ʻO ka mākeke Middle East e pili ana i ka ʻāina ma West Asia a me ʻEulopa, Asia a me ʻApelika, me Iran, Kuwait, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Egypt a me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe. ʻO 490 miliona ka nui o ka heluna kanaka. He 25 makahiki ka awelika o ka heluna kanaka ma ia wahi. ʻOi aku ma mua o ka hapalua o ka poʻe ma ka Hikina Waena he poʻe ʻōpio, a ʻo kēia poʻe ʻōpio ka hui kūʻai nui o ka e-commerce ma waena o nā palena, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka e-commerce mobile.
Ma muli o ka hilinaʻi nui ʻana i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o nā kumuwaiwai, ʻo nā ʻāina ma ka Hikina Waena ka mea maʻamau i kahi kahua ʻoihana nāwaliwali, kahi hale ʻoihana hoʻokahi, a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka noi no nā mea kūʻai aku a me nā huahana ʻoihana. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua kokoke ke kālepa ma waena o Kina a me Middle East.
He aha nā palapala hōʻoia nui ma ka Hikina Waena?
1.Palapala hōʻoia Saudi saber:
ʻO Saber certification kahi ʻōnaehana noi pūnaewele hou i hoʻokumu ʻia e SASO. ʻO Saber kahi mea hana pūnaewele i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻana o nā huahana, ka hoʻopuka ʻana a me ka loaʻa ʻana o nā palapala COC. ʻO ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo Saber he mea hana pūnaewele pūnaewele i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka Saudi Bureau of Standards. He ʻōnaehana keʻena pepa ʻole piha ia no ka hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻana o nā huahana, hoʻopuka a loaʻa i nā palapala hōʻoia SC (Shipment Certificate). ʻO ka SABER conformity certification program he ʻōnaehana holoʻokoʻa e hoʻonohonoho ana i nā lula, nā koi ʻenehana a me nā ana mana. ʻO kāna pahuhopu e hōʻoia i ka ʻinikua o nā huahana kūloko a me nā huahana i lawe ʻia mai.
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka palapala SABER i ʻelua mau palapala, ʻo ia ka palapala PC, ʻo ia ka palapala huahana (Certificate Of Conformity For Regulated Products), a ʻo kekahi ʻo SC, ʻo ia ka palapala hoʻouna (Shipment Conformity certificate no nā huahana i lawe ʻia).
ʻO ka palapala PC he palapala hoʻopaʻa inoa huahana e koi ana i kahi hōʻike hōʻike hōʻike huahana (pono kekahi mau mea hana huahana i ka nānā ʻana i nā hale hana) ma mua o ka hiki ke hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ma ka ʻōnaehana SABER. Pono ka palapala hōʻoia no hoʻokahi makahiki.
He aha nā ʻāpana o nā kānāwai hōʻoia Saudi Saber?
Māhele 1: Hōʻike Kūlike o ka mea kūʻai aku (ʻano i hoʻoponopono ʻole ʻia, ʻōlelo hoʻokō mea hoʻolako)
Māhele 2: COC Certificate OR QM Certificate (Ka mana nui, palapala COC a i ʻole palapala QM)
Māhele 3: IECEE Certificate (nā huahana i mālama ʻia e nā kūlana IECEE a pono e noi no IECEE)
Māhele 4: Palapala GCTS (nā huahana i pili i nā lula GCC a pono e noi no ka palapala hōʻoia GCC)
Māhele 5: Palapala QM (nā huahana i pili i nā lula GCC a pono e noi no QM)
2. GCC palapala hōʻoia o nā ʻāina ʻehiku ʻo Gulf, GMARK palapala hōʻoia
ʻO ka palapala hōʻoia GCC, ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo GMARK certification, he ʻōnaehana hōʻoia i hoʻohana ʻia ma nā mokuʻāina o ka Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). ʻO ka GCC he hui politika a me ka hoʻokele waiwai i haku ʻia e ʻeono mau ʻāina ʻo Gulf: Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain a me Oman. Manaʻo ka GCC hōʻoia e hōʻoia i nā huahana i kūʻai ʻia ma nā mākeke o kēia mau ʻāina e hoʻokō i nā kūlana ʻenehana a me nā lula e hāpai i ke kālepa honua a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka maikaʻi o ka huahana.
ʻO ka palapala hōʻoia GMark e pili ana i ka palapala hōʻoia i loaʻa e nā huahana i hōʻoia ʻia e GCC. Hōʻike kēia palapala hōʻike ua hala ka huahana i kahi ʻano o nā hoʻokolohua a me nā loiloi a hoʻokō i nā kūlana ʻenehana a me nā lula i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā mokuʻāina o ka GCC. ʻO ka palapala hōʻoia GMark kekahi o nā palapala e pono ai no ka lawe ʻana i nā huahana i nā ʻāina GCC e hōʻoia i ke kūʻai ʻia ʻana o nā huahana a hoʻohana ʻia ma ke kānāwai.
ʻO wai nā huahana e pono e hōʻoia GCC?
ʻO nā lula ʻenehana no nā lako uila haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me nā lako e uhi i nā huahana uila me ka volta AC ma waena o 50-1000V a me ka uila DC ma waena o 75-1500V. Pono e hoʻopili ʻia nā huahana āpau me ka māka GC ma mua o ka hiki ke hoʻolaha ʻia i waena o nā mokuʻāina o ka Gulf Standardization Organization (GSO); ʻO nā huahana me ka hōʻailona GC e hōʻike ana ua hoʻokō ka huahana i nā lula ʻenehana GCC.
Ma waena o lākou, 14 mau ʻano huahana kikoʻī i hoʻokomo ʻia i ke ʻano o ka GCC compulsory certification (controlled products), a pono e kiʻi i kahi palapala hōʻoia GCC i hoʻopuka ʻia e kahi hui hōʻoia i koho ʻia.
E pili ana ka ECAS i ka Emirates Conformity Assessment System, kahi papahana hōʻoia huahana i ʻae ʻia e ka UAE Federal Law No. 28 o 2001. Hoʻokō ʻia ka hoʻolālā e ka Ministry of Industry and Advance Technology, MoIAT (ma mua o Emirates Authority for Standardization & Metrology, ESMA) o ka United Arab Emirates. Pono e hōʻailona ʻia nā huahana āpau i loko o ke ʻano o ka hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻana a me ka palapala hōʻoia me ka logo ECAS a me ka helu NB Notified Body ma hope o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka palapala hōʻoia. Pono lākou e noi a loaʻa i kahi Certificate of Conformity (CoC) ma mua o ke komo ʻana i ka mākeke UAE.
Pono nā huahana i lawe ʻia i loko o ka UAE e loaʻa i ka palapala ECAS ma mua o ke kūʻai ʻia ʻana ma ka ʻāina. ʻO ECAS ka pōkole o Emirates Conformity Assessment System, i hoʻokō ʻia a hoʻopuka ʻia e ka ESMA UAE Standards Bureau.
4. Iran COC palapala, Iran COI palapala
ʻO ka COI i hoʻokuʻu ʻia e Iran i hōʻoia ʻia (certificate of inspection), ʻo ia hoʻi ka nānā ʻana i ka hoʻokō ʻana ma ka ʻōlelo Kina, he nānā pili i koi ʻia e ka ʻike kānāwai hoʻokomo o Iran. Aia nā huahana i lawe ʻia i loko o ka papa inoa o ka COI (certificate of inspection), pono ka mea lawe mai e hana i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe kuʻuna e like me ka Iranian national standard ISIRI a hoʻopuka i kahi palapala. No ka loaʻa ʻana o ka palapala hōʻoia no ka lawe ʻana aku i Iran, pono e hoʻokō ʻia ka hōʻoia kūpono ma o kahi ʻoihana ʻaoʻao ʻekolu. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā huahana ʻenehana, nā lako a me nā mīkini i lawe ʻia i Iran e pili ana i nā kaʻina hana hōʻoia i hoʻokumu ʻia e ISIRI (Iranian Standards Industrial Research Institute). He paʻakikī nā hoʻoponopono hoʻokomo o Iran a koi i ka nui o nā palapala. No nā kikoʻī, e ʻoluʻolu e nānā i ka Iran Compulsory Certification Product List no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā huahana e pono e hana i ke kaʻina hana ISIRI "Conformity Verification".
5. Israel SII palapala hōʻoia
ʻO SII ka pōkole o ka Israeli Standards Institute. ʻOiai he hui aupuni ʻole ʻo SII, ua hoʻokele pololei ʻia e ke aupuni ʻIseraʻela a ʻo ia ke kuleana no ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i nā huahana a me ka hōʻoia ʻana o ka huahana ma ka ʻIseraʻela.
He palapala hōʻoia koi ʻia ʻo SII ma ka ʻIseraʻela. No nā huahana e makemake ana e komo i ka ʻIseraʻela, hoʻohana ʻo ʻIseraʻela i ka nānā ʻana i nā kuʻuna a me nā ala kaohi e hōʻoia i ka hoʻokō ʻana o nā huahana i nā koi kūpono. ʻO ka maʻamau ka lōʻihi o ka manawa nānā, akā inā lawe ʻia mai Inā loaʻa i ka mea kūʻai aku ka palapala SII ma mua o ka hoʻouna ʻana, e hoʻemi nui ʻia ke kaʻina hana loiloi. E hōʻoia wale ka Israeli Customs i ke kūlike o nā waiwai a me ka palapala hōʻoia, me ka ʻole o ka pono o ka nānā ʻana.
Wahi a ka "Standardization Law", hoʻokaʻawale ʻo ʻIseraʻela i nā huahana i 4 mau pae e pili ana i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka pōʻino a lākou e hana ai i ke olakino a me ka palekana, a hoʻokō i nā hoʻokele like ʻole:
ʻO ka papa I nā huahana e hoʻopilikia nui i ke olakino a me ka palekana:
E like me nā mea hana hale, nā mea pāʻani a nā keiki, nā kīʻaha kaomi, nā mea hoʻopau ahi puʻupuʻu portable, etc.
ʻO ka papa II he huahana me ka pae haʻahaʻa o ka pōʻino i ke olakino a me ka palekana o ka lehulehu:
Me nā makaaniani, nā pōpō no nā kumu like ʻole, nā paipu hoʻokomo, nā ʻeke, nā ʻōmole, nā mea kūkulu hale a me nā mea hou aku.
ʻO ka papa III nā huahana e hoʻopilikia haʻahaʻa i ke olakino a me ka palekana:
Hoʻopili ʻia nā tile ceramic, nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe seramika, etc.
ʻO ka ʻāpana IV nā huahana no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻoihana wale nō a ʻaʻole pololei no nā mea kūʻai:
E like me nā huahana uila ʻenehana, etc.
6. ʻO Kuwait COC palapala, Iraq COC palapala
No kēlā me kēia pūʻulu waiwai i lawe ʻia aku i Kuwait, pono e waiho ʻia kahi palapala ʻae ʻae COC (Certificate of Conformity). ʻO ka palapala COC kahi palapala e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻokō ʻana o ka huahana i nā kikoʻī ʻenehana a me nā kūlana palekana o ka ʻāina lawe mai. ʻO ia kekahi o nā palapala laikini e pono ai no ka ʻae ʻana i nā dute ma ka ʻāina lawe mai. Inā nui ka nui o nā huahana i ka papa kuhikuhi a hoʻouna pinepine ʻia, pono e noi mua i kahi palapala COC. Hōʻalo kēia i ka lohi a me ka pilikia ma muli o ka nele o ka palapala COC ma mua o ka hoʻouna ʻana i nā huahana.
I ke kaʻina o ka noi ʻana i kahi palapala COC, pono kahi hōʻike loiloi ʻenehana o ka huahana. Pono e hoʻopuka ʻia kēia hōʻike e kahi ʻoihana nānā i ʻike ʻia a i ʻole kino hōʻoia a hōʻoia i ka hoʻokō ʻana o ka huahana i nā kikoʻī ʻenehana a me nā kūlana palekana o ka ʻāina lawe mai. Pono e komo i loko o ka hōʻike hōʻike ka inoa, ke kumu hoʻohālike, nā kikoʻī, nā ʻenehana ʻenehana, nā ʻano nānā, nā hopena nānā a me nā ʻike ʻē aʻe o ka huahana. I ka manawa like, pono e hāʻawi i ka ʻike pili e like me nā laʻana huahana a i ʻole nā kiʻi no ka nānā hou ʻana a me ka loiloi.
Nānā wela haʻahaʻa
E like me ke ʻano hoʻāʻo i ʻōlelo ʻia ma GB / T 2423.1-2008, ua kau ʻia ka drone i loko o ka pahu hoʻāʻo kaiapuni ma kahi mahana o (-25±2) ° C a me kahi manawa hoʻāʻo o 16 mau hola. Ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana a hoʻihoʻi ʻia ma lalo o nā kūlana lewa maʻamau no 2 mau hola, hiki i ka drone ke hana maʻamau.
Hōʻike haʻalulu
E like me ke ʻano nānā i kuhikuhi ʻia ma GB/T2423.10-2008:
Aia ka drone ma ke kūlana hana ʻole a wehe ʻole ʻia;
Laulā pinepine: 10Hz ~ 150Hz;
Ke alapine Crossover: 60Hz;
f<60Hz, amplitude mau 0.075mm;
f>60Hz, ka wikiwiki mau 9.8m/s2 (1g);
ʻO kahi mana hoʻokahi;
ʻO ka helu o nā pōʻai scan no kēlā me kēia axis he l0.
Pono e hoʻokō ʻia ka nānā ʻana ma lalo o ka drone a ʻo ka manawa nānā he 15 mau minuke. Ma hope o ka nānā ʻana, ʻaʻole pono e ʻike ʻia ka pōʻino o ka drone a hiki ke hana maʻamau.
Ho'āʻo hāʻule
ʻO ka ho'āʻo hāʻule kahi hōʻike maʻamau e pono ai ka hapa nui o nā huahana e hana i kēia manawa. Ma ka ʻaoʻao hoʻokahi, ʻo ia ke nānā inā hiki i ka ʻeke o ka huahana drone ke pale pono i ka huahana ponoʻī e hōʻoia i ka palekana o ka halihali; ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, ʻo ia nō ka lako o ka mokulele. hilinaʻi.
hoʻāʻo kaomi
Ma lalo o ka ikaika o ka hoʻohana ʻana, ua kau ʻia ka drone i nā hoʻāʻo koʻikoʻi e like me ka distortion a me ka lawe ʻana. Ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ka hoʻāʻo, pono ka drone e hoʻomau i ka hana maʻamau.
hoao ola
E hana i nā hoʻāʻo ola ma ka drone's gimbal, visual radar, pihi mana, pihi, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, a pono nā hopena hōʻike e hoʻokō i nā lula o ka huahana.
Hoʻāʻo kūʻē kūʻē
E hoʻohana i ka lipine pepa RCA no ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ke kūʻē abrasion, a pono e hoʻokō nā hopena hōʻike i nā koi abrasion i kaha ʻia ma ka huahana.
Nā hoʻokolohua maʻamau ʻē aʻe
E like me ka hiʻohiʻona, ka nānā ʻana i ka pahu, ka nānā ʻana i ka hui piha, nā mea koʻikoʻi a me ka nānā ʻana i loko, ka hōʻailona ʻana, ka hōʻailona ʻana, ka nānā ʻana i ka paʻi ʻana, etc.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Mei-25-2024