Monga chinthu chapadera, kugwiritsa ntchito zodzoladzola kumasiyana ndi zinthu wamba. Zili ndi zotsatira zamphamvu zamtundu. Ogula amamvetsera kwambiri chithunzi cha opanga zodzoladzola komanso khalidwe la zodzoladzola. Makamaka, mawonekedwe a zodzoladzola sangasiyanitsidwe ndi chitetezo cha mankhwala (kuonetsetsa chitetezo cha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali), kukhazikika (kuwonetsetsa kukhazikika kwanthawi yayitali), komanso zothandiza (kuthandizira kuti khungu lizigwira ntchito bwino). ndi kuwala kowala) ndi kuthekera (kosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito, kosangalatsa kugwiritsa ntchito), komanso zokonda za ogula. Pakati pawo, chitetezo chofunikira kwambiri ndi kukhazikika kuyenera kutsimikiziridwa kudzera mumalingaliro ndi njira za microbiology ndi biochemistry.
Kuyendera malamulo zodzoladzola
1.mawu oyambira
(1)Zinthu zoyendera pafupipafupi.Amatanthauza zinthu zomwe ziyenera kuyang'aniridwa pagulu lililonse lazinthu, kuphatikiza zowonetsa zakuthupi ndi zamankhwala, zowonetsa zomverera, kuchuluka kwa mabakiteriya omwe ali muzowonetsa zaukhondo, zowonetsa kulemera ndi zofunikira zowonekera.
(2) Zinthu zoyendera mosavomerezeka. Amatanthauza zinthu zomwe sizinawunikidwe batch ndi batch, monga zinthu zina kupatula kuchuluka kwa mabakiteriya omwe ali muzowonetsa zaukhondo.
(3) Gwirani zinthu moyenera. Amatanthauza kusankha kochotsa zinthu zomwe sizili mulingo uliwonse pagulu lonse lazodzola popanda kuwononga zogulitsa.
(4) Chitsanzo. Zimatanthawuza kukula kwachitsanzo chonse cha batchi iliyonse.
(5) Unit mankhwala. Zimatanthawuza za zodzoladzola chimodzi, zokhala ndi mabotolo, ndodo, matumba ndi mabokosi ngati magawo owerengera.
2.Kuwunika kagulu
(1) Kuyang'anira kaperekedwe
Zogulitsa zisanatuluke mufakitale, dipatimenti yowunikira opanga imayang'ana gulu ndi batch malinga ndi miyezo yazinthu. Zogulitsa zokha zomwe zimakwaniritsa zofunikira zimatha kutumizidwa kunja. Gulu lililonse lazinthu zotumizidwa kunja liyenera kutsagana ndi satifiketi yotsimikizira. Wotumiza atha kugawa batchi yobweretsera m'magulu ndikuyang'anira molingana ndi malamulo omwe amaperekedwa. Zinthu zoyendera zoperekera ndi zinthu zoyendera nthawi zonse.
(2)Kuyendera kwamtundu
Nthawi zambiri, osachepera kamodzi pachaka. Kuyang'anira mtundu kuyeneranso kuchitika pazifukwa zotsatirazi.
1) Pakakhala kusintha kwakukulu muzinthu zopangira, njira, ndi mawonekedwe omwe angakhudze magwiridwe antchito.
2) Pamene mankhwalawo ayambiranso kupanga atayimitsidwa kwa nthawi yayitali (kuposa miyezi 6).
3) Pamene zotsatira zoyendera fakitale zimakhala zosiyana kwambiri ndi kuyendera kwa mtundu wotsiriza.
4) Pamene bungwe loyang'anira khalidwe ladziko limapereka zofunikira zowunikira mtundu.
Zinthu zoyang'anira mtundu zimaphatikizapo zinthu zoyendera nthawi zonse komanso zinthu zomwe sizimayendera nthawi zonse.
3.Zitsanzo
Zogulitsa zomwe zili ndi nthawi yofananira, mitundu, ndi masiku opanga zimatengedwa kukhala gulu limodzi. Wotumiza amathanso kubweretsa zinthuzo mugulu limodzi.
(1) Sampuli yoyendera mayendedwe
Zitsanzo za zinthu zoyendera mawonekedwe a phukusi ziyenera kuchitidwa molingana ndi dongosolo lachiwiri lachitsanzo la GB/T 2828.1-2003. Pakati pawo, mulingo wosayenerera (chilema) wa gulu loyang'anira (II) ndi mulingo woyenerera (AQL: 2.5 / 10.0) zafotokozedwa mu Gulu 8-1.
Zinthu zomwe zili mayeso owononga zimatengedwa molingana ndi pulani yachiwiri ya GB/T 2828.1-2003, pomwe IL=S-3 ndi AQL=4.0.
Zomwe zili muzinthu zowunikira mawonekedwe apaketi zafotokozedwa patebulo.
Dziwani: ① Pulojekitiyi ndi mayeso owononga.
Sampling poyang'anira zomverera, thupi ndi mankhwala zizindikiro ndi ukhondo zizindikiro. Zitsanzo zofananira zimasankhidwa mwachisawawa molingana ndi zinthu zowunikira kuti ziwonetsedwe zamitundu yosiyanasiyana yama sensory, thupi ndi mankhwala ndi zizindikiro zaukhondo.
Pakuwunika kwamtundu (champhamvu), sankhani zitsanzo 10 zamayunitsi mwachisawawa ndikuyesa mtengo wapakati malinga ndi njira yoyeserera yofananira.
(2) Sampuli yoyendera mtundu
Zinthu zoyendera nthawi zonse pakuwunika kwamtundu zimatengera zotsatira zoyendera, ndipo sampuli sizidzabwerezedwanso.
Pazinthu zowunikira mosagwirizana ndi mtundu, 2 mpaka 3 mayunitsi a zitsanzo amatha kutengedwa mugulu lililonse lazinthu ndikuwunikiridwa molingana ndi njira zomwe zafotokozedwa muzogulitsa.
4.Malamulo osankha
(1) Kuwunika ndi kutsimikizira malamulo
Pamene zizindikiro zaukhondo sizikugwirizana ndi zofunikira, gulu lazinthu lidzaweruzidwa ngati losayenerera ndipo silidzachoka ku fakitale.
Pamene zizindikiro zomveka, thupi ndi mankhwala sizikugwirizana ndi zomwe zimapangidwira, zizindikiro za chinthucho zimaloledwa kuyesedwanso, ndipo maphwando opereka ndi ofunikira amatenga pamodzi zitsanzo. Ngati akadali osayenerera, gulu lazinthu lidzaweruzidwa ngati losayenerera ndipo silidzachoka kufakitale.
Ngati index ya khalidwe (capacity) sikugwirizana ndi zomwe zili muzogulitsa, kuyang'ananso kawiri kumaloledwa. Ngati ikalephera, gulu lazinthu lidzaweruzidwa ngati gulu lolephera.
(2) Mitundu yoyang'anira chiweruzo
Malamulo achiweruzo a zinthu zoyendera nthawi zonse pakuwunika kwamtundu ndi ofanana ndi omwe amayendera.
Ngati chimodzi mwazinthu zowunikira zomwe sizimayendera nthawi zonse pakuwunika kwamtundu sichikukwaniritsa zofunikira, gulu lonse lazinthu lidzaweruzidwa kukhala losayenerera.
(3)Kuwunika kwapakati
Mkangano ukabuka pakati pa omwe akugulitsa ndi kufunidwa pazamtundu wazinthu, onse awiri ayenera kuyang'anira zitsanzo molingana ndi mulingo uwu, kapena apereke malo oyang'anira apamwamba kwambiri kuti ayendere zowunikira.
5.kutumiza malamulo
(1) Pokhapokha ngati tatchulidwa mwanjira ina, kuyang'anitsitsa kwachizolowezi kudzagwiritsidwa ntchito kumayambiriro kwa kuyendera.
(2)Kuchokera pakuwunika kwanthawi zonse mpaka kuyang'anitsitsa kwambiri. Pakuwunika kwanthawi zonse, ngati magulu awiri mwa magulu asanu otsatizana alephera kuwunika koyamba (kupatula magulu omwe atumizidwa kuti akawunikidwenso), gulu lotsatira lidzasamutsidwa kuti liwunikenso kwambiri.
(3) Kuchokera pakuwunika kolimba mpaka kuyang'ana mwachizolowezi. Mukayang'anitsitsa mosamalitsa, ngati magulu 5 otsatizana adutsa kuwunika koyambirira (kupatula kutumizanso magulu oyendera), kuwunika kwa gulu lotsatira kudzasamutsidwa kuti muyende bwino.
6.Check kuyimitsa ndi kuyambiranso
Kuyang'anitsitsa kolimba kukayamba, ngati kuchuluka kwa magulu osayenerera (kupatula magulu omwe atumizidwa kuti akawunikidwenso) afika pamagulu 5, kuyang'anira kuperekera kwazinthu kudzayimitsidwa kwakanthawi.
Kuyang'anirako kutayimitsidwa, ngati wopanga achitapo kanthu kuti magulu omwe atumizidwa kuti awonedwe akwaniritse kapena kupitilira zofunikira, kuwunikako kumatha kuyambiranso ndi chilolezo cha olamulira. Nthawi zambiri zimayamba ndi kuyendera mwamphamvu.
7.Kutaya pambuyo poyendera
Pazinthu zabwino (kuthekera) magulu osayenerera ndi magulu a Gulu B osayenerera, wopanga amaloledwa kuwapereka kuti akawunikenso pambuyo pa chithandizo choyenera. Tumizaninso kuti mukawunikenso molingana ndi dongosolo lokhazikika la zitsanzo.
Kwa magulu osayenerera a Gulu C, wopanga adzawapereka kuti awonedwenso pambuyo pa chithandizo choyenera, ndipo adzawunikiridwa molingana ndi dongosolo lachitsanzo lokhazikika kapena kugwiridwa ndi kukambirana pakati pa omwe amapereka ndi omwe akufuna.
Cosmetic Stability Test Method
Kuyesa kukana kutentha ndi chinthu chofunikira choyesa kukhazikika kwamafuta, mafuta odzola ndi zodzikongoletsera zamadzimadzi, monga mafuta odzola tsitsi, milomo, mafuta odzola, odzola, opaka utoto wa tsitsi, shampo, kuchapa thupi, zotsukira kumaso, mousse watsitsi, Zinthu monga zonona ndi ma balms. amayenera kukayezetsa kukana kutentha.
Chifukwa mawonekedwe a zodzoladzola zosiyanasiyana amasiyana, zomwe zimafunikira kukana kutentha ndi njira zoyeserera zazinthu zosiyanasiyana ndizosiyana pang'ono. Komabe, mfundo zazikulu za mayeso ndizofanana, ndiko kuti: choyamba sinthani chofungatira chamagetsi chokhazikika mpaka (40 ± 1) ° C, kenako tengani zitsanzo ziwiri, ikani imodzi mwazo chofungatira chamagetsi chokhazikika kwa maola 24. itulutse, ndi kubwerera ku kutentha kwa chipinda. Kenako fanizirani ndi chitsanzo china kuti muwone ngati ili ndi kuonda, kusinthika, delamination ndi kuuma kusintha kuweruza kukana kutentha kwa mankhwala.
2.Cold resistance test
Monga kuyesa kukana kutentha, kuyesa kukana kuzizira ndi chinthu chofunikira choyesa kukhazikika kwamafuta, mafuta odzola ndi zinthu zamadzimadzi.
Momwemonso, chifukwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zodzoladzola imakhala ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana, zomwe zimafunikira kukana kuzizira komanso njira zoyeserera zazinthu zosiyanasiyana ndizosiyana pang'ono. Komabe, mfundo zazikulu za mayeso ndizofanana, ndiko kuti: choyamba sinthani firiji kuti (-5 ~ -15) ℃ ± 1 ℃, kenako tengani zitsanzo ziwiri, ikani imodzi mwazo mufiriji kwa maola 24, tulutsani. , ndi kubwezeretsa. Pambuyo pa kutentha kwa chipinda, fanizirani ndi chitsanzo china kuti muwone ngati ili ndi kuonda, kusinthika, delamination ndi kuuma kusintha kuti muweruze kuzizira kwa mankhwala.
3.Centrifuge mayeso
Mayeso a centrifugal ndi kuyesa kuyesa moyo wa alumali wa zodzoladzola zodzola. Ndi njira yoyesera yofunikira kuti mufulumizitse mayeso olekanitsa. Mwachitsanzo, zotsukira kumaso, zodzola zonyowetsa, zopaka utoto wa tsitsi, ndi zina zotere ziyenera kukhala centrifuged. Njirayi ndi: ikani chitsanzo mu centrifuge, yesani pa liwiro la (2000 ~ 4000) r/min kwa mphindi 30, ndikuwona kulekanitsa ndi stratification wa mankhwala.
4.Mayeso okhazikika amtundu
Mayeso okhazikika amtundu ndi mayeso kuti awone ngati mtundu wa zodzoladzola zamitundu uli wokhazikika. Popeza mapangidwe ndi katundu wa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zodzoladzola ndizosiyana, njira zawo zoyendera ndizosiyana. Mwachitsanzo, kuyesa kukhazikika kwa mtundu wa mafuta odzola tsitsi kumagwiritsa ntchito njira ya kuwala kwa ultraviolet, ndipo kuyesa kukhazikika kwa mitundu yamafuta onunkhira ndi madzi akuchimbudzi kumagwiritsa ntchito njira yotenthetsera uvuni.
Njira zowunika zodzikongoletsera
1. Kutsimikiza kwa pH mtengo
Mtengo wa pH wa khungu la munthu nthawi zambiri umakhala pakati pa 4.5 ndi 6.5, womwe umakhala wa acidic. Izi zili choncho chifukwa khungu limagawanika kukhala khungu ndi thukuta, lomwe lili ndi zinthu za acidic monga lactic acid, amino acid aulere, uric acid, ndi mafuta acids. Malinga ndi maonekedwe a khungu, zodzoladzola zodzoladzola ndi zodzoladzola ziyenera kukhala ndi pH zosiyana kuti zikwaniritse zosowa zosiyanasiyana. Chifukwa chake, pH mtengo ndi chizindikiro chofunikira cha zodzoladzola.
Yezerani gawo lachitsanzo (lolondola mpaka 0.1g), onjezerani magawo 10 a madzi osungunuka kangapo, gwedezani mosalekeza, kutentha mpaka 40 ° C kuti musungunuke, ozizira mpaka (25 ± 1) ° C kapena kutentha kwa chipinda, ndikuyika. pambali.
Ngati ndi mankhwala okhala ndi mafuta ambiri, amatha kutenthedwa mpaka (70 ~ 80) ℃, ndipo mutatha kuzirala, chotsani chipika chamafuta kuti mugwiritse ntchito mtsogolo; mankhwala a ufa akhoza kuphikidwa ndi kusefedwa kuti agwiritse ntchito mtsogolo. Yezerani mtengo wa pH molingana ndi malangizo a mita ya pH.
2. Kutsimikiza kwa mamasukidwe akayendedwe
Pamene madzi amadzimadzi akuyenda mothandizidwa ndi mphamvu yakunja, kukana pakati pa mamolekyu ake kumatchedwa viscosity (kapena viscosity). Viscosity ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chamadzimadzi komanso chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri zodzikongoletsera zodzoladzola zonona. Viscosity nthawi zambiri imayesedwa ndi viscometer yozungulira.
Cashmere ndi cashmere yabwino yomwe imamera pamizu ya ubweya wa mbuzi. Popeza kuti m'mimba mwake ndi yopyapyala kuposa ubweya wa nkhosa, imatha kusunga mpweya wambiri, choncho imakhala ndi mphamvu zotetezera kutentha ndipo ndi chida chamatsenga kuti mbuzi zipirire m'nyengo yozizira. Ndipo chifukwa mamba a pamwamba pa ulusi wa cashmere ndi woonda komanso amamatira kwambiri ku ulusi wa ulusi, zinthu za cashmere zimakhala zowala bwino, zimamveka bwino komanso makwinya ochepa kuposa zopangidwa ndi ubweya. Mbuzi zikamadula tsitsi lililonse masika, cashmere imapezeka mwa kupesa mochita kupanga. Pamafunika ubweya wa mbuzi zisanu kuti uzungulire sweti ya cashmere ya 250g. Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa zotulutsa, cashmere amadziwikanso kuti "golide wofewa".
3. Kuyeza kwa turbidity
Mafuta onunkhira, madzi ammutu ndi mafuta odzola kapena zinthu zina zosasungunuka zomwe sizinapatulidwe kotheratu chifukwa chosakwanira nthawi yokalamba, kapena chifukwa cha zinthu zosasungunuka kwenikweni monga kuviika chingamu ndi sera zamtheradi ndizokwera kwambiri, ndizosavuta kuyambitsa kumakhala mitambo, ndipo mitambo ndi imodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zodzikongoletsera izi. Kuwonongeka kumayesedwa makamaka ndi kuyang'ana kowonekera.
(1) Mfundo zoyambirira
Yesani kuwoneka bwino kwachitsanzo mu osamba m'madzi kapena mufiriji.
(2) Ma regents
Ice cubes kapena madzi oundana (kapena mafiriji ena oyenera 5 ° C kutsika kuposa kutentha kwake)
(3) Miyezo
Ikani madzi oundana kapena madzi oundana mu beaker, kapena mafiriji ena oyenera omwe ndi 5 ° C kutsika kuposa kutentha kwake.
Tengani magawo awiri a chitsanzo ndikutsanulira mu machubu awiri oyesera magalasi owumitsidwa φ2cm × 13cm. Kutalika kwa chitsanzo ndi 1/3 ya kutalika kwa chubu choyesera. Lumikizani kukamwa kwa chubu choyesera mwamphamvu ndi choyimitsa choyezera thermometer kuti babu ya mercury ya thermometer ikhale pakati pa chitsanzocho.
Ikani wina φ3cm × 15cm test chubu kunja kwa chubu choyesera kuti chubu choyesera chomwe chili ndi chitsanzocho chikhale pakati pa casing. Samalani kuti musakhudze pansi pa machubu awiri oyesera. Ikani chubu choyesera mu beaker ndi firiji kuti chizizire, kotero kuti kutentha kwa chitsanzo kutsika pang'onopang'ono, ndikuwona ngati chitsanzocho chikuwonekera bwino chikafika kutentha komwe kwatchulidwa. Gwiritsani ntchito chitsanzo china ngati chowongolera poyang'ana. Bwerezani muyeso kamodzi ndipo zotsatira ziwiri ziyenera kukhala zofanana.
(4) Kufotokozera zotsatira
Pa kutentha komwe kwatchulidwa, ngati chitsanzocho chikadali chomveka bwino monga chitsanzo choyambirira, zotsatira zoyesa zachitsanzo zimakhala zomveka bwino osati zowonongeka.
(5) Kusamala
① Njirayi ndiyoyenera kudziwa zamafuta onunkhira, madzi ammutu ndi mafuta odzola.
②Zitsanzo zosiyanasiyana zimakhala ndi kutentha kosiyanasiyana komwe kumatchulidwa. Mwachitsanzo: mafuta onunkhira 5 ℃, madzi akuchimbudzi 10 ℃.
4.Kutsimikiza kwa kachulukidwe wachibale
Kachulukidwe kachulukidwe amatanthauza kuchuluka kwa kulemera kwa voliyumu inayake ya zinthu ku kuchuluka kwa voliyumu yofanana ya madzi. Ndilofunika ntchito chizindikiro cha zodzoladzola madzi.
5.Kutsimikiza kwa kukhazikika kwa mtundu
Mtundu ndi chizindikiro chofunikira cha zodzoladzola, ndipo kukhazikika kwamtundu ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu za zodzoladzola. Njira yayikulu yoyezera kukhazikika kwamtundu ndikuwunika kowonekera.
(1) Mfundo zoyambirira
Fananizani kusintha kwa mtundu wa chitsanzo mutatha kutentha kutentha kwina.
(2) Miyezo
Tengani magawo awiri a chitsanzo ndikutsanulira mu machubu awiri oyesa a φ2 × 13cm motsatana. Kutalika kwa chitsanzo ndi pafupifupi 2/3 ya kutalika kwa chubu. Lumikizeni ndi cork ndikuyika imodzi mwazotentha zomwe zidasinthidwa kale (48±1) ℃. Mu bokosi la kutentha kosalekeza, tsegulani choyimitsa pambuyo pa ola la 1, kenaka sungani plug, ndipo pitirizani kuziyika mu bokosi la kutentha kosalekeza. Pambuyo pa maola 24, tulutsani ndikufanizira ndi chitsanzo china. Pasakhale kusintha kwa mtundu.
(3) Zotsatira zake
Pa kutentha komwe kwatchulidwa, ngati chitsanzocho chikusungabe mtundu wake wapachiyambi, zotsatira zoyesa zachitsanzo ndikuti mtunduwo ndi wosasunthika ndipo susintha.
6. Kutsimikiza kwa essences mu mafuta onunkhira ndi madzi akuchimbudzi
Kununkhira kumapereka zodzoladzola fungo linalake ndipo zimabweretsa kukongola ndi chitonthozo kwa ogwiritsa ntchito. Pafupifupi zodzoladzola zonse zimagwiritsa ntchito kununkhira, kotero kuti kununkhira ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu za zodzoladzola. Njira yodziwika bwino yodziwira zonunkhiritsa mu zodzoladzola ndiyo njira yochotsera ether.
(1) Mfundo zoyambirira
Pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo yakuti essence ndi miscible mu diethyl ether, essence imachotsedwa mu chitsanzo ndi diethyl ether, ndipo ether imachotsedwa ndikuyesedwa kuti apeze zomwe zili.
(2) Ma regents
①Ether, anhydrous sodium sulfate
②Sodium chloride solution: Onjezani voliyumu yofanana yamadzi osungunuka mumtsuko wa sodium chloride wodzaza.
(3) Miyezo
Yeretsani molondola (20 ~ 50) g ya chitsanzo kuti chiyesedwe (cholondola mpaka 0.000 2 g) mu 1 L woboola pakati pa peyala, kenaka yikani 300 mL ya sodium chloride solution. Kenako onjezerani 70 ml ya diethyl ether, gwedezani, ndipo muyime kuti musiyanitse zigawo. Pangani okwana atatu m'zigawo. Ikani zigawo zitatu za ethyl ether pamodzi muzitsulo zolekanitsa za 1 L zooneka ngati peyala, onjezerani 200 ml ya sodium chloride solution, gwedezani ndi kusamba. , tiyeni tiyime pa kusanjikiza, kutaya sodium chloride solution, tumizani ether Tingafinye ku 500 mL stoppered Erlenmeyer botolo, kuwonjezera 5 g anhydrous sodium sulfate, gwedezani, youma ndi kutaya madzi m'thupi. Seferani yankho mu beaker yowuma ndi yoyera ya 300 mL, tsukani botolo la Erlenmeyer ndi etha pang'ono, phatikizani cholowa mu beaker, ndikuyika beaker mu bafa lamadzi la 50 ° C kuti lisafe. Njira yothetsera ikasanduka nthunzi kufika ku 20 mL, tumizani yankho ku beaker yoyezerapo 50 mL, pitirizani kutuluka mpaka ether itachotsedwa, ikani beaker mu desiccator, vacuum ndi kuchepetsa kuthamanga kwa (6.67 × 10³) Pa, ndi kuika kwa 1 h, kulemera.
(4) Kuwerengera zotsatira
Gawo lalikulu la w la ether liwerengedwe motsatira ndondomeko yotsatirayi.
w=(m1-m0)/m
M’chilinganizo: m0——misala ya beaker, g;
m1——Kulemera kwa beaker ndi etha, g;
m——chitsanzo cha misa, g.
(5) Kusamala
①Njirayi ndiyoyenera zodzoladzola monga mafuta onunkhira, cologne ndi madzi akuchimbudzi.
②Kulakwitsa kovomerezeka kwa zotsatira zofananira ndi 0.5%.
Nthawi yotumiza: Jan-17-2024