Kedu koodu asambodo nchekwa ka ngwaahịa mbupu ahia mba ofesi kwesịrị ịgafe na obodo ndị ọzọ? Kedu ihe akara asambodo ndị a pụtara? Ka anyị leba anya na akara asambodo iri abụọ a ma ama na mba ụwa na ihe ha pụtara na isi mmalite nke ụwa, wee hụ na ngwaahịa gị agafeela asambodo ndị a.
1. CECE akara bụ akara nzere nchekwa, nke a na-ewere dị ka paspọtụ maka ndị nrụpụta imeghe ma banye n'ahịa Europe. CE na-anọchi anya ịdị n'otu nke Europe. Enwere ike ree ngwaahịa niile nwere akara “CE” na mba ndị otu EU na-emezughị ihe mba ọ bụla chọrọ, yabụ na-achọpụta mgbasa ozi n'efu n'ime mba ndị otu EU.
2.ROHSROHS bụ mbiri nke mmachibido iji ụfọdụ ihe dị ize ndụ na ngwa eletriki na eletrọnịkị. ROHS depụtara ihe isii dị ize ndụ gụnyere lead Pb, cadmium Cd, mercury Hg, hexavalent chromium Cr6+, PBDE na PBB. European Union malitere imejuputa ROHS na July 1, 2006. A naghị ekwe ka ngwaahịa eletrik na eletrọnịkị na-eji ma ọ bụ nwere ọla dị arọ, PBDE, PBB na ndị ọzọ na-ere ọkụ ịbanye n'ahịa EU. ROHS bu n'obi na ngwaahịa eletrọnịkị na eletrọnịkị niile nwere ike ịnwe ihe isii ndị dị n'elu na-emerụ ahụ na usoro mmepụta na akụrụngwa, ọkachasị gụnyere: ngwa ọcha, dị ka friji, igwe ịsa akwa, oven microwave, ntụ oyi, ihe na-ekpo ọkụ, ihe ọkụ mmiri, wdg. ., Ngwa ojii, dị ka ngwaahịa ọdịyo na vidiyo, DVD, CD, ndị na-anabata TV, ngwaahịa IT, ngwaahịa dijitalụ, ngwaahịa nkwukọrịta, wdg; Ngwa eletriki, ihe egwuregwu ụmụaka eletrọnịkị, ngwa eletriki ahụike. Okwu: Mgbe onye ahịa jụrụ ma ọ nwere rohs, ọ ga-ajụ ma ọ chọrọ rohs agwụla ma ọ bụ raw rohs. Ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ enweghị ike ime rohs emechara. Ọnụ ahịa rohs na-adịkarị 10% - 20% karịa nke ngwaahịa nkịtị.
3. ULUL bụ mbiri nke Underwriter Laboratories Inc. na bekee. UL Safety Testing Institute bụ ụlọ ọrụ obodo kacha nwee ikike na United States, yana nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ obodo na-etinye aka na nnwale nchekwa na njirimara n'ụwa. Ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ nọọrọ onwe ya, nke anaghị akwụ ụgwọ, ọkachamara na-eme nnwale maka nchekwa ọha. Ọ na-eji ụzọ nyocha sayensị nyocha na ịchọpụta ma ihe dị iche iche, ngwaọrụ, ngwaahịa, akụrụngwa, ụlọ, wdg na-emerụ ndụ na ihe onwunwe na ogo nke mmerụ ahụ; Kpebisie ike, kwado ma wepụta ụkpụrụ na ihe ndị kwekọrọ na ya nke nwere ike inye aka belata na igbochi mfu nke ndụ na ihe onwunwe, ma na-azụ ahịa nchọpụta eziokwu n'otu oge. Na nkenke, ọ na-etinyekarị aka na asambodo nchekwa ngwaahịa yana azụmahịa asambodo nchekwa ọrụ, na ebumnuche ya kachasị bụ inye onyinye n'ahịa iji nweta ngwongwo nwere oke nchekwa, yana hụ na nchekwa ahụike na akụrụngwa. Banyere asambodo nchekwa ngwaahịa dị ka ụzọ dị irè isi kpochapụ ihe mgbochi teknụzụ na azụmaahịa mba ụwa, UL na-arụkwa ọrụ dị mma n'ịkwalite mmepe nke azụmaahịa mba ụwa. Nkwupụta: UL abụghị iwu na ịbanye United States.
4. FDA A na-akpọ nchịkwa nri na ọgwụ ọjọọ nke United States FDA. FDA bụ otu n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ndị isi gọọmentị United States guzobere na Ngalaba Ahụike na Ọrụ Ndị Ọrụ (DHHS) na Ngalaba Ahụike Ọha (PHS). Ọrụ FDA bụ ịhụ na nchekwa nke nri, ihe ịchọ mma, ọgwụ, ndị na-ahụ maka ndụ, akụrụngwa ahụike na ngwaahịa redioaktivu emepụtara ma ọ bụ bubata na United States. Mgbe ihe omume Septemba 11 gasịrị, ndị mmadụ na United States kwenyere na ọ dị mkpa iji kwalite nchekwa nke nri nri nke ọma. Mgbe United States Congress gafechara Health Health and Safety na Bioterrorism Prevention and Response Act nke 2002 na June afọ gara aga, o kenyere US $ 500 nde ikike inye FDA ikike imepụta iwu kpọmkwem maka mmejuputa iwu ahụ. Dịka iwu siri dị, FDA ga-ekenye onye ọ bụla na-achọ ndebanye aha ndebanye aha pụrụ iche. A ga-agwarịrị nri ndị ụlọ ọrụ si mba ọzọ na-ebupụ na United States na nchịkwa nri na ọgwụ ọjọọ nke United States awa 24 tupu ha erute n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri United States, ma ọ bụghị ya, a ga-ajụ ịbanye ma jide ya n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri. Nkwupụta: FDA chọrọ ndebanye aha naanị, ọ bụghị asambodo.
5. E hiwere Federal Communications Commission (FCC) na 1934 dị ka ụlọ ọrụ nọọrọ onwe ya nke gọọmentị United States ma na-ahụ maka Congress ozugbo. FCC na-ahazi nzikọrịta ozi nke ụlọ na nke mba ụwa site n'ịchịkwa redio, telivishọn, nkwukọrịta, satịlaịtị na eriri. Officelọ ọrụ injinia na teknụzụ nke FCC na-ahụ maka nkwado teknụzụ nke kọmitii na nnabata akụrụngwa iji hụ na nchekwa ngwaahịa nkwukọrịta redio na waya metụtara ndụ na ihe onwunwe, gụnyere ihe karịrị steeti 50, Colombia na mpaghara. n'okpuru ikike nke United States. Ọtụtụ ngwaahịa ngwa redio, ngwaahịa nkwukọrịta na ngwaahịa dijitalụ chọrọ nnabata FCC iji banye n'ahịa US. Kọmitii FCC na-enyocha ma na-amụ usoro dị iche iche nke nchekwa ngwaahịa iji chọta ụzọ kacha mma isi dozie nsogbu ahụ. N'otu oge ahụ, FCC gụnyekwara nchọpụta ngwaọrụ redio na ụgbọ elu. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) na-achịkwa mbubata na ojiji nke ngwaọrụ ugboro redio, gụnyere kọmputa, igwe fax, ngwa eletrọnịkị, ngwa nnabata redio na nnyefe, ihe egwuregwu ụmụaka na-achịkwa redio, ekwentị, kọmpụta nkeonwe na ngwaahịa ndị ọzọ nwere ike imebi nchekwa onwe onye. Ọ bụrụ na a ga-ebupụ ngwaahịa ndị a na United States, ụlọ nyocha gọọmentị nyere ikike ka a ga-anwale ma kwado ha dịka ụkpụrụ teknụzụ FCC siri dị. Onye na-ebubata na onye na-ahụ maka kọstọm ga-ekwupụta na ngwaọrụ redio ọ bụla na-akwado ụkpụrụ FCC, ya bụ, ikike FCC.
6.According China ntinye aka na WTO ịbanye na ụkpụrụ nke na-egosipụta ọgwụgwọ mba, CCC na-eji akara dị n'otu maka asambodo ngwaahịa mmanye. Aha akara asambodo mmanye nke mba ọhụrụ bụ “Asambodo mmanye nke China”, aha bekee bụ “Amụma mmanye nke China”, ndebiri nke bekee bụ “CCC”. Mgbe mmejuputa nke China Compulsory Certification Mark, ọ ga-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ dochie akara mbụ "Great Wall" na akara "CCIB".
7. CSACSA bụ abbreviation nke Canadian Standards Association, nke e hiwere na 1919 ma bụrụ ọgbakọ mbụ na-anaghị akwụ ụgwọ na Canada iji mepụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ ọrụ. Ngwaahịa eletrọnịkị na eletrik na-ere n'ahịa North America kwesịrị inweta asambodo nchekwa. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, CSA bụ ikike asambodo nchekwa kachasị na Canada yana otu n'ime ndị isi asambodo nchekwa ama ama n'ụwa. Ọ nwere ike inye asambodo nchekwa maka ụdị ngwaahịa niile dị na igwe, ihe ụlọ, ngwa eletriki, akụrụngwa kọmputa, akụrụngwa ụlọ ọrụ, nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi, nchekwa ọkụ ahụike, egwuregwu na ntụrụndụ. CSA enyela puku kwuru puku ndị nrụpụta ọrụ asambodo gburugburu ụwa, a na-erekwa ọtụtụ narị nde ngwaahịa nwere akara CSA n'ahịa North America kwa afọ.
8. DIN Deutsche Institute fur Normung. DIN bụ ikike nhazi ọkwa na Germany, ma na-ekere òkè n'òtù mba ụwa na mpaghara na-abụghị nke gọọmentị dị ka nzukọ nhazi nke mba. DIN sonyeere International Organisation for Standardization na 1951. German Electrotechnical Commission (DKE), jikọtara ọnụ nke DIN na German Association of Electrical Engineers (VDE), na-anọchite anya Germany na International Electrotechnical Commission. DIN bụkwa European Commission for Standardization na European Electrotechnical Standard.
9. BSI British Standards Institute (BSI) bụ ụlọ ọrụ nhazi ọkwa mba mbụ nke ụwa, nke gọọmentị na-achịkwaghị mana nweta nkwado siri ike n'aka gọọmentị. BSI na-azụlite ma degharịa ụkpụrụ Britain ma kwalite mmejuputa ha.
10.Ebe mgbanwe na mmeghe nke GB, China amalitela imejuputa aku na uba nke socialist, ma ahia ulo na ahia mba uwa etolitela ngwa ngwa. Ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ mbupụ na China enweghị ike ịbanye n'ahịa mba ụwa n'ihi na ha aghọtaghị ihe achọrọ nke usoro asambodo nke mba ndị ọzọ, ọnụ ahịa nke ọtụtụ ngwaahịa mbupụ dị ala karịa ngwaahịa ndị a gbaara agbaziri na mba ndị ọbịa. Ya mere, ụlọ ọrụ ndị a ga-emefu ego mgbanwe mba ofesi dị oke ọnụ kwa afọ iji tinye akwụkwọ maka asambodo mba ofesi ma nye akụkọ nyocha nke ụlọ ọrụ nyocha nke mba ofesi. Iji gboo mkpa nke azụmahịa mba ụwa, mba ahụ ejirila nwayọọ nwayọọ mejuputa usoro asambodo mba ụwa nabatara. Na May 7, 1991, State Council nyere iwu nke ndị mmadụ Republic of China na Product Quality Asambodo, na State Administration of Technical Supervision nyekwara ụfọdụ iwu na-emejuputa atumatu Iwu, n'ịhụ na a na-arụ ọrụ asambodo na-arụ n'usoro n'usoro. uzo. Kemgbe e hiwere ya na 1954, CNEEC na-agbasi mbọ ike inweta nnabata mba ụwa ka o wee na-ebupụ ngwaahịa eletrik. Na June 1991, CNEEC nabatara ya site na Kọmitii Nlekọta (Mc) nke International Electrotechnical Commission for Safety Certification of Electric Products (iEcEE) dị ka ikike asambodo mba nke ghọtara ma nyekwa akwụkwọ CB. A nabatara ọdụ ule itoolu dị n'okpuru dị ka ụlọ nyocha CB (ụlọ nyocha ụlọ ọrụ asambodo). Ọ bụrụhaala na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ enwetala asambodo cB na akụkọ nnwale nke Commission nyere, a ga-amata mba 30 ndị nọ na sistemụ IECEE-CCB, na n'ụzọ bụ isi agaghị ezigara mba ndị na-ebubata ngwaahịa maka nnwale, nke na-echekwa ọnụ ahịa abụọ ahụ. na oge iji nweta asambodo nke mba ahụ, nke bara uru nke ukwuu maka ngwaahịa mbupụ.
11. Site na mmepe nke teknụzụ eletriki na eletriki, ngwaahịa eletrik ụlọ na-ewu ewu na-ewu ewu na electronic, redio na telivishọn, post na telecommunications na kọmputa netwọk na-emepe emepe, na electromagnetic gburugburu ebe obibi na-esiwanye mgbagwoju anya ma na-akawanye njọ, na-eme ka electromagnetic ndakọrịta nke eletriki. na ngwaahịa eletrọnịkị (EMC electromagnetic nnyonye anya EMI na electromagnetic nnyonye anya EMS) okwu na-enwetakwa nlebara anya na-abawanye site n'aka gọọmentị na ụlọ ọrụ nrụpụta. Ndakọrịta elektrọnik (EMC) nke ngwaahịa eletrọnịkị na eletrịtrịị bụ ndeksi dị oke mkpa. Ọ bụghị nanị na ọ metụtara ntụkwasị obi na nchekwa nke ngwaahịa ahụ n'onwe ya, kamakwa ọ nwere ike imetụta ọrụ nkịtị nke akụrụngwa na usoro ndị ọzọ, yana metụtara nchebe nke gburugburu ebe obibi electromagnetic. Gọọmenti EC kwuru na site na Jenụwarị 1, 1996, ngwaahịa eletriki na eletrọnịkị niile ga-agafe asambodo EMC wee tinye akara CE tupu ere ya n'ahịa EC. Nke a ebutela mmetụta zuru ebe niile n'ụwa, gọọmentị emeela ihe iji manye njikwa mmanye na arụmọrụ RMC nke ngwaahịa ọkụ na eletrọnịkị. Na-emetụta mba ụwa, dị ka EU 89/336/EEC.
12. PSEPSE bụ stampụ asambodo nke Japan JET (Japan Electric Safety & Environment) nyere maka ngwaahịa eletrọnịkị na eletrik na-agbaso ụkpụrụ nchekwa Japan. Dịka ndokwa nke Iwu DENTORL nke Japan (Iwu na njikwa nke nrụnye eletriki na ihe onwunwe), ngwaahịa 498 ga-agaferịrị asambodo nchekwa tupu ịbanye n'ahịa Japan.
13. Akara GSGS bụ akara nchekwa nchekwa nke TUV, VDE na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ nyere ikike site n'aka ndị ọrụ German na-arụ ọrụ. Akara GS bụ akara nchekwa nke ndị ahịa Europe nabatara. N'ozuzu, ọnụ ahịa otu nke ngwaahịa GS gbaara agbapụta dị elu yana karịa.
14. ISO International Organisation for Standardization bụ ọgbakọ pụrụiche na-abụghị nke gọọmentị maka nhazi ọkwa, nke na-ebute ụzọ na nhazi ọkwa mba ụwa. ISO na-esetịpụ ụkpụrụ mba ụwa. Isi ọrụ nke ISO bụ imepụta ụkpụrụ mba ụwa, ịhazi ọrụ nhazi ọkwa n'ụwa niile, hazie mba ndị otu na kọmitii teknụzụ iji gbanwee ozi yana soro ndị otu mba ụwa na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ iji mụọ ihe gbasara ụkpụrụ nhazi.
15.HACCPHACCP bụ abbreviation nke "Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point", ya bụ, nyocha ihe ize ndụ na ebe nchịkwa dị egwu. A na-ahụta usoro HACCP dị ka usoro nlekọta kachasị mma na nke kachasị dị irè maka ịchịkwa nchekwa nri na ịdị mma ekpomeekpo. Standardkpụrụ mba GB/T15091-1994 Basic Terminology of Food Industry na-akọwa HACCP dị ka ụzọ njikwa maka mmepụta (nhazi) nke nri nchekwa; Nyochaa akụrụngwa, usoro mmepụta isi na ihe mmadụ na-emetụta nchekwa ngwaahịa, chọpụta njikọ dị mkpa na usoro nhazi, guzobe ma melite usoro nlekota oru na ụkpụrụ, ma mee usoro nhazi nhazi. Ọkọlọtọ mba ụwa CAC/RCP-1, General Principles for Food Hygiene, Revision 3, 1997, na-akọwa HACCP dị ka usoro maka ịchọpụta, nyocha na ịchịkwa ihe egwu dị oke mkpa maka nchekwa nri.
16. GMPGMP bụ mbiri nke Good Manufacturing Practice na bekee, nke pụtara "Ezi Nrụpụta Omume" na Chinese. Ọ bụ ụdị njikwa nke na-enye nlebara anya pụrụ iche na mmejuputa ịdị ọcha na nchekwa nri na usoro mmepụta. Na nkenke, GMP chọrọ ka ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ihe oriri kwesịrị inwe ezigbo akụrụngwa mmepụta, usoro mmepụta ezi uche, njikwa mma zuru oke na usoro nchọpụta siri ike iji hụ na ịdị mma nke ngwaahịa ikpeazụ (gụnyere nchekwa nri na ịdị ọcha) na-emezu ụkpụrụ iwu. Ọdịnaya akọwapụtara na GMP bụ ọnọdụ kachasị mkpa nke ụlọ ọrụ na-edozi nri ga-ezute.
17. REACH REACH bụ mbiri nke iwu EU "IWU gbasara ndebanye aha, nyocha, ikike na mmachi nke kemikal". Ọ bụ usoro nlekọta kemịkalụ nke EU guzobere ma mejuputa ya na June 1, 2007. Nke a bụ atụmatụ iwu gbasara mmepụta, azụmaahịa na iji nchekwa kemịkalụ, nke na-achọ ichebe ahụike mmadụ na nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi, na-echekwa ma melite asọmpi nke ụlọ ọrụ kemịkalụ nke European Union, na ịzụlite ikike ọhụrụ nke ogige ndị na-adịghị egbu egbu na ndị na-adịghị emerụ ahụ. Ntuziaka REACH chọrọ ka kemịkalụ ebubata na nke emepụtara na Europe ga-agaferịrị usoro nhazi zuru oke dị ka ndebanye aha, nleba anya, ikike na mmachi, ka ọ dị mma na n'ụzọ dị mfe ịchọpụta ihe mejupụtara kemịkalụ iji hụ na nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi na mmadụ. Ntuziaka a na-agụnye ndebanye aha, nyocha, ikike, mmachi na ihe ndị ọzọ bụ isi. Ngwa ahịa ọ bụla ga-enwerịrị faịlụ ndebanye nke na-edepụta ihe mejupụtara kemịkalụ, ma kọwaa ka onye nrụpụta si eji akụrụngwa kemịkal ndị a na mkpesa nyocha nsi. A ga-etinye ozi niile n'ime nchekwa data a na-arụ, nke European Chemical Agency na-elekọta, ụlọ ọrụ EU ọhụrụ dị na Helsinki, Finland.
18. HALALHalal, nke pụtara na mbụ "iwu", ka a sụgharịrị n'asụsụ "halal" n'asụsụ Chinese, ya bụ, nri, ọgwụ, ihe ịchọ mma na nri, ọgwụ, ihe ịchọ mma nke na-egbo àgwà ndụ na mkpa nke ndị Alakụba. Malaysia, mba ndị Alakụba, na-agba mbọ mgbe niile na mmepe nke ụlọ ọrụ halal (halal). Asambodo halal (halal) nke ha nyere nwere ntụkwasị obi dị elu n'ụwa ma bụrụ ndị ọha Alakụba tụkwasịrị obi. Ahịa ndị dị na North America na Europe jikwa nke nta nke nta mara maka nnukwu ike nke ngwaahịa halal, na ha etinyebeghị mgbalị ọ bụla iji malite nyocha na mmepe na mmepụta ngwaahịa dị mkpa, ma mepụtakwara ụkpụrụ na usoro kwekọrọ na asambodo halal.
19. C/A-tick C/A-Tick Asambodo bụ akara asambodo nke Australian Communications Authority (ACA) nyere maka akụrụngwa nzikọrịta ozi. okirikiri asambodo C-akọrọ: 1-2 izu. Ngwaahịa a dị n'okpuru ule ọkọlọtọ teknụzụ ACAQ, debanye aha na ACA maka iji A/C-Tick, jupụta na "Nkwuwapụta nke Nkwekọrịta Form", ma debe ya na ndekọ nkwekọrịta ngwaahịa. A na-etinye akara A/C-Tick na ngwaahịa ma ọ bụ akụrụngwa nkwukọrịta. A-Tick rere ndị ahịa bụ naanị maka ngwaahịa nkwukọrịta. Ọtụtụ ngwaahịa eletrọnịkị bụ maka C-Tick, mana ọ bụrụ na ngwaahịa eletrọnịkị na-etinye maka A-Tick, ha achọghị itinye akwụkwọ maka C-Tick. Kemgbe Nọvemba 2001, ejikọtala ngwa EMI sitere na Australia/New Zealand; Ọ bụrụ na a ga-ere ngwaahịa ahụ na mba abụọ a, akwụkwọ ndị a ga-emezurịrị tupu ahịa maka nyocha enweghị usoro nke ACA (Australian Communications Authority) ma ọ bụ ndị ọchịchị New Zealand (Ministry of Economic Development) n'oge ọ bụla. Usoro EMC nke Australia na-ekewa ngwaahịa n'ime ọkwa atọ. Tupu ere ngwaahịa Ọkwa 2 na Ọkwa 3, ndị na-eweta ngwaahịa ga-edebanye aha na ACA wee tinye akwụkwọ maka iji akara C-Tick.
20. SAASAA kwadoro site na Standards Association of Australia, ya mere ọtụtụ ndị enyi na-akpọ Australian certification SAA. SAA na-ezo aka na asambodo na ngwaahịa eletrik na-abanye n'ahịa Australia ga-agbasorịrị ụkpụrụ nchekwa mpaghara, nke ụlọ ọrụ na-echekarị ihu. N'ihi nkwekọrịta nnabata n'etiti Australia na New Zealand, ngwaahịa niile nke Australia kwadoro nwere ike ịre nke ọma n'ahịa New Zealand. Ngwaahịa eletrik niile ga-adị n'okpuru asambodo nchekwa (SAA). E nwere ụdị isi abụọ nke akara SAA, otu bụ nkwenye nkịtị, nke ọzọ bụ akara ngosi ọkọlọtọ. Asambodo iwu bụ naanị maka ihe nlele, ebe ụlọ ọrụ ọ bụla ga-enyocha akara ọkọlọtọ. Ugbu a, enwere ụzọ abụọ iji tinye akwụkwọ maka asambodo SAA na China. Otu bụ ịnyefe akụkọ nyocha CB. Ọ bụrụ na enweghị mkpesa ule CB, ị nwekwara ike itinye akwụkwọ ozugbo. Na mkpokọta, oge itinye akwụkwọ maka asambodo Australian SAA maka oriọna IT AV na obere ngwa ụlọ bụ izu 3-4. Ọ bụrụ na ogo ngwaahịa erughị ọkọlọtọ, enwere ike ịgbatị ụbọchị ahụ. Mgbe ị na-enyefe akụkọ ahụ na Australia maka nyochaa, a chọrọ ka ịnye akwụkwọ SAA nke nkwụnye ngwaahịa (karịsịa maka ngwaahịa nwere plọg), ma ọ bụghị ya, agaghị edozi ya. Maka ihe ndị dị mkpa dị na ngwaahịa ahụ, dị ka oriọna, a chọrọ ka ịnye akwụkwọ SAA nke ihe ntụgharị na oriọna ahụ, ma ọ bụghị ya, data nyochaa Australia agaghị agafe.
Oge nzipu: Feb-27-2023