Chidule cha ziphaso zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito potumiza kunja muzamalonda akunja

European certification

EU
1. CE
CE imayimira European Unification (CONFORMITE EUROPEENNE), chomwe ndi chiphaso chachitetezo chomwe chimatengedwa ngati pasipoti kuti opanga atsegule ndikulowa mumsika waku Europe. Zogulitsa zomwe zili ndi chizindikiro cha CE zitha kugulitsidwa m'maiko osiyanasiyana mamembala a EU, ndikupangitsa kuti katundu azigulitsidwa kwaulere m'maiko omwe ali membala wa EU.
Zogulitsa zomwe zimafunikira zilembo za CE kuti zizigulitsidwa pamsika wa EU ndi izi:
· Zopangira zamagetsi, zamakina, zoseweretsa, zida zopanda zingwe komanso zolumikizirana ndi matelefoni, firiji ndi kuzizira, zida zodzitetezera, zotengera zosavuta, ma boiler amadzi otentha, zida zopopera, mabwato achisangalalo, zomanga, zida zamankhwala zodziwira mu vitro zida, zida zamagetsi zamankhwala, zida zonyamulira, zida zamagesi, zida zosayezera zokha
2. RoHS
RoHS ndiye chidule cha Kuletsa Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zinthu Zina Zangozi Pazida Zamagetsi ndi Zamagetsi, komwe kumadziwikanso kuti Directive 2002/95/EC.
RoHS imayang'ana zinthu zonse zamagetsi ndi zamagetsi zomwe zitha kukhala ndi zinthu zisanu ndi chimodzi zovulaza zomwe zatchulidwa pamwambapa pakupanga ndi kupanga, makamaka kuphatikiza:
·Zida zoyera (monga mafiriji, makina ochapira, ma microwave, ma air conditioners, vacuum cleaners, water heaters, etc.) zopangidwa, etc.) · Zida zamagetsi · Zoseweretsa zamagetsi zamagetsi ndi zida zamagetsi zamankhwala, ndi zina
3. FIKIRANI
EU Regulation on Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals, yofupikitsidwa ngati Regulation on Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals, ndi njira yoyendetsera mankhwala yomwe idakhazikitsidwa ndi EU ndipo idakhazikitsidwa pa June 1, 2007.
Dongosololi limaphatikizapo malingaliro owongolera chitetezo cha kupanga mankhwala, malonda, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito, cholinga chake ndi kuteteza thanzi la anthu ndi chitetezo cha chilengedwe, kusunga ndi kupititsa patsogolo mpikisano wamakampani opanga mankhwala a EU, ndikupanga luso lazinthu zopanda poizoni komanso zopanda vuto.
Lamulo la REACH limafuna kuti mankhwala omwe amatumizidwa kunja ndi kupangidwa ku Ulaya akuyenera kudutsa njira yonse yolembetsa, kuunika, kuvomereza, ndi kuletsa kuti azindikire bwino komanso mophweka momwe mankhwala amapangidwira ndikuwonetsetsa chitetezo cha chilengedwe ndi anthu. Lamuloli limaphatikizapo zinthu zingapo zazikulu monga kulembetsa, kuwunika, kuvomereza, ndi zoletsa. Chida chilichonse chiyenera kukhala ndi fayilo yolembera yomwe imalemba mndandanda wa mankhwala ndikufotokozera momwe wopanga amagwiritsira ntchito zigawo za mankhwalawa, komanso lipoti la kuwunika kwa poizoni.

Britain
BSI
BSI ndi bungwe la Britain Standards Institution, lomwe ndi bungwe loyambirira kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi lokhazikitsa miyezo. Silikulamulidwa ndi boma koma lalandira thandizo lamphamvu kuchokera ku boma. BSI imapanga ndikukonzanso miyezo yaku Britain ndikulimbikitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwake.

France
NF
NF ndi dzina lachidziwitso cha French standard, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa mu 1938 ndipo imayang'aniridwa ndi French Institute for Standardization (AFNOR).
Chitsimikizo cha NF sizokakamizidwa, koma nthawi zambiri, zinthu zomwe zimatumizidwa ku France zimafunikira chiphaso cha NF. Chitsimikizo cha French NF chimagwirizana ndi satifiketi ya EU CE, ndipo satifiketi ya NF imaposa miyezo ya EU m'magawo ambiri aukadaulo. Chifukwa chake, zinthu zomwe zimapeza certification ya NF zitha kupeza chiphaso cha CE mwachindunji popanda kufunikira kowunika chilichonse, ndipo njira zosavuta zokha zimafunikira. Ogula ambiri aku France ali ndi chidaliro champhamvu pa certification ya NF. Satifiketi ya NF imagwira ntchito pamitundu itatu yazinthu: zida zapakhomo, mipando, ndi zomangira.

Germany
1. DIN
DIN imayimira Deutsche Institute fur Normung. DIN ndiulamuliro wokhazikika ku Germany, womwe umagwira ntchito ngati bungwe loyimira mayiko komanso kutenga nawo gawo m'mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi komanso m'chigawo omwe si aboma.
DIN inalowa mu International Organization for Standardization mu 1951. Bungwe la Germany Electrotechnical Commission (DKE), lopangidwa pamodzi ndi DIN ndi German Institute of Electrical Engineers (VDE), likuimira Germany ku International Electrotechnical Commission. DIN ndi European Commission for Standardization ndi European Electrotechnical Standard.
2. GS
Chizindikiro cha GS (Geprufte Sicherheit) ndi chitsimikiziro chachitetezo choperekedwa ndi T Ü V, VDE ndi mabungwe ena ovomerezedwa ndi Unduna wa Zantchito ku Germany. Amavomerezedwa kwambiri ndi makasitomala aku Europe ngati chizindikiro chachitetezo. Nthawi zambiri, zinthu zovomerezeka za GS zimakhala ndi mtengo wogulitsa kwambiri ndipo ndizodziwika kwambiri.
Chitsimikizo cha GS chili ndi zofunika kwambiri pamafakitale otsimikizira zaukadaulo, ndipo mafakitale amayenera kufufuzidwa ndikuwunika pachaka:
Amafuna mafakitole kuti akhazikitse njira yawoyawo yotsimikizira zamtundu molingana ndi muyezo wa ISO9000 potumiza zinthu zambiri. Fakitale iyenera kukhala ndi njira yakeyake yowongolera khalidwe, mbiri yabwino, ndi luso lokwanira lopanga ndi kuyendera.
Musanapereke chiphaso cha GS, kuunikanso kwa fakitale yatsopano kuyenera kuchitidwa kuti kuwonetsetse kuti ndi yoyenerera tisanapereke chiphaso cha GS; Pambuyo popereka satifiketi, fakitale iyenera kuwunikiridwa kamodzi pachaka. Ziribe kanthu kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe fakitale imagwiritsa ntchito pazolemba za TUV, kuyang'anira fakitale kumangofunika kuchitidwa kamodzi.
Zogulitsa zomwe zimafunikira chiphaso cha GS ndi:
·Zida zapakhomo, monga mafiriji, makina ochapira, ziwiya zakukhitchini, ndi zina zotero. Makina apakhomo · Zida zamasewera · Zipangizo zamagetsi zapakhomo monga zomvera ndi zowonera · Zida zamagetsi ndi zamagetsi muofesi, monga makina osindikizira, makina a fax, shredders, makompyuta, makina osindikizira, etc· Makina a mafakitale ndi zida zoyezera zoyesera· Zinthu zina zokhudzana ndi chitetezo, monga njinga, zipewa, makwerero, mipando, ndi zina zotero.
3. VDE
VDE Testing and Certification Institute ndi amodzi mwamabungwe oyesa, satifiketi, komanso kuyendera ku Europe.
Monga bungwe lodziwika padziko lonse lapansi loyesa chitetezo ndi kutsimikizira kwa zida zamagetsi ndi zida zake, VDE ili ndi mbiri yayikulu ku Europe komanso padziko lonse lapansi. Zogulitsa zake zomwe zimawunikidwa zimaphatikizapo zida zapakhomo ndi zamalonda, zida za IT, zida zamaukadaulo zamafakitale ndi zamankhwala, zida zolumikizirana ndi zida zamagetsi, mawaya ndi zingwe, ndi zina zambiri.
4. TÜ V
Chizindikiro cha T Ü V, chomwe chimadziwikanso kuti Technischer ü berwach ü ngs Verein m'Chijeremani, ndi chizindikiritso chachitetezo chomwe chimapangidwira zida zamagetsi ku Germany. Mu Chingerezi, amatanthauza "Technical Inspection Association". Amavomerezedwa kwambiri ku Germany ndi ku Europe. Mukafunsira chizindikiro cha T Ü V, mabizinesi atha kulembetsa satifiketi za CB palimodzi ndikupeza ziphaso kuchokera kumayiko ena potembenuka.
Kuphatikiza apo, malondawo atatsimikiziridwa, T Ü V ku Germany idzasaka othandizira oyenerera ndikupangira izi kwa opanga okonzanso. Panthawi yonse yotsimikizira makina, zida zonse zomwe zapeza chizindikiro cha T Ü V sizimawunikiridwa.

Zitifiketi zaku North America

United States
1. UL
UL imayimira Underwriter Laboratories Inc., lomwe ndi bungwe lovomerezeka kwambiri ku United States komanso limodzi mwamabungwe akuluakulu padziko lonse lapansi omwe akuchita zoyesa chitetezo komanso kuwunika.
Imatengera njira zoyesera zasayansi kuti ziphunzire ndikuzindikira ngati zida zosiyanasiyana, zida, zinthu, malo, nyumba, ndi zina zotere zikuwopseza moyo ndi katundu, komanso kuchuluka kwa zovulaza; Tsimikizirani, lembani, ndi kugawa miyezo ndi zida zofananira zomwe zimathandizira kuchepetsa ndikuletsa kutayika kwa moyo ndi katundu, pochita kafukufuku wowona.
Mwachidule, imachita nawo chiphaso chachitetezo chazinthu ndi chiphaso chachitetezo chamabizinesi, ndi cholinga chomaliza chopeza katundu wokhala ndi chitetezo chokwanira pamsika, ndikupanga zopereka kuwonetsetsa kuti munthu ali ndi thanzi labwino komanso chitetezo cha katundu.
Monga njira yothandiza yochotsera zolepheretsa zaukadaulo pazamalonda apadziko lonse lapansi, UL imagwira ntchito yabwino polimbikitsa chitukuko cha malonda apadziko lonse lapansi kudzera mu chiphaso chachitetezo chazinthu.
2. FDA
Food and Drug Administration ya ku United States, yofupikitsidwa monga FDA. A FDA ndi amodzi mwa mabungwe akuluakulu omwe adakhazikitsidwa ndi boma la US mkati mwa dipatimenti ya Zaumoyo ndi Zaumoyo ndi Unduna wa Zaumoyo. Udindo wa FDA ndikuwonetsetsa chitetezo cha chakudya, zodzoladzola, mankhwala, biologics, zida zamankhwala, ndi zinthu zomwe zimatulutsidwa kapena kutumizidwa ku United States.
Malinga ndi malamulo, a FDA apereka nambala yolembetsa kwa aliyense wolembetsa kuti alembetse. Mabungwe akunja omwe akutumiza chakudya ku United States ayenera kudziwitsa bungwe la US Food and Drug Administration maola 24 asanafike padoko la US, apo ayi adzakanidwa kulowa ndikutsekeredwa padoko lolowera.
3. ETLETL ndi chidule cha Electrical Testing Laboratories ku United States.
Chida chilichonse chamagetsi, chamakina kapena chamagetsi chomwe chili ndi chizindikiritso cha ETL chimawonetsa kuti chayesedwa ndikukwaniritsa miyezo yoyenera yamakampani. Makampani aliwonse ali ndi miyezo yoyesera yosiyana, kotero ndikofunikira kufunsa akatswiri pazofunikira zinazake. Chizindikiro choyendera cha ETL chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazinthu zama chingwe, kuwonetsa kuti yadutsa mayeso oyenera.
4. FCC
Bungwe la Federal Communications Commission limagwirizanitsa kuyankhulana kwapakhomo ndi kumayiko ena poyang'anira kuwulutsa kwa wailesi, wailesi yakanema, matelefoni, ma satellite, ndi zingwe. Kuphatikizirapo mayiko opitilira 50 ku United States, Colombia, ndi madera ake. Zinthu zambiri zama waya opanda zingwe, zoyankhulirana, ndi zinthu za digito zimafuna chilolezo cha FCC kuti zilowe mumsika waku US.
Chiphaso cha FCC, chomwe chimadziwikanso kuti Federal Communications Certification ku United States. Kuphatikizapo makompyuta, makina a fax, zipangizo zamagetsi, zipangizo zolandirira ndi kutumiza opanda zingwe, zoseweretsa zopanda zingwe zopanda zingwe, matelefoni, makompyuta aumwini, ndi zinthu zina zomwe zingawononge chitetezo chanu.
Ngati malondawo atumizidwa ku United States, akuyenera kuyesedwa ndikuvomerezedwa ndi labotale yovomerezeka ndi boma molingana ndi miyezo yaukadaulo ya FCC. Ogulitsa kunja ndi ogulitsa katundu akuyenera kulengeza kuti chipangizo chilichonse chawayilesi chimatsatira miyezo ya FCC, yomwe ndi malaisensi a FCC.
5. TSCA
Lamulo la Toxic Substances Control Act, lofupikitsidwa monga TSCA, linakhazikitsidwa ndi Congress ya ku United States mu 1976 ndipo linayamba kugwira ntchito mu 1977. Likugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi bungwe la US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Lamuloli likufuna kuganizira mozama za chilengedwe, zachuma, ndi chikhalidwe cha mankhwala omwe amazungulira ku United States, ndikupewa "zoopsa zosayenera" ku thanzi la anthu ndi chilengedwe. Pambuyo pakuwunikiridwa kangapo, TSCA yakhala lamulo lofunikira pakuwongolera bwino kwa zinthu zamankhwala ku United States. Kwa mabizinesi omwe zinthu zawo zimatumizidwa ku United States zimagwera pansi pa gulu lowongolera la TSCA, kutsata kwa TSCA ndikofunikira kuti muzichita malonda wamba.

Canada

BSI
BSI ndi bungwe la Britain Standards Institution, lomwe ndi bungwe loyambirira kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi lokhazikitsa miyezo. Silikulamulidwa ndi boma koma lalandira thandizo lamphamvu kuchokera ku boma. BSI imapanga ndikukonzanso miyezo yaku Britain ndikulimbikitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwake.

Mtengo CSA
CSA ndiye chidule cha Canadian Standards Association, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa mu 1919 ngati bungwe loyamba lopanda phindu ku Canada lodzipereka pakukulitsa miyezo yamakampani.
Zogulitsa zamagetsi ndi zamagetsi zomwe zimagulitsidwa pamsika waku North America zimafunikira chiphaso pachitetezo. Pakadali pano, CSA ndiye bungwe lalikulu kwambiri lachitetezo ku Canada komanso limodzi mwamabungwe odziwika bwino achitetezo padziko lonse lapansi. Itha kupereka chiphaso chachitetezo chamitundu yonse yazinthu, kuphatikiza makina, zida zomangira, zida zamagetsi, zida zamakompyuta, zida zamaofesi, chitetezo cha chilengedwe, chitetezo chamoto chachipatala, masewera ndi zosangalatsa. CSA yapereka chithandizo cha certification kwa opanga masauzande ambiri padziko lonse lapansi, ndi mazana mamiliyoni azinthu zomwe zili ndi logo ya CSA zimagulitsidwa chaka chilichonse pamsika waku North America.

Zikalata zaku Asia
China

1. CCC
Malinga ndi kudzipereka kwa China kuti alowe mu WTO komanso mfundo yowonetsera chithandizo cha dziko, boma limagwiritsa ntchito chizindikiro chogwirizana popereka ziphaso zovomerezeka. Chizindikiro chatsopano chovomerezeka cha dziko chimatchedwa "China Compulsory Certification", dzina la Chingerezi "China Compulsory Certification" ndi chidule cha Chingerezi "CCC".
China imagwiritsa ntchito chiphaso chovomerezeka pazogulitsa 149 m'magulu akuluakulu 22. Pambuyo pa kukhazikitsa chizindikiro chovomerezeka cha China, pang'onopang'ono chidzalowa m'malo mwa "Great Wall" chizindikiro ndi "CCIB".
2. CB
CB ndi bungwe la ziphaso ladziko lonse lodziwika ndi kupatsidwa ziphaso za CB ndi Management Committee (Mc) ya International Electrotechnical Commission's Electrical Product Safety Certification Organisation (iEcEE) mu June 1991. Malo 9 oyesera omwe ali pansi amavomerezedwa ngati ma laboratories a CB (ma laboratories a mabungwe otsimikizira ). Pazinthu zonse zamagetsi, bola ngati bizinesiyo ipeza satifiketi ya CB ndi lipoti la mayeso loperekedwa ndi komiti, mayiko 30 omwe ali mgulu la IECEE ccB adzazindikirika, ndikuchotsa kufunikira kotumiza zitsanzo kudziko lomwe likutumizako kukayesedwa. Izi zimapulumutsa ndalama komanso nthawi kuti mupeze satifiketi yochokera kudzikolo, yomwe ili yopindulitsa kwambiri potumiza zinthu kunja.

Japan
Zithunzi za PSE
Dongosolo lovomerezeka lofikira pamsika lazinthu zamagetsi zaku Japan ndi gawo lofunikiranso la Japan Electrical Product Safety Law.
Pakali pano, boma la Japan limagawa zinthu zamagetsi mu "magetsi enieni" ndi "magetsi omwe si enieni" malinga ndi zomwe zili mu Japanese Electrical Product Safety Law, zomwe "zamagetsi zina" zimaphatikizapo mitundu 115 ya mankhwala; Zinthu zamagetsi zomwe sizili zenizeni zimaphatikiza mitundu 338 yazinthu.
PSE imaphatikizapo zofunikira pa EMC ndi chitetezo. Pazinthu zomwe zalembedwa pamndandanda wa "zida zapadera zamagetsi", zomwe zimalowa mumsika waku Japan, ziyenera kutsimikiziridwa ndi bungwe lachitatu lovomerezeka ndi Unduna wa Zachuma, Zamalonda ndi Zamakampani ku Japan, kupeza chiphaso cha certification, ndikukhala ndi mawonekedwe a diamondi. PSE logo pa chizindikiro.
CQC ndi bungwe lokhalo la ziphaso ku China lomwe lafunsira chilolezo cha certification cha Japan PSE. Pakalipano, magulu azogulitsa a chiphaso cha PSE cha ku Japan chopezedwa ndi CQC ndi magulu atatu akuluakulu: mawaya ndi zingwe (kuphatikiza zinthu 20), zida zama waya (zida zamagetsi, zida zamagetsi, ndi zina zotere, kuphatikiza zinthu 38), ndi makina opangira magetsi. (zida zapakhomo, kuphatikiza zinthu 12).

Korea
KC chizindikiro
Malinga ndi Korea Electrical Product Safety Management Law, KC Mark Certification Products List imagawa chiphaso chachitetezo chazinthu zamagetsi kukhala chiphaso chovomerezeka ndi chiphaso chodzifunira kuyambira pa Januware 1, 2009.
Chitsimikizo chokakamiza chimatanthawuza zinthu zonse zamagetsi zomwe zili m'gulu lovomerezeka ndipo ziyenera kulandira satifiketi ya KC Mark zisanagulitsidwe pamsika waku Korea. Kuwunika kwapachaka kwafakitale ndi kuyesa kwa zitsanzo zazinthu ndikofunikira. Chitsimikizo chodzilamulira (chodzifunira) chimatanthawuza zinthu zonse zamagetsi zomwe zimakhala zaufulu zomwe zimangofunika kuyesedwa ndikutsimikiziridwa, ndipo sizifunikira kuwunika kwa fakitale. Satifiketi ndi yovomerezeka kwa zaka 5.

Chitsimikizo m'madera ena

Australia

1. C/A-tikiti
Ndi chizindikiritso choperekedwa ndi Australian Communications Authority (ACA) pazida zoyankhulirana, ndikuzungulira kwa certification ya C-tick kwa masabata 1-2.
Zogulitsazo zimayesedwa muukadaulo wa ACAQ, zimalembetsa ndi ACA kuti zigwiritse ntchito A/C-Tick, zimadzaza Fomu Yotsimikizira Zogwirizana, ndikuzisunga limodzi ndi mbiri yotsata zomwe zagulitsidwa. Chilembo chokhala ndi logo ya A/C-Tick chimayikidwa pazolumikizana kapena zida. A-Tick yogulitsidwa kwa ogula imagwira ntchito pazolumikizana, ndipo zinthu zamagetsi nthawi zambiri zimakhala za C-Tick. Komabe, ngati zinthu zamagetsi zimagwiritsa ntchito A-Tick, siziyenera kufunsira C-Tick padera. Kuyambira November 2001, mapulogalamu a EMI ochokera ku Australia / New Zealand aphatikizidwa; Ngati malondawo agulitsidwa m'mayiko awiriwa, zolemba zotsatirazi ziyenera kukhala zonse musanagulitsidwe, ngati ACA (Australian Communications Authority) kapena New Zealand (Ministry of Economic Development) angayang'ane mwachisawawa nthawi iliyonse.
Dongosolo la EMC ku Australia limagawa zinthu m'magulu atatu, ndipo ogulitsa ayenera kulembetsa ku ACA ndikufunsira kugwiritsa ntchito chizindikiro cha C-Tick asanagulitse za Level 2 ndi Level 3.

2. SAA
Satifiketi ya SAA ndi bungwe lokhazikika pansi pa Standards Association of Australia, kotero abwenzi ambiri amatcha satifiketi yaku Australia ngati SAA. SAA ndi chiphaso chomwe nthawi zambiri makampani amakumana nacho kuti zinthu zamagetsi zomwe zimalowa mumsika waku Australia ziyenera kutsatira malamulo achitetezo akomweko. Chifukwa cha mgwirizano wogwirizana pakati pa Australia ndi New Zealand, zinthu zonse zovomerezeka ndi Australia zitha kulowa mumsika wa New Zealand kuti zigulidwe.
Zinthu zonse zamagetsi ziyenera kukhala ndi satifiketi yachitetezo (SAA).
Pali mitundu iwiri ikuluikulu ya ma logo a SAA, imodzi ndi yodziwika bwino pomwe ina ndi ma logo okhazikika. Ziphaso zovomerezeka zimangoyang'anira zitsanzo, pomwe zilembo zokhazikika zimafunikira kuwunikanso kwa fakitale kwa munthu aliyense.
Pakadali pano, pali njira ziwiri zofunsira chiphaso cha SAA ku China. Chimodzi ndicho kusamutsa lipoti la mayeso a CB. Ngati palibe lipoti la mayeso a CB, mutha kulembetsanso mwachindunji. Nthawi zambiri, nthawi yofunsira satifiketi ya SAA yaku Australia pazowunikira wamba za ITAV ndi zida zazing'ono zapakhomo ndi masabata 3-4. Ngati khalidwe la mankhwala silikugwirizana ndi miyezo, tsikulo likhoza kukulitsidwa. Mukatumiza lipoti kuti liwunikenso ku Australia, ndikofunikira kupereka satifiketi ya SAA ya pulagi yazinthu (makamaka zopangidwa ndi mapulagi), apo ayi sizingasinthidwe. Zofunikira zomwe zili muzogulitsa zimafunikira satifiketi ya SAA, monga satifiketi ya SAA yosinthira zowunikira, apo ayi zida zowunikira zaku Australia sizingavomerezedwe.

Saudi Arabia
SASO
Chidule cha Saudi Arabian Standards Organisation. SASO ili ndi udindo wopanga miyezo ya dziko pazinthu zonse zofunika tsiku ndi tsiku, zomwe zimaphatikizaponso njira zoyezera, kulemba zilembo, ndi zina zotero. Chitsimikizo chotumiza kunja chimakhala ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri m'magawo osiyanasiyana. Cholinga choyambirira cha certification and accreditation system ndikugwirizanitsa kupanga chikhalidwe cha anthu, kukonza bwino kapangidwe kake, ndikulimbikitsa chitukuko cha zachuma kudzera m'njira zokhazikika monga miyeso yolumikizana, malamulo aukadaulo, ndi njira zowunika zoyenerera.