Ahịa Middle East na-ezo aka na mpaghara tumadi na West Asia ma gbasaa Europe, Eshia na Africa, gụnyere Iran, Kuwait, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Egypt na mba ndị ọzọ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi na ya dị nde 490. Nkezi afọ ndị bi na mpaghara ahụ dum bụ afọ 25. Ihe karịrị ọkara nke ndị bi na Middle East bụ ndị na-eto eto, ndị na-eto eto a bụkwa ndị na-azụ ahịa e-commerce na-agafe agafe, karịsịa azụmahịa e-commerce mobile.
N'ihi ntụkwasị obi siri ike na mbupụ akụrụngwa, mba ndị dị na Middle East na-enwekarị ntọala ụlọ ọrụ na-adịghị ike, otu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, yana mmụba na-achọ ngwa ahịa na ngwaahịa ụlọ ọrụ. N'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, azụmahịa n'etiti China na Middle East adịla nso.
Kedu ihe bụ isi asambodo na Middle East?
Asambodo Saber bụ sistemụ ntanetị ọhụrụ nke SASO bidoro. Saber bụ n'ezie ngwa netwọk eji maka ndebanye aha ngwaahịa, ịnye na ịnweta asambodo COC. Ihe a na-akpọ Saber bụ ngwá ọrụ netwọkụ n'ịntanetị nke ụlọ ọrụ Saudi Bureau of Standards malitere. Ọ bụ usoro ụlọ ọrụ na-enweghị akwụkwọ zuru oke maka ndebanye aha ngwaahịa, ntinye na ịnweta nnabata nnabata SC asambodo (Asambodo Mbupu). Mmemme asambodo nnabata SABER bụ sistemu zuru oke nke na-edobe ụkpụrụ, chọrọ teknụzụ na usoro njikwa. Ebumnuche ya bụ iji hụ na mkpuchi nke ngwaahịa mpaghara na ngwaahịa ebubata.
A na-ekewa asambodo SABER ka ọ bụrụ asambodo abụọ, otu bụ asambodo PC, nke bụ asambodo ngwaahịa (Certificate Of Conformity For Regulated Products), nke ọzọ bụ SC, nke bụ asambodo mbupu (Akwụkwọ Nkwekọrịta Mbupu maka ngwaahịa ebubata).
Asambodo PC bụ akwụkwọ ndebanye aha ngwaahịa nke chọrọ mkpesa nnwale ngwaahịa (ụfọdụ ndị na-emepụta ngwaahịa na-achọkwa nyocha ụlọ ọrụ) tupu enwee ike debanye aha ha na sistemụ SABER. Asambodo ahụ dị irè maka otu afọ.
Kedu ụdị usoro asambodo Saudi Saber?
Otu 1: Nkwuwapụta nkwekọ nke ndị na-eweta ngwaahịa (ụdị anaghị achịkwa, nkwupụta nnabata ndị na-eweta ngwaahịa)
Otu 2: Asambodo COC ma ọ bụ Asambodo QM (njikwa n'ozuzu, akwụkwọ COC ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ QM)
Nkeji 3: Asambodo IECEE (ngwaahịa nke ụkpụrụ IECEE na-achịkwa ma chọọ itinye akwụkwọ maka IECEE)
Atiri 4: Asambodo GCTS (ngwaahịa dabere na ụkpụrụ GCC ma chọọ itinye akwụkwọ maka asambodo GCC)
Nkeji 5: Asambodo QM (ngwaahịa dabere na ụkpụrụ GCC na mkpa itinye akwụkwọ maka QM)
2. Asambodo GCC nke mba Gulf asaa, asambodo GMARK
Asambodo GCC, nke a makwaara dị ka asambodo GMARK, bụ usoro asambodo ejiri na mba ndị otu Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). GCC bụ ọgbakọ nkwado ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nke akụ na ụba nke mejupụtara mba Gulf isii: Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain na Oman. Asambodo GCC bu n'obi ịhụ na ngwaahịa ndị a na-ere n'ahịa nke mba ndị a na-agbaso ụkpụrụ teknụzụ na ụkpụrụ na-agbanwe agbanwe iji kwalite ahia mba ụwa na ịkwalite ogo ngwaahịa.
Asambodo GMark na-ezo aka na asambodo gọọmentị nwetara site na ngwaahịa ndị GCC gbaara ama. Asambodo a na-egosi na ngwaahịa a agafeela ọtụtụ ule na nyocha yana soro ụkpụrụ teknụzụ na ụkpụrụ nke mba ndị otu GCC guzobere. Asambodo GMark na-abụkarị otu n'ime akwụkwọ dị mkpa maka ibubata ngwaahịa na mba GCC iji hụ na erere ma jiri ya mee ihe n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro.
Kedu ngwaahịa a ga-enwerịrị asambodo GCC?
Iwu teknụzụ maka akụrụngwa eletrik dị ala na akụrụngwa na-ekpuchi ngwaahịa akụrụngwa eletrik na voltaji AC n'etiti 50-1000V na voltaji DC n'etiti 75-1500V. Ngwa ahịa niile kwesịrị ka ejiri akara GC tinye ya tupu ikesa ya n'etiti mba ndị otu Gulf Standardization Organisation (GSO); ngwaahịa nwere akara GC na-egosi na ngwaahịa ahụ eruberela ụkpụrụ teknụzụ GCC.
N'ime ha, ụdị ngwaahịa 14 akọwapụtara gụnyere n'ogo nke asambodo mmanye GCC (ngwaahịa a na-achịkwa), ma ga-enwerịrị asambodo GCC nke ụlọ ọrụ asambodo họpụtara.
ECAS na-ezo aka na Emirates Conformity Assessment System, nke bụ mmemme asambodo ngwaahịa nyere ikike site na UAE Federal Law No. 28 nke 2001. A na-emejuputa atụmatụ ahụ site na Ministry of Industry and Advance Technology, MoIAT (nke bụbu Emirates Authority for Standardization & Metrology, ESMA) nke United Arab Emirates. Ngwaahịa niile dị n'ime oke ndebanye aha na asambodo ECAS kwesịrị ka ejiri akara ECAS na akara NB Amụma ọkwa mgbe ha nwetasịrị asambodo. Ha ga-etinyerịrị akwụkwọ maka ma nweta Asambodo Nkwekọrịta (CoC) tupu ha abanye n'ahịa UAE.
Ngwaahịa ebubata na UAE ga-enwerịrị asambodo ECAS tupu ere ya na mpaghara. ECAS bụ mbiri nke Emirates Conformity Assessment System, nke ESMA UAE Standards Bureau mebere ma nye ya.
4. Iran COC asambodo, Iran COI asambodo
COI nke mbupụ nke Iran gbaara ezi àmà, nke pụtara nleba anya nrube isi n'asụsụ Chinese, bụ nyocha yiri nke a chọrọ nlebanya iwu mbubata nke Iran. Mgbe ngwaahịa ndị a na-ebupụ dị n'ime oke nke ndepụta COI (akara ngosi nyocha), onye na-ebubata ya ga-emerịrị mkpochapụ kọstọm dịka ọkọlọtọ mba Iran ISIRI wee nye akwụkwọ. Iji nweta asambodo maka mbupụ na Iran, ọ dị mkpa ka emee asambodo dị mkpa site na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ ikike. Imirikiti ngwaahịa, akụrụngwa na igwe ebubata na Iran nọ n'okpuru usoro asambodo amanyere iwu nke ISIRI (Iranian Standards Industrial Research Institute). Iwu mbubata Iran dị mgbagwoju anya ma chọọ nnukwu akwụkwọ. Maka nkọwa, biko rụtụ aka na Ndepụta ngwaahịa asambodo mmanye nke Iran ka ịghọta ngwaahịa ndị ga-enwerịrị usoro ISIRI “Nkwenye Nkwekọrịta”.
5. Israel SII asambodo
SII bụ mbiri nke Israel Standards Institute. Ọ bụ ezie na SII bụ ọgbakọ na-abụghị nke gọọmentị, gọọmentị Israel na-elekọta ya ozugbo ma na-ahụ maka ịhazi nhazi, nnwale ngwaahịa na asambodo ngwaahịa na Israel.
SII bụ ụkpụrụ asambodo mmanye na Israel. Maka ngwaahịa ndị chọrọ ịbanye n'Izrel, Israel na-eji nyocha omenala na ụzọ nchịkwa nyocha iji hụ na ngwaahịa ndị ahụ na-emezu ihe achọrọ dị mma. Ọtụtụ mgbe, oge nyocha na-adị ogologo, ma ọ bụrụ na ebubata ya Ọ bụrụ na onye ahịa ahụ enwetala akwụkwọ SII tupu ebupu ya, usoro nyocha nke kọstọm ga-ebelata nke ukwuu. Ndị kọstọm nke Israel ga-enyocha naanị nkwekọ nke ngwaahịa na asambodo, na-enweghị mkpa nyocha nke enweghị usoro.
Dịka "Iwu Standardization", Israel kewara ngwaahịa n'ime ọkwa 4 dabere n'ókè nke mmerụ ahụ ha nwere ike ịkpata ahụike na nchekwa ọha, ma mejuputa njikwa dị iche iche:
Klas I bụ ngwaahịa na-ebute ihe egwu kachasị na ahụike ọha na nchekwa:
Dị ka ngwa ụlọ, ihe ụmụaka ji egwuri egwu, arịa nrụgide, obere ọkụ afụ ọkụ, wdg.
Klas II bụ ngwaahịa nwere oke ihe egwu nwere ike ibute ahụike na nchekwa ọha:
Gụnyere ugogbe anya maka anwụ, bọọlụ maka ebumnuche dị iche iche, ọkpọkọ ntinye, kapeeti, karama, ihe ụlọ na ihe ndị ọzọ.
Klas III bụ ngwaahịa na-ebute obere ihe egwu na ahụike ọha na nchekwa:
Gụnyere taịlị seramiiki, ceramic sanitaryware, wdg.
Category IV bụ ngwaahịa maka iji ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe naanị ọ bụghị maka ndị na-azụ ahịa:
Dị ka ngwaahịa eletrọnịkị ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, wdg.
6. Kuwait COC asambodo, Iraq COC asambodo
Maka ngwa ahịa ọ bụla ebuga na Kuwait, a ga-etinyerịrị akwụkwọ ikike ikike kọstọm COC (Certificate of Conformity). Asambodo COC bụ akwụkwọ na-egosi na ngwaahịa a na-akwado nkọwa teknụzụ yana ụkpụrụ nchekwa nke mba mbubata. Ọ bụkwa otu n'ime akwụkwọ ikike dị mkpa maka mkpochapụ kọstọm na mba mbubata. Ọ bụrụ na ngwaahịa ndị dị na katalọgụ njikwa buru ibu ma na-ebuga ya ugboro ugboro, a na-atụ aro ka itinye akwụkwọ maka COC akwụkwọ tupu oge eruo. Nke a na-ezere igbu oge na nsogbu kpatara enweghị akwụkwọ COC tupu ebupu ngwaahịa.
N'ime usoro itinye akwụkwọ maka asambodo COC, a chọrọ akụkọ nyocha teknụzụ nke ngwaahịa ahụ. A ga-enwerịrị ụlọ ọrụ nyocha ma ọ bụ otu asambodo amaara ama wee wepụta akụkọ a wee gosi na ngwaahịa a na-akwado nkọwa teknụzụ yana ụkpụrụ nchekwa nke obodo mbubata. Ọdịnaya nke akụkọ nyocha kwesịrị ịgụnye aha, ụdị, nkọwapụta, paramita teknụzụ, ụzọ nyocha, nsonaazụ nyocha na ozi ndị ọzọ nke ngwaahịa ahụ. N'otu oge ahụ, ọ dịkwa mkpa ịnye ozi dị mkpa dị ka ihe nlele ngwaahịa ma ọ bụ foto maka nyocha na nyocha ọzọ.
Nnyocha okpomọkụ dị ala
Dị ka usoro ule akọwapụtara na GB / T 2423.1-2008, a na-etinye drone n'ime igbe nyocha gburugburu ebe obibi na okpomọkụ nke (-25 ± 2) Celsius C na oge ule nke 16 awa. Mgbe emechara ule ahụ wee weghachite n'okpuru ọnọdụ ikuku ọkọlọtọ maka awa 2, drone kwesịrị inwe ike ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma.
Nnwale ịma jijiji
Dịka usoro nyocha akọwapụtara na GB/T2423.10-2008 si dị:
Drone nọ n'ọnọdụ anaghị arụ ọrụ na enweghị ngwugwu;
Ugboro ugboro: 10Hz ~ 150Hz;
Ugboro ugboro: 60Hz;
f＜60Hz, njupụta mgbe niile 0.075mm;
f> 60Hz, osooso mgbe niile 9.8m/s2 (1g);
Otu ebe njikwa;
Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke usoro nyocha kwa axis bụ l0.
A ghaghị ime nyocha ahụ na ala nke drone na oge nyocha bụ 15 nkeji. Mgbe nyocha ahụ gasịrị, drone ekwesịghị inwe mmebi ọdịdị doro anya ma nwee ike ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma.
Wepụ ule
Nnwale ọdịda bụ ule oge niile nke ọtụtụ ngwaahịa kwesịrị ime ugbu a. N'otu aka ahụ, ọ bụ ịlele ma nkwakọ ngwaahịa drone nwere ike ichebe ngwaahịa ahụ n'onwe ya nke ọma iji hụ na nchekwa ụgbọ njem; n'aka nke ọzọ, ọ bụ n'ezie ngwaike nke ụgbọ elu. ntụkwasị obi.
ule nrụgide
N'okpuru ike ojiji kachasị, a na-edobe drone ahụ na ule nrụgide dị ka mgbagha na ibu ibu. Mgbe emechara ule ahụ, drone kwesịrị inwe ike ịga n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma.
ule ogologo ndụ
Mee ule ndụ na gimbal nke drone, visual radar, bọtịnụ ike, bọtịnụ, wdg, na nsonaazụ ule ga-agbasorịrị ụkpụrụ ngwaahịa.
Yiri ule nguzogide
Jiri teepu mpempe akwụkwọ RCA maka nnwale nguzogide abrasion, yana nsonaazụ ule kwesịrị ịgbaso ihe abrasion chọrọ akara na ngwaahịa ahụ.
Nlele oge niile
Dị ka ọdịdị anya, nyocha nkwakọ ngwaahịa, nyocha mgbakọ zuru oke, ihe ndị dị mkpa na nyocha nke ime, akara, akara, nyocha mbipụta, wdg.
Oge nzipu: Mee-25-2024