Miyezo ndi njira zowunikira makina ofufutira!

Crawler mechanical excavator yokhala ndi zida zogwirira

Mechanical excavatorkuyendera zofunika muyezo

01Kuwunika kwa makina ofukula -kuyendera malo oyendetsa galimoto

-Zida

Kabati ya dalaivala iyenera kukhazikitsidwa pamalo a dalaivala pamakina okwera.

Makina olemera opitilira 1,500 kg ndi malo oyendetsa ayenera kukhala ndi kabati yoyendetsa. Makina omwe amagwira ntchito yocheperapo kapena yofanana ndi 1,500 kg safunikira kukhala ndi kabati yoyendetsa.

Makina osunthika akuyenera kupangidwa kuti awonetsetse kuti zida zokwanira zodzitetezera zimayikidwa zikagwiritsidwa ntchito pamalo pomwe pali ngozi ya zinyalala zowuluka (monga kugwiritsa ntchito ma hydraulics).

- Malo ocheperako zochita

Malo ocheperako oyendetsa madalaivala ayenera kutsatira ISO 3411.

Malo ochepa a malo a dalaivala ndi malo omwe amawongolera ayenera kutsatira ISO 6682

-Zigawo zosuntha

Makonzedwe ayenera kupangidwa kuti apewe kukhudzana mwangozi pamalo a dalaivala ndi zida zosuntha monga mawilo, malamba kapena zida zogwirira ntchito kapena zomata.

- Kutha kwa injini

Mpweya wotuluka mu injini uyenera kusungidwa kutali ndi dalaivala ndi polowera mpweya wa kabati

- Kugula ndi kusungitsa layisensi yoyendetsa

Malo ayenera kuperekedwa pafupi ndi malo a dalaivala kuti asunge mosamala buku la dalaivala kapena malangizo ena ogwiritsira ntchito. Ngati malo a dalaivala sangathe kutsekedwa kapena palibe cab ya dalaivala, malo ayenera kukhala otsekedwa.

-Kumbali zakuthwa

Pamalo ogwirira ntchito a dalaivala pasakhale mbali zakuthwa zoonekera (monga denga, zida zamkati ndi njira yopita pomwe pali dalaivala).

-Nyengo pamalo omwe dalaivala ali

Kabati ya dalaivala iyenera kuteteza dalaivala ku nyengo yovuta yomwe ingawonekere. Kukonzekera kwa makina opangira mpweya wabwino, makina otenthetsera osinthika ndi makina ochotsera magalasi ayenera kukhazikitsidwa motsatira malamulo.

-Mapaipi olimba ndi mapaipi

Kabatiyo imakhala ndi mphamvu yamadzimadzi yopitilira 5 MPa kapena kutentha kuposa 60 C ndi mapaipi.

-Zolowera zoyambira ndi zotuluka

Kutsegulira koyambira kofikira kudzaperekedwa, miyeso yake yomwe iyenera kutsata ISO 2867.

- Kulowera kwina ndi kutuluka

Polowera kwina/kutuluka kudzaperekedwa mbali ina ndi polowera/potulukapo. Miyeso yake iyenera kutsatira ISO 2867. Ili likhoza kukhala zenera kapena chitseko china chomwe chitha kutsegulidwa kapena kusuntha popanda makiyi kapena zida. Ngati khomo likhoza kutsegulidwa kuchokera mkati popanda kiyi kapena zida, gwiritsani ntchito latch. Zitseko zagalasi zosweka ndi mazenera a kukula koyenera zithanso kuonedwa ngati njira zotulukamo zoyenera, malinga ngati nyundo yopulumukira yofunikira iperekedwa mu kabati ndikuyikidwa pamalo ofikira oyendetsa.

-Njira yolowera mpweya

Dongosolo la mpweya wabwino liyenera kupereka mpweya wabwino ku kabati ya dalaivala ndi kuthamanga kosachepera 43 m/h. Zosefera ziyenera kuyesedwa molingana ndi SO 10263-2.

-Defrost system

Dongosolo la defrosting liyenera kupereka zida zoziziritsira mazenera akutsogolo ndi kumbuyo, monga pogwiritsa ntchito makina otenthetsera kapena chipangizo chodziletsa.

- Supercharging system

Ngati kabati yokhala ndi makina osindikizira imaperekedwa, makina osindikizira adzayesedwa molingana ndi zomwe SO 10263-3 ikupereka ndipo ipereka mphamvu yamkati yamkati yosachepera 50 Pa.

-Zitseko ndi mazenera

Zitseko, mazenera ndi zotsekera ziyenera kusungidwa bwino pamalo omwe akufuna. Zitseko ziyenera kusungidwa pamalo omwe akufuna kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito ndi zoletsa zolimba zomwe zimapangidwira kuti zisungike bwino polowera polowera ndikutuluka pamalo omwe akuyembekezeredwa, ndipo zotsekerazo ziyenera kumasulidwa mosavuta pamalo a dalaivala kapena polowera polowera.

Mawindo a galimoto ayenera kuikidwa ndi chitetezo kapena zipangizo zina zomwe zimakhala ndi chitetezo chomwecho.

Mawindo akutsogolo ayenera kukhala ndi ma wipers amagetsi ndi ma wacha.

Tanki yamadzi ya makina ochapira mawindo iyenera kupezeka mosavuta.

-Kuwunikira kwamkati

Kabati ya dalaivala iyenera kukhala ndi chipangizo chowunikira mkati chokhazikika, chomwe chiyenera kugwirabe ntchito injini itazimitsidwa, kotero kuti malo a dalaivala akhoza kuunikira komanso buku la dalaivala likhoza kuwerengedwa.

- Chishango chachitetezo cha oyendetsa

Zofukula zamakina ziyenera kuyika zida zodzitetezera kwa dalaivala (alonda apamwamba ndi alonda akutsogolo). Wopangayo apereke zida zodzitetezera (alonda apamwamba ndi alonda akutsogolo), zomwe ziyenera kusankhidwa ndi wogwiritsa ntchito potengera kuopsa komwe kulipo.

-Falling Object Protective Structure (FOPS)

Kupatulapo zomwe zafotokozedwa mu ISO3449, ma cranes apakati omwe akuyembekezeka kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo omwe ali ndi zinthu zoopsa zomwe zingagwe ayenera kupangidwa kuti athe kuyika kachipangizo koteteza chinthu (FOPS).

02Kuyendera kwa Mechanical Excavator -Maulamuliro a Madalaivala ndi Zizindikiro

-Yambani ndi kuyimitsa chipangizo

Makina oyendetsa nthaka ayenera kukhala ndi zida zoyambira ndi zoyimitsa (monga makiyi), ndipo makina oyambira ayenera kukhala ndi zida zodzitetezera kuti asagwiritse ntchito mosaloledwa.

Makina oyendetsa dziko lapansi adzapangidwa kotero kuti injini ikayamba kapena kuyimitsidwa, sikutheka kusuntha makina, zida zogwirira ntchito ndi zomata popanda zowongolera.

-Opaleshoni yosayembekezereka

Zida zowongolera zomwe zingayambitse ngozi chifukwa cha kuchitidwa mwangozi ziyenera kukonzedwa kapena kuzimitsidwa kapena kutetezedwa molingana ndi mfundo yochepetsera zoopsa. Makamaka, dalaivala akalowa ndikutuluka pamalo a dalaivala, chipangizo chomwe chimalepheretsa chiwongolerocho chiyenera kukhala chodziyendetsa, kapena Chimalimbikitsidwa ndikuyendetsedwa ndi zipangizo zoyenera.

- pedal

Payenera kukhala kukula koyenera, mawonekedwe ndi mipata yokwanira pakati pawo. Zopondapo zizikhala ndi malo osatsetsereka komanso osavuta kuyeretsa. Ngati ma pedals a makina oyendetsa dziko lapansi ndi ma pedals amagalimoto ali ndi ntchito zomwezo (clutch, braking and acceleration), pofuna kupewa ngozi yomwe imabwera chifukwa cha kusakaniza, ma pedals ayenera kukonzedwa chimodzimodzi.

- Kutsika kwadzidzidzi kwa zomata

Ngati injiniyo ikuyimitsidwa, iyenera kukhala yotheka:

· Tsitsani chipangizo chogwirira ntchito / chophatikizira pansi / choyikapo;

· Kutsitsidwa kwa gawo la ntchito / chophatikizira kumawonekera kuchokera pomwe dalaivala amayendetsa kutsitsa:

· Kuchotsa kupanikizika kotsalira mu hydraulic ndi pneumatic circuit ya zida zogwirira ntchito / zida zowonjezera zomwe zingayambitse ngozi.

-Kuyenda mosadziletsa

Kusuntha kwa makina ndi zida zogwirira ntchito kapena zomata kuchokera pamalo osakhazikika, kupatula ngati zikugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi dalaivala, chifukwa cha kutsetsereka kapena pang'onopang'ono (mwachitsanzo chifukwa cha kutayikira) kapena mphamvu ikasokonekera, idzawongoleredwa mkati mwazomwe sizipanga chiwopsezo. kwa anthu owululidwa.

- Zowonetsera zowonetsera / zowongolera, zizindikiro ndi zizindikiro

· Dalaivala azitha kuwona zofunikira za momwe makinawo amagwirira ntchito kuyambira pomwe adayendetsa, masana kapena usiku. Kuwala kuyenera kuchepetsedwa.

‣ Zizindikiro zowongolera pakugwira ntchito moyenera ndi chitetezo cha makinawo ziyenera kutsatira zomwe ISO 6011 zimaperekedwa pazachitetezo ndi zina zokhudzana nazo.

· Zizindikiro za zida zowonetsera / zowongolera pamakina osuntha akuyenera kutsatira zomwe ISO 6405-1 kapena S 6405-2, momwe zikuyenera kutero.

- Zida zowongolera zamakina okwera omwe sanapangidwe kuti azigwiritsidwa ntchito kuchokera pansi ziyenera kuperekedwa njira zochepetsera kuthekera kokweza chida chowongolera kuchokera pansi.

- Makina osakwera amayenera kukhala ndi chipangizo chogwirira ntchito chomwe chimayimitsa makinawo komanso kuyenda kowopsa kwa chipangizocho pomwe dalaivala atulutsa mphamvu. Ulamuliro uyenera kupangidwa kuti uganizire kuopsa kwa kayendedwe ka makina mwangozi kwa woyendetsa.

03Kuwunika kwa makina ofukula -kuyang'anira kayendedwe ka chiwongolero

- Dongosolo lowongolera liyenera kuwonetsetsa kuti chiwongolerocho chikugwirizana ndi momwe akuwongoleraISO 10968.

- Makina ophimbidwa ndi lamba wakutsogolo/kumbuyo Chiwongolero cha makina ophimbidwa ndi lamba omwe akuyenda pa liwiro lopitilira 20 km/h akuyenera kukhala odekha.

 04Kuwunika kwa makina ofukula -kuyendera ma brake system

Zofukula zamakina ziyenera kukhala ndi magwiridwe antchito komanso mabuleki oimika magalimoto.

05Kuwunika kwa makina ofukula -kuyendera dongosolo lokweza

- Kuwongolera mokakamizidwa (kukweza / kutsitsa)

Dongosolo lonyamulira la chofukula wamakina liyenera kukhala ndi brake. Brake iyenera kuyatsidwa mukangotulutsa chogwirira kapena chopondapo. Dongosolo la braking liyenera kungoyambitsa pokhapokha mphamvu ikatha kapena kukakamizidwa kutsika, ndipo zisakhudze kukhazikika kwa ntchito yofukula. Braking Dongosolo liyenera kukhalabe ndi katundu wovoteredwa womwe wafotokozedwa mu 4.8

-Kugwira ntchito kwaulere

Dongosolo lokwezera la chofukula wamakina lidzakhala ndi brake ndipo lidzayatsidwa nthawi yomweyo pansi pazifukwa izi: --Kugwira ntchito kofananira kwa chopondapo cha phazi;

Tulutsani chotengera chamanja.

Mabuleki ayenera kupangidwa kuti azipereka mabuleki mosalekeza pa katundu woyenda.

-Sinthani

Mukasintha kuchoka ku ntchito yokakamiza kupita ku ntchito yaulere, sikuyenera kukhala dontho la katundu.

-bombe

Kuchuluka kwa chofukula chomakina kuyenera kutetezedwa kuti zisabwerenso ngati kutsitsa mwadzidzidzi. Boom iyenera kukhala ndi chosinthira chocheperako kuti mupewe kulemetsa mobwerera.

Malumikizidwe (maboti) pakati pa magawo osiyanasiyana a boom ayenera kupangidwa kuti alole kuyika ndi kuchotsedwa popanda kufunikira kwa ogwira ntchito kuti ayime pansi pa boom.

-Chingwe chawaya

Chitetezo cha chingwe cha waya chofufutira chiyenera kutsimikiziridwa.

- Ng'oma ya zingwe ndi kapu ya waya

Mapangidwe ndi kupanga ng'oma za zingwe ndi zokokera zingwe ziteteze ku kuwonongeka kwa chingwe cha waya ndi kutsetsereka kapena kutsekeka kwa kalozera wa waya.

Chiyerekezo cha ng'oma ya waya ndi m'mimba mwake ya waya chiyenera kukhala 20:1.

• Chiyerekezo cha m’mimba mwake wa chingwe cholumikizira chingwecho ndi m’mimba mwake wa chingwe choyezera pa poyambira chingwe chikhale 22:1. Zowongolera zokoka, zowongolera zowongolera ndi zingwe zawaya zothandizira siziphatikizidwa.

· Crimping rim, m'mphepete mwa ng'oma winch ayenera kukhala osachepera 1.5 m'mimba mwake wa chingwe waya.

06Kuwunika kwa makina ofukula -choletsa chipangizo kuyang'ana

-Katundu mphindi limiter

Pamagwiridwe azinthu, makina okweza ndi makina okweza ma boom ayenera kukhala ndi chochepetsa nthawi yolemetsa kuti apewe kulemetsa. Kuchepetsa nthawi yolemetsa kuyenera kukhazikitsidwa pamtolo wovomerezeka womwe wafotokozedwa mu 4.8, ndikulolera kwa 10%. Pambuyo pochepetsa nthawi yonyamula katundu, nthawi yolemetsa iyenera kuchepetsedwa. 4.7.2 Kwezani chosinthira malire.

Pazinthu zogwirira ntchito, zofukula zamakina ziyenera kukhala ndi masiwichi ochepera kuti anyamule mayendedwe. Pambuyo posintha malire atsegulidwa, boom iyenera kutsika.

-Limit switch ya boom lift system

Dongosolo lokwezera boom la chofukula chomakina liyenera kukhala ndi chosinthira chocheperako kuti mupewe kulemetsa mobwerezabwereza kwa boom. Pambuyo posintha malire atsegulidwa, boom iyenera kutsika.

07Kuwunika kwa makina ofukula -kuyendera bata

- Makina a Earthmoving okhala ndi zida zogwirira ntchito ndi zomata, kuphatikiza zida zomwe mungasankhe, zopangidwa ndi kupangidwa zidzapereka kukhazikika kokwanira pakukonza, kusonkhanitsa, kuphatikizira ndi zoyendera zomwe zafotokozedwa ndi wopanga mu bukhu loyendetsa. Zipangizo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti ziwonjezere kukhazikika kwa makina oyendetsa nthaka pogwiritsira ntchito ziyenera kuikidwa ndi chotchingira kapena valavu ya njira imodzi kuti payipi ikhalepo ngati ikulephera kapena kudzaza mafuta.

- Chidebe cha Dragline, mphamvu yogwiritsira ntchito chofukula pamakina pakugwira ntchito kwa dragline idzakhala yaying'ono mwa izi:

a) 75% ya zowerengera zogubuduza katundu P;

b) Kukweza kwakukulu kwa winchi.

Kuwongolera kwa chidebe cha Dragline kudzatsimikiziridwa ndi wopanga

-Kulimbana ndi fosholo

Mphamvu yogwirira ntchito ya chofukula wamakina pakugwira ndi fosholo iyenera kukhala yaying'ono mwa izi:

Kutengera 66% ya kuchuluka kwa P;

· Zolemba malire zochotsa mphamvu ya winchi.

Kuyesedwa kwa mphamvu kwa fosholo kudzatsimikiziridwa molingana ndi ISO 7546 ndipo kuwerengetsa kwachidebe chonyamulira kudzatsimikiziridwa ndi wopanga.