Ngati chinthu chikufuna kulowa mumsika womwe mukufuna ndikusangalala ndi mpikisano, imodzi mwamafungulo ake ndikuti ingapeze chizindikiritso cha bungwe lovomerezeka padziko lonse lapansi. Komabe, certification ndi miyezo yofunikira pamisika yosiyanasiyana ndi magulu osiyanasiyana azogulitsa ndizosiyana. Ndizovuta kudziwa ziphaso zonse munthawi yochepa. Mkonzi wakonza ziphaso 13 zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri potumiza kunja kwa anzathu. Tiyeni tiphunzire pamodzi.
1, CE
CE (Conformite Europeenne) imayimira European Unity. Chizindikiro cha CE ndi chiphaso chachitetezo ndipo chimatengedwa ngati pasipoti kuti opanga atsegule ndikulowa mumsika waku Europe. Zogulitsa zonse zomwe zili ndi chizindikiro cha CE zitha kugulitsidwa m'maiko omwe ali membala waku Europe osakwaniritsa zofunikira za membala aliyense, ndikuzindikira kutumizidwa kwaulere kwa katundu m'maiko omwe ali membala wa EU.
Msika wa EU, chizindikiro cha CE ndi chiphaso chokakamiza. Kaya ndi chinthu chopangidwa ndi bizinesi mkati mwa EU kapena chochokera kumayiko ena, ngati chiyenera kufalitsidwa momasuka pamsika wa EU, chizindikiritso cha CE chiyenera kuyikidwa kuti chiwonetse kuti malondawo akugwirizana ndi "Technical Harmonization" ya EU. . Zofunikira zazikulu za New Approach to Standardization Directive. Izi ndizofunikira pazogulitsa pansi pa malamulo a EU.
Zinthu zotsatirazi ziyenera kulembedwa chizindikiro cha CE:
• Zinthu zamagetsi
• Zinthu zamakina
• Zoseweretsa
• Zipangizo zamawayilesi ndi matelefoni
• Zida zoziziritsira ndi kuzizira
• Zida zodzitetezera
• Chotengera chosavuta chokakamiza
• Boiler yamadzi otentha
• Zida zokakamiza
• Boti losangalatsa
• Zomangamanga
• Zida zachipatala zodziwira matenda a in vitro
• Zipangizo zachipatala zopatsirana
• Zida zamagetsi zamankhwala
• Zida zonyamulira
• Zida zamagetsi
• Zida zoyezera zokha zosadziwikiratu
Chidziwitso: Chizindikiro cha CE sichivomerezedwa ku USA, Canada, Japan, Singapore, Korea, ndi zina.
2, RoHS
Dzina lonse la RoHS ndi Kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zina zowopsa mu Zida Zamagetsi ndi Zamagetsi, ndiye kuti, Directive on the Restriction of the Use of Hazardous Substances in Electronic and Electrical Equipment, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti 2002/95/ EC Directive. Mu 2005, EU idawonjezera 2002/95/EC munjira ya Resolution 2005/618/EC, yomwe imafotokoza momveka bwino lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), hexavalent chromium (Cr6+), polybrominated Maximum malire a zinthu zisanu ndi chimodzi zowopsa, diphenyl ether (PBDE) ndi ma polybrominated biphenyls (PBB).
RoHS imayang'ana zinthu zonse zamagetsi ndi zamagetsi zomwe zitha kukhala ndi zinthu zisanu ndi chimodzi zowopsa zomwe zili pamwambazi pazopangira ndi kupanga, makamaka kuphatikiza: zinthu zoyera (monga firiji, makina ochapira, ma uvuni a microwave, zoyatsira mpweya, zotsukira, zotenthetsera madzi, ndi zina zambiri. ), zida zapanyumba zakuda (monga zomvera ndi mavidiyo) , DVD, CD, zolandila TV, zinthu za IT, zinthu za digito, zinthu zoyankhulirana, ndi zina zotero), zida zamagetsi, zoseweretsa zamagetsi zamagetsi ndi zida zamagetsi zamankhwala, etc.
3, ul
UL ndichidule cha Underwriter Laboratories Inc. mu Chingerezi. UL Safety Laboratory ndi yovomerezeka kwambiri ku United States komanso bungwe lalikulu lomwe si laboma lomwe likuchita kuyezetsa chitetezo ndi kuzindikira padziko lonse lapansi.
Amagwiritsa ntchito njira zoyesera zasayansi kuti aphunzire ndikuzindikira ngati zida zosiyanasiyana, zida, zinthu, malo, nyumba, ndi zina zotere zili zovulaza moyo ndi katundu komanso kuchuluka kwa zovulaza; kudziwa, kulemba, ndi kupereka miyezo yolingana ndikuthandizira kuchepetsa ndi kupewa kuvulala koopsa. Zambiri pakuwonongeka kwa katundu, ndikuchita bizinesi yofufuza zenizeni.
Mwachidule, imachita nawo bizinesi yotsimikizira zachitetezo chazinthu komanso bizinesi yotsimikizira chitetezo, ndipo cholinga chake chachikulu ndikupeza zinthu zomwe zili ndi gawo lotetezeka pamsika, ndikuthandizira kutsimikizika kwaumoyo wamunthu komanso chitetezo cha katundu. Ponena za chiphaso cha chitetezo cha mankhwala ndi njira yabwino yothetsera zolepheretsa zaukadaulo ku malonda apadziko lonse lapansi, UL imagwira ntchito yolimbikitsa chitukuko cha malonda apadziko lonse lapansi.
4, CCC
Dzina lonse la CCC ndi China Compulsory Certification, komwe ndi kudzipereka kwa WTO ku China ndipo kumawonetsa mfundo za chithandizo cha dziko. Dzikoli limagwiritsa ntchito chiphaso chokakamiza pazinthu 149 m'magulu 22. Dzina lachidziwitso chatsopano chokakamiza dziko lonse lapansi ndi "China Compulsory Certification". Pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa China Compulsory Certification Mark, pang'onopang'ono idzalowetsa chizindikiro choyambirira cha "Great Wall" ndi "CCIB".
5, GS
Dzina lonse la GS ndi Geprufte Sicherheit (safety certification), chomwe ndi chizindikiritso chachitetezo choperekedwa ndi TÜV, VDE ndi mabungwe ena ovomerezedwa ndi Unduna wa Zantchito waku Germany. Chizindikiro cha GS ndi chizindikiro chachitetezo chovomerezedwa ndi makasitomala ku Europe. Nthawi zambiri zinthu zovomerezeka za GS zimagulitsidwa pamtengo wapamwamba kwambiri ndipo zimatchuka kwambiri.
Chitsimikizo cha GS chili ndi zofunika kwambiri pamakina otsimikizira mtundu wa fakitale, ndipo fakitale iyenera kuwunikiridwa ndikuwunikidwa chaka chilichonse:
• Fakitale imayenera kukhazikitsa dongosolo lake lotsimikizira zamtundu malinga ndi ISO9000 system standard potumiza zambiri. Fakitale iyenera kukhala ndi njira yake yoyendetsera bwino, zolemba zabwino ndi zolemba zina komanso kuthekera kokwanira kopanga ndi kuyang'anira;
• Musanapereke chiphaso cha GS, fakitale yatsopano iyenera kuyang'aniridwa ndipo satifiketi ya GS idzaperekedwa pokhapokha atachita kuyendera;
• Chiphaso chikaperekedwa, fakitale idzawunikidwa kamodzi pachaka. Ziribe kanthu kuchuluka kwa ma TUV omwe fakitale ikugwirira ntchito, kuyang'anira fakitale kumangofunika nthawi imodzi.
Zogulitsa zomwe zikuyenera kufunsira chiphaso cha GS ndi:
• Zida zapakhomo monga firiji, makina ochapira, ziwiya zakukhitchini, ndi zina zotero;
• Makina apakhomo;
• Katundu wamasewera;
• Zipangizo zamagetsi zapakhomo monga zomvera ndi zowonera;
• Zipangizo zamaofesi zamagetsi ndi zamagetsi monga makope, makina a fax, shredders, makompyuta, makina osindikizira, ndi zina zotero;
• Makina a mafakitale, zida zoyesera zoyesera;
• Zinthu zina zokhudzana ndi chitetezo monga njinga, zipewa, makwerero, mipando, ndi zina zotero.
6, PSE
Satifiketi ya PSE (Product Safety of Electrical Appliance & Materials) (yotchedwa "kuwunika koyenera" ku Japan) ndi njira yovomerezeka yolowera pamsika yazida zamagetsi ku Japan, ndipo ndi gawo lofunikira pa Lamulo la Chitetezo cha Zamagetsi ndi Zida Zamagetsi ku Japan. . Pakadali pano, boma la Japan limagawa zida zamagetsi kukhala "zida zamagetsi zapadera" ndi "zida zamagetsi zomwe si zenizeni" malinga ndi "Electrical Appliances Safety Law" yaku Japan, pomwe "zida zamagetsi zapadera" zimaphatikizapo zinthu 115; "Zida zamagetsi zomwe si zenizeni" Zimaphatikizapo zinthu 338.
PSE imaphatikizapo zofunikira za EMC ndi chitetezo. Zogulitsa zonse zomwe zili m'kabukhu la "Specific Electrical Appliances and Equipment" zomwe zimalowa mumsika waku Japan ziyenera kutsimikiziridwa ndi bungwe lachitatu lovomerezeka ndi Unduna wa Zachuma, Zamalonda ndi Zamakampani ku Japan, kupeza satifiketi, ndikukhala ndi diamondi- chizindikiro cha PSE chopangidwa pacholembacho.
CQC ndi bungwe lokhalo la ziphaso ku China lomwe lapempha kuti livomereze ku Japan PSE certification. Pakadali pano, magulu azogulitsa a chiphaso cha Japan PSE chopezedwa ndi CQC ndi magulu atatu: waya ndi chingwe (kuphatikiza mitundu 20 yazinthu), zida zama waya (zida zamagetsi, zida zamagetsi, ndi zina zotere, kuphatikiza mitundu 38 yazinthu), zamagetsi makina opangira magetsi ndi zida (zida zapakhomo, kuphatikiza zinthu 12), ndi zina.
7, FCC
FCC (Federal Communications Commission), Federal Communications Commission ya ku United States, imagwirizanitsa zolankhulana zapakhomo ndi zapadziko lonse lapansi polamulira mawayilesi, wailesi yakanema, matelefoni, masetilaiti, ndi zingwe. Imagwira zoposa zigawo 50 zaku US, Columbia, ndi madera aku US. Zinthu zambiri zamawayilesi, zolumikizirana ndi zida zamagetsi zimafunikira chivomerezo cha FCC kuti zilowe mumsika waku US.
Satifiketi ya FCC imadziwikanso kuti US Federal Communications Certification. Kuphatikizapo makompyuta, makina a fax, zipangizo zamagetsi, zipangizo zolandirira ndi kutumiza mawailesi, zoseweretsa zoyendetsedwa ndi wailesi, matelefoni, makompyuta aumwini, ndi zinthu zina zomwe zingawononge chitetezo chaumwini. Ngati zinthuzi zitumizidwa ku United States, ziyenera kuyesedwa ndikuvomerezedwa ndi labotale yovomerezeka ndi boma molingana ndi miyezo yaukadaulo ya FCC. Otsatsa kunja ndi othandizira makasitomala akuyenera kulengeza kuti chipangizo chilichonse chawayilesi chimatsatira miyezo ya FCC, yomwe imadziwika kuti layisensi ya FCC.
8, SAA
Satifiketi ya SAA ndi bungwe la miyezo ya ku Australia ndipo imatsimikiziridwa ndi Standards Association of Australia, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti zinthu zonse zamagetsi zomwe zimalowa mumsika waku Australia ziyenera kutsatira malamulo achitetezo akomweko. Chifukwa cha mgwirizano wogwirizana pakati pa Australia ndi New Zealand, zinthu zonse zovomerezeka ndi Australia zitha kulowa mumsika wa New Zealand kuti zigulidwe. Zogulitsa zonse zamagetsi zimakhala ndi satifiketi ya SAA.
Pali mitundu iwiri ikuluikulu ya zizindikiro za SAA, imodzi ndi yovomerezeka ndipo ina ndi yokhazikika. Chitsimikizo chokhazikika chimangoyang'anira zitsanzo, ndipo zilembo zokhazikika zimawunikiridwa ndi fakitale. Pakadali pano, pali njira ziwiri zofunsira chiphaso cha SAA ku China. Chimodzi ndikusamutsa kudzera mu lipoti la mayeso a CB. Ngati palibe lipoti la mayeso a CB, mutha kulembetsanso mwachindunji.
9, SASO
SASO ndi chidule cha English Saudi Arabian Standards Organisation, ndiye Saudi Arabian Standards Organisation. SASO ili ndi udindo wopanga miyezo ya dziko pazofunikira ndi zinthu zonse za tsiku ndi tsiku, ndipo miyezoyi imakhudzanso kayezedwe kake, zolemba, ndi zina. Dinani nkhaniyi kuti muwone: Mkuntho wotsutsana ndi katangale wa Saudi Arabia, ukugwirizana bwanji ndi anthu amalonda akunja?
10, ISO9000
Banja la miyezo ya ISO9000 linatulutsidwa ndi International Organisation for Standardization (ISO), ndipo kukhazikitsidwa kwa GB/T19000-ISO9000 banja la miyezo ndi certification yamtundu wakhala nkhani yotentha kwambiri pazachuma ndi bizinesi. M'malo mwake, ziphaso zabwino zakhala ndi mbiri yakale, ndipo ndizochokera kuchuma chamsika. Chitsimikizo chapamwamba ndi pasipoti yazinthu zomwe zimalowa mumsika wapadziko lonse lapansi. Masiku ano, banja la ISO9000 la machitidwe abwino kwambiri lakhala chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zomwe sizinganyalanyazidwe pamalonda apadziko lonse lapansi.
11, VDE
Dzina lonse la VDE ndi VDE Testing and Certification Institute, lomwe ndi German Association of Electrical Engineers. Ndi amodzi mwamabungwe oyesa certification ndi kuyendera ku Europe. Monga bungwe lodziwika padziko lonse lapansi loyesa chitetezo ndi certification pazida zamagetsi ndi zida zake, VDE ili ndi mbiri yayikulu ku Europe komanso padziko lonse lapansi. Zogulitsa zomwe zimayesa zimaphatikizapo zida zamagetsi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito panyumba ndi malonda, zida za IT, zida zamakono zamafakitale ndi zamankhwala, zida zolumikizirana ndi zida zamagetsi, mawaya ndi zingwe, ndi zina zambiri.
12, CSA
CSA ndiye chidule cha Canadian Standards Association (Canadian Standards Association). CSA pakadali pano ndi bungwe lalikulu kwambiri lachitetezo ku Canada komanso limodzi mwamabungwe odziwika bwino achitetezo padziko lonse lapansi. Amapereka chiphaso chachitetezo chamitundu yonse yazinthu zamakina, zomangira, zida zamagetsi, zida zamakompyuta, zida zamaofesi, chitetezo cha chilengedwe, chitetezo chamoto chachipatala, masewera ndi zosangalatsa.
Mitundu yotsimikizika ya CSA imayang'ana mbali zisanu ndi zitatu:
1. Kupulumuka kwa anthu ndi chilengedwe, kuphatikizapo thanzi ndi chitetezo cha kuntchito, chitetezo cha anthu, kuteteza chilengedwe cha zipangizo zamasewera ndi zosangalatsa, ndi luso lachipatala.
2. Zamagetsi ndi zamagetsi, kuphatikizapo malamulo okhudza kukhazikitsa zipangizo zamagetsi m'nyumba, mafakitale osiyanasiyana ndi malonda ogulitsa magetsi ndi zamagetsi.
3. Kuyankhulana ndi chidziwitso, kuphatikizapo makina opangira nyumba, ma telecommunications ndi ma electromagnetic interference teknoloji ndi zipangizo.
4. Zomangamanga, kuphatikiza zida zomangira ndi zinthu, zinthu zapagulu, konkriti, zomangira, zomangira mapaipi ndi mapangidwe omanga.
5. Mphamvu, kuphatikizapo kukonzanso mphamvu ndi kusamutsa, kuyatsa mafuta, zipangizo zotetezera ndi teknoloji ya mphamvu ya nyukiliya.
6. Njira zoyendetsera kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake kake.
7. Zipangizo zamakono, kuphatikizapo kuwotcherera ndi zitsulo.
8. Njira zoyendetsera bizinesi ndi kupanga, kuphatikiza kasamalidwe kabwino ndi uinjiniya woyambira.
13, TÜV
TÜV (Technischer überwachüngs-Verein) amatanthauza Technical Inspection Association mu Chingerezi. Chizindikiro cha TÜV ndi chizindikiritso chachitetezo chopangidwa mwapadera ndi TÜV yaku Germany pazinthu zamagulu ndipo imavomerezedwa kwambiri ku Germany ndi Europe.
Bizinesi ikafunsira chizindikiro cha TÜV, imatha kulembetsa satifiketi ya CB palimodzi, ndikupeza ziphaso kuchokera kumayiko ena potembenuka. Kuphatikiza apo, zinthu zitadutsa chiphaso, TÜV Germany ivomereza izi kwa opanga okonzanso omwe amabwera kudzawona othandizira oyenerera; panthawi yonse yotsimikizira makina, zida zonse zomwe zapeza chizindikiro cha TÜV zitha kumasulidwa kuti ziwunikenso.
Nthawi yotumiza: Aug-06-2022