule.
Hana ka huahana i ka ho'āʻo maʻamau ʻenehana ACAQ, hoʻopaʻa inoa me ACA e hoʻohana i ka A/C-Tick, hoʻopiha i ka palapala Hōʻike o ka Conformity, a mālama pū me ka moʻolelo hoʻokō huahana. Hoʻopili ʻia kahi lepili me ka logo A/C-Tick i ka huahana kamaʻilio a i ʻole nā mea hana. Hoʻohana wale ʻia ʻo A-Tick i nā mea kūʻai aku i nā huahana kamaʻilio, a ʻo nā huahana uila ka hapa nui o nā noi C-Tick. Eia nō naʻe, inā pili nā huahana uila no A-Tick, ʻaʻole pono lākou e noi no C-Tick kaʻawale. Mai Nowemapa 2001, ua hoʻohui ʻia nā noi EMI mai Australia/New Zealand; Inā kūʻai ʻia ka huahana ma kēia mau ʻāina ʻelua, pono e hoʻopiha ʻia kēia mau palapala ma mua o ke kūʻai ʻana, inā e hana nā mana o ACA (Australian Communications Authority) a i ʻole New Zealand (Ministry of Economic Development) i nā mākaʻikaʻi i kēlā me kēia manawa.
Hoʻokaʻawale ka ʻōnaehana EMC ma Australia i nā huahana i ʻekolu pae, a pono nā mea hoʻolako e hoʻopaʻa inoa me ACA a noi no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka logo C-Tick ma mua o ke kūʻai ʻana i nā huahana Level 2 a me Level 3.
2. SAA
He hui maʻamau ka palapala hōʻoia SAA ma lalo o ka Standards Association of Australia, no laila, nui nā hoaaloha e ʻōlelo nei i ka palapala hōʻoia Australia e like me SAA. He palapala hōʻoia ʻo SAA i ʻike pinepine ʻia e ka ʻoihana e pono e hoʻokō nā huahana uila e komo ana i ka mākeke Australia i nā lula palekana kūloko. Ma muli o ka ʻaelike ʻae like ʻana ma waena o Australia a me New Zealand, hiki i nā huahana āpau i hōʻoia ʻia e Australia ke komo mālie i ka mākeke o Aotearoa no ke kūʻai aku.
Pono nā huahana uila āpau e loaʻa i ka palapala palekana palekana (SAA).
ʻElua ʻano nui o nā logo SAA, ʻo kekahi ka ʻike maʻamau a ʻo kekahi ʻo nā logo maʻamau. ʻO ka palapala hōʻoia maʻamau ke kuleana no nā laʻana, aʻo nā māka maʻamau e koi i ka loiloi hale hana no kēlā me kēia kanaka.
I kēia manawa, ʻelua mau ala e noi ai no ka palapala SAA ma Kina. ʻO kekahi ka hoʻoili ʻana i ka hōʻike hōʻike CB. Inā ʻaʻohe hōʻike hoʻāʻo CB, hiki iā ʻoe ke noi pololei. Ma keʻano laulā, ʻo ka manawa noi no ka palapala SAA o Australia no nā kukui kukui ITAV maʻamau a me nā mea pono hale liʻiliʻi he 3-4 mau pule. Inā kū ʻole ka maikaʻi o ka huahana i nā kūlana, hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia ka lā. I ka waiho ʻana i kahi hōʻike no ka loiloi ʻana ma Australia, pono e hāʻawi i kahi palapala SAA no ka plug huahana (ka mea nui no nā huahana me nā plugs), inā ʻaʻole e hoʻokō ʻia. Pono nā mea koʻikoʻi o ka huahana i kahi palapala SAA, e like me ka palapala SAA transformer no nā kukui kukui, inā ʻaʻole e ʻae ʻia nā mea loiloi Australia.
Saudi ʻAlapia
SASO
ʻO ka pōkole no Saudi Arabian Standards Organization. Na SASO ke kuleana no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā kūlana ʻāina no nā mea e pono ai i kēlā me kēia lā a me nā huahana, e pili pū ana i nā ʻōnaehana ana, ka lepili, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka manaʻo mua o ka ʻōnaehana hōʻoia a me ka ʻae ʻana ʻo ia ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i ka hana kaiāulu, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, a hoʻoikaika i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka hoʻokele waiwai ma o nā ʻano maʻamau e like me nā kūlana i hui ʻia, nā lula ʻenehana, a me nā kaʻina loiloi hōʻoia.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Mei-17-2024