Kodi ndi zizindikiro ziti zachitetezo zomwe zogulitsa kunja zimafunikira kudutsa m'maiko ena? Kodi ma certification amatanthauza chiyani? Tiyeni tiwone ziphaso 20 zovomerezeka padziko lonse lapansi ndi matanthauzo ake padziko lonse lapansi, ndikuwona kuti malonda anu adutsa chiphaso chotsatirachi.
1. Chizindikiro cha CECE ndi chizindikiro chachitetezo, chomwe chimatengedwa ngati pasipoti kuti opanga atsegule ndikulowa mumsika waku Europe. CE imayimira European Union. Zogulitsa zonse zomwe zili ndi chizindikiro cha "CE" zitha kugulitsidwa m'maiko omwe ali membala wa EU popanda kukwaniritsa zofunikira za dziko lililonse lomwe lili membala, potero kuzindikira kutumizidwa kwaulere kwa katundu m'maiko omwe ali membala wa EU.
2.ROHSROHS ndi chidule cha Kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zina zoopsa pazida zamagetsi ndi zamagetsi. ROHS imatchula zinthu zisanu ndi chimodzi zowopsa, kuphatikiza lead Pb, cadmium Cd, mercury Hg, hexavalent chromium Cr6+, PBDE ndi PBB. European Union inayamba kugwiritsa ntchito ROHS pa July 1, 2006. Zida zamagetsi ndi zamagetsi zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito kapena zimakhala ndi zitsulo zolemera, PBDE, PBB ndi zina zowononga moto siziloledwa kulowa mumsika wa EU. ROHS imayang'ana zinthu zonse zamagetsi ndi zamagetsi zomwe zitha kukhala ndi zinthu zisanu ndi chimodzi zovulaza zomwe zili pamwambazi popanga ndi zopangira, makamaka kuphatikiza: zida zoyera, monga firiji, makina ochapira, uvuni wa microwave, zowongolera mpweya, zotsukira, zotenthetsera madzi, ndi zina zambiri. ., zida zakuda, monga zomvera ndi makanema, DVD, CD, zolandila TV, zinthu za IT, zinthu za digito, zolumikizirana, ndi zina; Zida zamagetsi, zoseweretsa zamagetsi zamagetsi, zida zamagetsi zamankhwala. Zindikirani: Wogula akafunsa ngati ali ndi ma roh, ayenera kufunsa ngati akufuna kumaliza kapena ma rohs aiwisi. Mafakitole ena sangathe kupanga ma roh omalizidwa. Mtengo wa rohs nthawi zambiri ndi 10% - 20% wokwera kuposa wazinthu wamba.
3. ULUL ndi chidule cha Underwriter Laboratories Inc. mu Chingerezi. UL Safety Testing Institute ndi bungwe lovomerezeka kwambiri ku United States, komanso bungwe lalikulu la anthu lomwe likuchita zoyesa chitetezo padziko lonse lapansi. Ndi bungwe lodziyimira pawokha, lopanda phindu, laukadaulo lomwe limachita zoyeserera pofuna chitetezo cha anthu. Amagwiritsa ntchito njira zoyesera zasayansi kuti aphunzire ndikuzindikira ngati zida zosiyanasiyana, zida, zida, zida, nyumba, ndi zina zotere zili zovulaza moyo ndi katundu komanso kuchuluka kwa zovulaza; Tsimikizirani, konzani ndikutulutsa miyezo ndi zida zofananira zomwe zingathandize kuchepetsa ndikuletsa kutayika kwa moyo ndi katundu, ndikuchita bizinesi yofufuza zenizeni nthawi imodzi. Mwachidule, imachita nawo bizinesi yotsimikizira chitetezo chazinthu ndi ntchito yotsimikizira chitetezo, ndipo cholinga chake chachikulu ndikupereka ndalama kumsika kuti apeze katundu wokhala ndi chitetezo chokwanira, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti munthu ali ndi thanzi labwino komanso chitetezo cha katundu. Ponena za chiphaso chachitetezo chazinthu ngati njira yabwino yochotsera zopinga zaukadaulo ku malonda apadziko lonse lapansi, UL imakhalanso ndi gawo labwino polimbikitsa chitukuko cha malonda apadziko lonse lapansi. Zindikirani: UL siyokakamizidwa kulowa United States.
4. FDA Bungwe la Food and Drug Administration la United States limatchedwa FDA. FDA ndi amodzi mwa mabungwe akuluakulu omwe adakhazikitsidwa ndi Boma la United States mu dipatimenti ya zaumoyo ndi ntchito za anthu (DHHS) ndi dipatimenti ya zaumoyo wa anthu (PHS). Udindo wa FDA ndikuwonetsetsa chitetezo cha chakudya, zodzoladzola, mankhwala, ma biological agents, zida zamankhwala ndi zinthu zotulutsa ma radioactive zomwe zimapangidwa kapena kutumizidwa kunja ku United States. Pambuyo pa zochitika za September 11, anthu ku United States adakhulupirira kuti kunali koyenera kukonza bwino chitetezo cha chakudya. Bungwe la United States Congress litapereka lamulo la Public Health and Safety and Bioterrorism Prevention and Response Act la 2002 mu June chaka chatha, linapereka US $ 500 miliyoni kuti alole FDA kuti ipange malamulo enieni okhudza kukhazikitsa lamuloli. Malinga ndi lamuloli, FDA ipereka nambala yapadera yolembetsa kwa aliyense wolembetsa. Chakudya chotumizidwa ndi mabungwe akunja kupita ku United States chiyenera kudziwitsidwa ku United States Food and Drug Administration maola 24 chisanafike padoko la United States, apo ayi chidzakanidwa kulowa ndikutsekeredwa padoko lolowera. Dziwani: FDA imangofunika kulembetsa, osati chiphaso.
5. Bungwe la Federal Communications Commission (FCC) linakhazikitsidwa mu 1934 ngati bungwe lodziimira pawokha la boma la United States ndipo limayang'anira bungwe la Congress. FCC imagwirizanitsa zoyankhulana zapakhomo ndi zapadziko lonse lapansi poyang'anira wailesi, wailesi yakanema, matelefoni, ma satellite ndi zingwe. Ofesi ya Umisiri ndi Ukatswiri wa FCC ili ndi udindo wothandizira komitiyi ndi kuvomereza kwa zida kuti zitsimikizire chitetezo chazinthu zoyankhulirana zamawayilesi ndi mawaya zokhudzana ndi moyo ndi katundu, kuphatikiza mayiko opitilira 50, Colombia ndi zigawo. pansi pa ulamuliro wa United States. Zinthu zambiri zamawayilesi, zolumikizirana ndi zida zamagetsi zimafunikira chivomerezo cha FCC kuti zilowe mumsika waku US. Komiti ya FCC imafufuza ndikusanthula magawo osiyanasiyana achitetezo chazinthu kuti apeze njira yabwino yothetsera vutoli. Nthawi yomweyo, FCC imaphatikizanso kuzindikira zida za wailesi ndi ndege. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) imayang'anira katengedwe ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka zida zamawayilesi, kuphatikiza makompyuta, makina a fax, zida zamagetsi, zolandirira mawayilesi ndi zida zotumizira, zoseweretsa zoyendetsedwa ndi wailesi, mafoni, makompyuta ndi zinthu zina zomwe zingawononge chitetezo chamunthu. Ngati zinthuzi zitumizidwa ku United States, ziyenera kuyesedwa ndikuvomerezedwa ndi labotale yovomerezeka ndi boma malinga ndi miyezo yaukadaulo ya FCC. Wogulitsa kunja ndi wogulitsa kasitomu adzalengeza kuti chipangizo chilichonse chawayilesi chikutsatira mulingo wa FCC, womwe ndi layisensi ya FCC.
6.Malinga ndi kudzipereka kwa China kuti alowe WTO ndi mfundo yowonetsera chithandizo cha dziko, CCC imagwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro zogwirizanitsa pofuna kukakamiza katundu certification. Dzina la chiphaso chatsopano chokakamiza dziko lino ndi "China Compulsory Certification", dzina lachingerezi ndi "China Compulsory Certification", ndipo chidule cha Chingerezi ndi "CCC". Pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa China Compulsory Certification Mark, pang'onopang'ono idzalowetsa chizindikiro choyambirira cha "Great Wall" ndi "CCIB".
7. CSACSA ndi chidule cha bungwe la Canadian Standards Association, lomwe linakhazikitsidwa mu 1919 ndipo ndilo bungwe loyamba lopanda phindu ku Canada kupanga miyezo ya mafakitale. Zogulitsa zamagetsi ndi zamagetsi zomwe zimagulitsidwa pamsika waku North America ziyenera kupeza ziphaso zachitetezo. Pakadali pano, CSA ndiye bungwe lalikulu kwambiri lachitetezo ku Canada komanso m'modzi mwa akuluakulu odziwika bwino padziko lonse lapansi. Itha kupereka chiphaso chachitetezo chamitundu yonse yazinthu zamakina, zomangira, zida zamagetsi, zida zamakompyuta, zida zamaofesi, chitetezo cha chilengedwe, chitetezo chamoto chachipatala, masewera ndi zosangalatsa. CSA yapereka chithandizo cha certification kwa opanga masauzande ambiri padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo mazana mamiliyoni azinthu zokhala ndi logo ya CSA zimagulitsidwa pamsika waku North America chaka chilichonse.
8. DIN Deutsche Institute fur Normung. DIN ndiulamuliro wokhazikika ku Germany, ndipo imatenga nawo gawo m'mabungwe omwe siaboma padziko lonse lapansi komanso m'chigawo omwe siaboma ngati bungwe loyimira dziko. DIN inalowa mu International Organization for Standardization mu 1951. Bungwe la Germany Electrotechnical Commission (DKE), lopangidwa pamodzi ndi DIN ndi German Association of Electrical Engineers (VDE), likuimira Germany ku International Electrotechnical Commission. DIN ndi European Commission for Standardization ndi European Electrotechnical Standard.
9. BSI British Standards Institute (BSI) ndi bungwe loyambirira padziko lonse lapansi lokhazikitsira miyezo ya dziko, lomwe silimayendetsedwa ndi boma koma lalandira thandizo lamphamvu kuchokera ku boma. BSI imapanga ndikukonzanso Miyezo yaku Britain ndikulimbikitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwake.
10.Kuyambira kukonzanso ndi kutsegula kwa GB, China yayamba kugwiritsa ntchito chuma cha msika wa chikhalidwe cha anthu, ndipo msika wapakhomo ndi malonda a mayiko ayamba mofulumira. Mabizinesi ambiri otumiza kunja ku China sangathe kulowa mumsika wapadziko lonse lapansi chifukwa samamvetsetsa zomwe zimafunikira pamayendedwe a ziphaso zamayiko ena, ndipo mitengo yazinthu zambiri zotumiza kunja ndi yotsika kwambiri poyerekeza ndi zovomerezeka zofananira m'dziko lomwe mwalandira. Chifukwa chake, mabizinesiwa amayenera kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zakunja zamtengo wapatali chaka chilichonse kuti alembetse ziphaso zakunja ndikupereka malipoti oyendera ndi mabungwe oyendera akunja. Pofuna kukwaniritsa zosowa za malonda a mayiko, dzikolo lakhazikitsa pang'onopang'ono ndondomeko yovomerezeka padziko lonse lapansi. Pa Meyi 7, 1991, State Council idapereka Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Product Quality Certification, ndipo State Administration of Technical Supervision idaperekanso malamulo ena kuti akhazikitse Malamulowo, kuwonetsetsa kuti ntchito yopereka ziphaso ikuchitika mwadongosolo. kachitidwe. Chiyambireni kukhazikitsidwa mu 1954, CNEEC yakhala ikugwira ntchito molimbika kuti ivomerezedwe padziko lonse lapansi kuti itumize katundu wamagetsi kunja kwa dziko. Mu June 1991, CNEEC inavomerezedwa ndi Komiti Yoyang'anira (Mc) ya International Electrotechnical Commission for the Safety Certification of Electrical Products (iEcEE) monga bungwe la certification la dziko lomwe linavomereza ndikupereka satifiketi ya CB. Masiteshoni asanu ndi anayi oyeserera amavomerezedwa ngati labotale ya CB (labu la certification agency). Malingana ngati bizinesiyo yapeza satifiketi ya cB ndi lipoti la mayeso loperekedwa ndi Commission, mayiko 30 omwe ali mgulu la IECEE-CcB adzazindikiridwa, ndipo kwenikweni palibe zitsanzo zomwe zidzatumizidwe kudziko lomwe likutumizako kukayesedwa, zomwe zimapulumutsa ndalama zonse. ndi nthawi yopeza chiphaso cha certification cha dzikolo, chomwe chili chopindulitsa kwambiri kugulitsa zinthu kunja.
11. Ndi chitukuko cha ukadaulo wamagetsi ndi zamagetsi, zida zamagetsi zapakhomo zikuchulukirachulukira ndipo zida zamagetsi, wailesi ndi kanema wawayilesi, ma positi ndi matelefoni ndi ma netiweki apakompyuta akuchulukirachulukira, ndipo chilengedwe cha electromagnetic chikuchulukirachulukira ndikuwonongeka, ndikupangitsa kuti magetsi azigwirizana ndi magetsi. ndi zinthu zamagetsi (EMC electromagnetic interference EMI ndi electromagnetic interference EMS) zimalandiranso chidwi chowonjezeka kuchokera ku maboma ndi mabizinesi opanga. Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) pazinthu zamagetsi ndi zamagetsi ndizofunikira kwambiri. Sizokhudzana ndi kudalirika ndi chitetezo cha chinthucho chokha, komanso zingakhudze magwiridwe antchito a zida zina ndi machitidwe, komanso zokhudzana ndi chitetezo cha chilengedwe chamagetsi. Boma la EC likuti kuyambira pa Januware 1, 1996, zinthu zonse zamagetsi ndi zamagetsi ziyenera kupatsira satifiketi ya EMC ndikuyika chizindikiro cha CE zisanagulitsidwe pamsika wa EC. Izi zadzetsa chikoka padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo maboma achitapo kanthu kuti akhazikitse kasamalidwe kovomerezeka pakuchita kwa RMC pazinthu zamagetsi ndi zamagetsi. Odziwika padziko lonse lapansi, monga EU 89/336/EEC.
12. PSEPSE ndi sitampu yotsimikizira yoperekedwa ndi Japan JET (Japan Electrical Safety&Environment) yazinthu zamagetsi ndi zamagetsi zomwe zimagwirizana ndi malamulo achitetezo aku Japan. Malinga ndi zomwe zili ku Japan's DENTORL Law (Law on the Control of Electrical Installations and Equipment), zinthu 498 ziyenera kupereka chiphaso chachitetezo musanalowe mumsika waku Japan.
13. Chizindikiro cha GSGS ndi chizindikiro chachitetezo choperekedwa ndi TUV, VDE ndi mabungwe ena ovomerezedwa ndi Unduna wa Zantchito ku Germany. Chizindikiro cha GS ndi chizindikiro chachitetezo chovomerezedwa ndi makasitomala aku Europe. Nthawi zambiri, mtengo wamtengo wazinthu zovomerezeka za GS ndi wokwera komanso wogulitsidwa.
14. ISO International Organisation for Standardization ndi bungwe lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi losagwirizana ndi maboma, lomwe limagwira ntchito yotsogola pakukhazikitsa miyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi. ISO imakhazikitsa miyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi. Zochita zazikulu za ISO ndikupanga miyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi, kugwirizanitsa ntchito zofananira padziko lonse lapansi, kukonza mayiko omwe ali mamembala ndi makomiti aukadaulo kuti asinthane zidziwitso, ndikuthandizana ndi mabungwe ena apadziko lonse lapansi kuti aphunzire nawo limodzi nkhani zoyenera.
15.HACCPHACCP ndi chidule cha "Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point", ndiko kuti, kufufuza zoopsa ndi malo ovuta kwambiri. Dongosolo la HACCP limawonedwa kuti ndilobwino kwambiri komanso lothandiza kwambiri pakuwongolera chitetezo chazakudya komanso kukoma kwake. Muyezo wadziko lonse wa GB/T15091-1994 Basic Terminology of Food Industry umatanthauzira HACCP ngati njira yoyendetsera kupanga (kukonza) chakudya chotetezeka; Unikani zida zopangira, njira zazikulu zopangira ndi zinthu zomwe zimakhudza chitetezo chazinthu zamunthu, dziwani maulalo ofunikira pakukonza, kukhazikitsa ndikusintha njira zowunikira ndi miyezo, ndikuchita zowongolera. Muyezo wapadziko lonse wa CAC/RCP-1, General Principles for Food Hygiene, Revision 3, 1997, umatanthauzira HACCP ngati njira yozindikirira, kuwunika ndi kuwongolera zoopsa zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri pachitetezo chazakudya.
16. GMPGMP ndi chidule cha Good Manufacturing Practice in English, kutanthauza “Good Manufacturing Practice” m’Chitchaina. Ndi mtundu wa kasamalidwe womwe umapereka chidwi chapadera pakukhazikitsa ukhondo wa chakudya ndi chitetezo pakupanga. Mwachidule, GMP imafuna kuti mabizinesi opangira zakudya azikhala ndi zida zabwino zopangira chakudya, njira zopangira zopangira, kasamalidwe kabwino kabwino komanso njira yowunikira kuti awonetsetse kuti zinthu zomaliza (kuphatikiza chitetezo cha chakudya ndi ukhondo) zikukwaniritsa zofunikira. Zomwe zafotokozedwa mu GMP ndiye zinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe mabizinesi opanga zakudya ayenera kukwaniritsa.
17. REACH REACH ndiye chidule cha lamulo la EU "REGULATION PARK REGISTRATION, EVALUATION, ALLULISATION AND RERERATION OF CHEMICALS". Ndi kuyang'anira kwamankhwala komwe kokhazikitsidwa ndi EU ndikuyambitsa pa June 1, 2007. Ili ndi lingaliro lazomwe ndikuwongolera zopanga, zomwe zikufuna kuteteza chitetezo cha anthu ndi kukonza mpikisano wa ku European Union Chemical industry, ndikukulitsa luso lazinthu zopanda poizoni komanso zopanda vuto. Lamulo la REACH limafuna kuti mankhwala omwe amatumizidwa kunja ndi kupangidwa ku Ulaya ayenera kudutsa njira zambiri monga kulembetsa, kuyesa, kuvomereza ndi kuletsa, kuti athe kuzindikira bwino komanso mosavuta zigawo za mankhwala kuti zitsimikizire kuti chilengedwe ndi chitetezo cha anthu. Lamuloli limaphatikizapo kulembetsa, kuwunika, kuvomereza, kuletsa ndi zinthu zina zazikulu. Chilichonse chiyenera kukhala ndi fayilo yolembetsa yomwe ili ndi zigawo za mankhwala, ndikufotokozera momwe wopanga amagwiritsira ntchito zigawozi za mankhwala ndi lipoti loyesa kawopsedwe. Zidziwitso zonse zidzalowetsedwa mu database yomwe ikumangidwa, yomwe imayang'aniridwa ndi European Chemical Agency, bungwe latsopano la EU lomwe lili ku Helsinki, Finland.
18. HALALHalal, poyambirira kutanthauza "lamulo", amamasuliridwa kuti "halal" mu Chitchaina, ndiko kuti, chakudya, mankhwala, zodzoladzola ndi chakudya, mankhwala, zodzoladzola zowonjezera zomwe zimakwaniritsa zizolowezi ndi zosowa za Asilamu. Malaysia, dziko lachisilamu, lakhala likudzipereka pakupanga makampani a halal (halal). Satifiketi ya halal (halal) yoperekedwa ndi iwo imakhala yodalirika kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi ndipo ndi yodalirika ndi anthu achisilamu. Misika yaku North America ndi ku Europe ikudziwanso pang'onopang'ono za kuthekera kwakukulu kwa zinthu za halal, ndipo sanayesetse kuyambitsa kafukufuku ndi chitukuko ndi kupanga zinthu zoyenera, ndipo apanganso miyezo ndi njira zofananira pa satifiketi ya halal.
19. Chitsimikizo cha C/A-tick C/A-tick ndi chizindikiritso choperekedwa ndi Australian Communications Authority (ACA) cha zida zoyankhulirana. Kuzungulira kwa certification ya C-tick: masabata a 1-2. Chogulitsacho chimayang'aniridwa ndi mayeso aukadaulo a ACAQ, olembetsa ndi ACA kuti agwiritse ntchito A/C-Tick, amalemba "Declaration of Conformity Form", ndikusunga ndi mbiri yogwirizana ndi malonda. Chizindikiro cha A/C-Tick chimayikidwa pazolumikizana kapena zida. A-Tick yogulitsidwa kwa ogula imagwira ntchito pazolumikizana zokha. Zinthu zambiri zamagetsi ndi za C-Tick, koma ngati zida zamagetsi zimagwiritsa ntchito A-Tick, sizifunikira kulembetsa C-Tick. Kuyambira November 2001, mapulogalamu a EMI ochokera ku Australia / New Zealand aphatikizidwa; Ngati malondawo agulitsidwa m'maiko awiriwa, zolemba zotsatirazi ziyenera kumalizidwa musanagulitsidwe kuti ziwunikidwe mwachisawawa ndi akuluakulu a ACA (Australian Communications Authority) kapena New Zealand (Ministry of Economic Development) nthawi iliyonse. Dongosolo la EMC la ku Australia limagawa zinthu m'magulu atatu. Asanagulitse zinthu za Level 2 ndi Level 3, ogulitsa ayenera kulembetsa ku ACA ndikufunsira kugwiritsa ntchito logo ya C-Tick.
20. SAASAA ndi yovomerezeka ndi Standards Association of Australia, kotero abwenzi ambiri amatcha Australian certification SAA. SAA imanena za chiphaso chakuti zinthu zamagetsi zomwe zimalowa mumsika waku Australia ziyenera kutsatira malamulo achitetezo akomweko, omwe nthawi zambiri amakumana nawo. Chifukwa cha mgwirizano wogwirizana pakati pa Australia ndi New Zealand, zinthu zonse zovomerezeka ndi Australia zitha kugulitsidwa bwino pamsika wa New Zealand. Zinthu zonse zamagetsi ziyenera kukhala ndi satifiketi yachitetezo (SAA). Pali mitundu iwiri ikuluikulu ya logo ya SAA, imodzi ndi yovomerezeka, ndipo ina ndi logo yokhazikika. Chitsimikizo chovomerezeka ndi ntchito ya zitsanzo zokha, pamene zizindikiro ziyenera kuwunikiranso ndi fakitale iliyonse. Pakadali pano, pali njira ziwiri zofunsira chiphaso cha SAA ku China. Chimodzi ndicho kusamutsa lipoti la mayeso a CB. Ngati palibe lipoti la mayeso a CB, mutha kulembetsanso mwachindunji. Nthawi zambiri, nthawi yofunsira satifiketi yaku Australia SAA ya nyali za IT AV ndi zida zazing'ono zapakhomo ndi masabata 3-4. Ngati khalidwe la mankhwala silili loyenera, tsikulo likhoza kuwonjezedwa. Mukatumiza lipoti ku Australia kuti liwunikenso, pamafunika kupereka satifiketi ya SAA ya pulagi yazinthu (makamaka zopangira zokhala ndi pulagi), apo ayi sizidzasamalidwa. Pazigawo zofunika kwambiri muzogulitsa, monga nyali, zimayenera kupereka chiphaso cha SAA cha transformer mu nyali, mwinamwake deta yowunikira ku Australia sidzadutsa.
Nthawi yotumiza: Feb-27-2023