Ndi kuphatikizika kwa chuma cha padziko lonse lapansi, kutuluka kwazinthu zapadziko lonse kumakhala kwaulere komanso pafupipafupi. Pofuna kupititsa patsogolo mpikisano wamabizinesi ogulitsa, ndivuto lomwe tikuyenera kuthana nalo ndikuwona kwapadziko lonse lapansi komanso kugula zinthu padziko lonse lapansi.
Poyerekeza ndi zogula zapakhomo, ndi mfundo ziti zomwe ziyenera kumveka pakugula malonda akunja?
Choyamba, FOB, CFR ndi CIF
Chithunzi cha FOB(Zaulere Pabwalo）Zaulere pabwalo (zotsatiridwa ndi doko lotumizira), zikutanthauza kuti wogulitsa amapereka katunduyo pokweza katundu pa sitimayo yomwe wogula amasankha pa doko lotumizidwa kapena kupeza katundu yemwe waperekedwa ku sitimayo, kawirikawiri. amatchedwa "FOB".
Mtengo CFR(Mtengo ndi Katundu）Mtengo ndi katundu (zotsatiridwa ndi doko la komwe akupita) zikutanthauza kuti wogulitsa akupereka m'bwalo kapena potengera katunduyo.
CIF(Inshuwaransi ya Mtengo ndi Freigh）Mtengo, inshuwaransi ndi katundu (zotsatiridwa ndi doko la komwe akupita), zomwe zikutanthauza kuti wogulitsa amamaliza kutumiza katunduyo pamene katundu akudutsa njanji ya sitimayo pa doko la kutumiza. CIF mtengo = FOB mtengo + I inshuwalansi umafunika + F katundu, amene amadziwika kuti "CIF mtengo".
Mtengo wa CFR ndi mtengo wa FOB kuphatikiza mtengo wokhudzana ndi kutumiza, ndipo mtengo wa CIF ndi mtengo wa CFR kuphatikiza mtengo wa inshuwaransi.
Chachiwiri, demurrage ndi kutumiza
Paphwando lapaulendo, nthawi yeniyeni yotsitsa (Laytime) ya katundu wambiri nthawi zambiri imayamba kuchokera pa maola 12 kapena 24 sitimayo itapereka "Chidziwitso Chokonzekera Kutsitsa ndi Kutsitsa" (NOR) mpaka kafukufuku womaliza akamaliza kutsitsa (Final). Draft Survey) mpaka.
Mgwirizano wagalimoto umatsimikizira nthawi yotsitsa ndi kutsitsa. Ngati mapeto a Laytime ali mochedwa kuposa nthawi yotsitsa yomwe yatchulidwa mu mgwirizano, demurrage idzagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndiko kuti, katunduyo sangathe kutulutsidwa mokwanira mkati mwa nthawi yotchulidwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti sitimayo ipitirize kuyenda pa doko ndikupangitsa mwini ngalawayo kuti apite. malo. Ndalama zomwe wagwirizanazo azilipira mwiniwake wa sitimayo kuti awonjezere ndalama zapadoko komanso kutayika kwa nthawi yake.
Ngati mapeto a Laytime ali kale kuposa nthawi yotsegulira ndi kutsitsa yomwe inagwirizana mu mgwirizano, ndalama zotumizira (Despatch) zidzaperekedwa, ndiko kuti, kutsitsa katundu kumatsirizidwa pasadakhale mkati mwa nthawi yotchulidwa, yomwe imafupikitsa nthawi ya moyo. wa ngalawayo, ndipo mwini sitimayo abweza malipiro amene anagwirizana kwa wobwereketsa.
Chachitatu, chindapusa chowunikira zinthu
Kulengeza koyang'anira ndikuyika kwaokha kumabweretsa chindapusa choyendera, chindapusa, chindapusa chopha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, zolipiritsa, zolipiritsa zoyang'anira, ndi zina zotere, zomwe zimatchedwa kuti chindapusa choyendera zinthu.
Ndalama zoyang'anira katundu zimaperekedwa ku bungwe loyang'anira zinthu zapafupi. Nthawi zambiri amaperekedwa molingana ndi 1.5 ‰ pamtengo wamtengo wapatali. Makamaka, zimatsimikiziridwa molingana ndi kuchuluka kwa invoice pa chikalata choyang'anira katundu. Nambala ya msonkho wamtengo wapatali ndi yosiyana, ndipo mtengo woyendera katundu ndi wosiyana. Muyenera kudziwa nambala ya msonkho wamtengo wapatali komanso kuchuluka kwa chikalatacho kuti mudziwe mtengo wake.
Chachinayi, tariffs
Tariff (Customs Duties, Tariff), ndiko kuti, msonkho wakunja, ndi msonkho woperekedwa ndi kasitomu wokhazikitsidwa ndi boma kwa wogulitsa kunja pamene katundu wotumizidwa kunja akudutsa gawo la kasitomu la dziko.
Njira yoyambira yolipirira msonkho wakunja ndi misonkho ndi:
Mtengo wa ntchito yolowera kunja = mtengo wokwanira × mtengo wantchito yolowera kunja
Malinga ndi momwe dziko likuyendera, kusonkhanitsa mitengo yamitengo kungapangitse ndalama zambiri. Nthawi yomweyo, dzikolo limasinthanso malonda otengera ndi kutumiza kunja pokhazikitsa mitengo yamitengo yosiyana ndi misonkho, potero zimakhudza momwe chuma chapakhomo chikuyendera komanso momwe chitukuko chikuyendera.
Zogulitsa zosiyanasiyana zimakhala ndi mitengo yamitengo yosiyanasiyana, yomwe imayendetsedwa molingana ndi "Tariff Regulations".
Chachisanu, chindapusa cha demurrage ndi chindapusa chosungira
Ndalama zotsekera (zomwe zimadziwikanso kuti "ndalama zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha") zimatanthawuza chindapusa chogwiritsidwa ntchito mochedwa (chachedwa) pa chidebe chomwe chimayang'aniridwa ndi wotumiza, ndiye kuti, wotumiza amanyamula chidebecho kunja kwa bwalo kapena pabwalo pambuyo pa chilolezo cha kasitomu ndikulephera kutsatira malamulo. Amapangidwa pobweza mabokosi opanda kanthu pakapita nthawi. Nthawiyi imaphatikizapo nthawi yomwe bokosilo likunyamulidwa kuchokera pa dock mpaka mutabwezera bokosi kumalo a doko. Kupitilira malire a nthawi iyi, kampani yotumizira ikufunika kukufunsani kuti mutole ndalama.
Malipiro osungira (Kusungirako, komwe kumadziwikanso kuti "malipiro owonjezera"), nthawiyi imaphatikizapo nthawi yomwe bokosi limayambira pamene litsitsidwa pa doko, ndipo mpaka kumapeto kwa chilengezo cha kasitomu ndi doko. Zosiyana ndi demurrage (Demurrage), ndalama zosungirako zimaperekedwa ndi doko, osati kampani yotumiza.
Chachisanu ndi chimodzi, njira zolipirira L/C, T/T, D/P ndi D/A
L/C (Letter of Credit) Chidulechi chikutanthauza satifiketi yolembedwa ndi banki kwa wogulitsa kunja (wogulitsa) popempha wobwereketsa (wogula) kuti atsimikizire kuti ali ndi udindo wolipira katunduyo.
T/T (Telegraphic Transfer in Advance)Chidulechi chimatanthawuza kusinthanitsa kudzera pa telegalamu. Telegraphic transfer ndi njira yolipirira yomwe wolipira amaika ndalama zina ku banki yotumizira, ndipo banki yotumiza ndalama imatumiza kunthambi komwe akupita kapena banki yotumiza (banki yotumiza) kudzera pa telegalamu kapena foni, kulangiza banki yamkati kuti alipire. ndalama zina kwa wolipidwa.
D/P(Zolemba zotsutsana ndi Malipiro） Chidule cha "Bill of Lading" nthawi zambiri chimatumizidwa kubanki ikatumizidwa, ndipo banki imatumiza bili ya katundu ndi zikalata zina kwa wotumiza kunja kuti alandire chilolezo cha kasitomu wobwereketsa atalipira katunduyo. Chifukwa bilu yonyamula katundu ndi chikalata chamtengo wapatali, m'mawu a munthu wamba, imalipidwa m'dzanja limodzi ndikuperekedwa koyamba. Pali zoopsa zina kwa ogulitsa kunja.
D/A (Zolemba Zotsutsana ndi Kuvomereza)Chidulechi chimatanthawuza kuti wogulitsa kunja amapereka ndondomeko yopita patsogolo katunduyo atatumizidwa, ndipo pamodzi ndi zolemba zamalonda (zonyamula katundu), zimaperekedwa kwa wogulitsa kunja kudzera kubanki yosonkhanitsa.
Chachisanu ndi chiwiri, gawo la muyeso
Mayiko osiyanasiyana ali ndi njira zoyezera ndi magawo osiyanasiyana azinthu, zomwe zingakhudze kuchuluka kwenikweni (kuchuluka kapena kulemera) kwa chinthucho. Chisamaliro chapadera ndi mgwirizano ziyenera kulipidwa pasadakhale.
Mwachitsanzo, pogula zipika, malinga ndi ziwerengero zosakwanira, ku North America kokha, pali mitundu pafupifupi 100 ya njira zoyendera mitengo, ndipo pali mitundu yofikira 185 ya mayina. Ku North America, kuyeza kwa zipika kumatengera chikwi cha wolamulira MBF, pomwe wolamulira waku Japan JAS amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'dziko langa. Voliyumu idzasiyana kwambiri.
Nthawi yotumiza: Sep-01-2022