Chitsimikizo, kuvomerezeka, kuyang'anira ndi kuyesa ndi njira yoyambira yolimbikitsira kasamalidwe kabwino komanso kukonza bwino msika malinga ndi momwe msika ukuyendera, komanso gawo lofunikira pakuwunika msika. Khalidwe lake lofunikira ndi "kupereka chikhulupiliro ndi chitukuko cha utumiki", chomwe chili ndi zizindikiro zodziwika bwino za malonda ndi mayiko. Imadziwika kuti "chiphaso chachipatala" cha kasamalidwe kabwino, "kalata ya ngongole" yachuma chamsika, ndi "pass" ya malonda apadziko lonse.
1. Lingaliro ndi tanthauzo
1). Lingaliro la National Quality Infrastructure (NQI) linaperekedwa koyamba ndi United Nations Trade Development Organisation (UNCTAD) ndi World Trade Organisation (WTO) mu 2005. Mu 2006, United Nations Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO) ndi International Organisation for Standardization (ISO) idayika patsogolo lingaliro lachitukuko chamtundu wadziko, ndikutchedwa kuyeza, kukhazikika, ndi kuwunika kogwirizana (chitsimikizo ndi kuvomerezeka, kuyang'anira ndi kuyesa ngati chitsimikiziro, zazikuluzikulu) monga mizati itatu ya zomangamanga zapamwamba za dziko. Izi zitatu zimapanga unyolo wathunthu waukadaulo, womwe ndi boma ndi mabizinesi kuti apititse patsogolo zokolola, kukhalabe ndi moyo ndi thanzi, kuteteza ufulu wa ogula, komanso kuteteza chilengedwe Njira yofunikira yaukadaulo yosungitsira chitetezo ndikuwongolera zabwino zitha kuthandizira bwino chikhalidwe cha anthu, malonda apadziko lonse lapansi ndi chitukuko chokhazikika. Pakalipano, lingaliro la zomangamanga zamtundu wa dziko lavomerezedwa kwambiri ndi anthu apadziko lonse. Mu 2017, pambuyo pa kafukufuku wophatikizana ndi mabungwe 10 ofunikira padziko lonse lapansi omwe ali ndi udindo woyang'anira bwino, chitukuko cha mafakitale, chitukuko cha malonda ndi mgwirizano wowongolera, tanthauzo latsopano la zomangamanga zabwino zidaperekedwa m'buku la "Quality Policy - Technical Guidelines" loperekedwa ndi United Nations Industrial. Development Organization (UNIDO) mu 2018. Tanthauzo latsopano limasonyeza kuti zipangizo zamakono ndi dongosolo lopangidwa ndi mabungwe (zagulu ndi zapadera) ndi ndondomeko, ndondomeko zoyenera zalamulo ndi zoyendetsera ntchito ndi machitidwe ofunikira kuti athandizire ndi kukonza. khalidwe, chitetezo ndi kuteteza chilengedwe cha mankhwala, ntchito ndi njira. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, zikufotokozedwa kuti dongosolo lachitukuko labwino limakhudza ogula, mabizinesi, ntchito zogwirira ntchito zapamwamba, mabungwe a boma, ndi kayendetsedwe ka boma; Ikugogomezeranso kuti dongosolo lachitukuko labwino limadalira muyeso, milingo, kuvomerezeka (zolembedwa mosiyana ndi kuwunika kogwirizana), kuwunika kogwirizana ndi kuyang'anira msika.
2).Lingaliro la kuwunika kogwirizana limatanthauzidwa mu muyezo wapadziko lonse wa ISO/IEC17000 "Vocabulary and General Principles of Conformity Assessment". Kuwunika kogwirizana kumatanthawuza "kutsimikizira kuti zofunikira zomwe zafotokozedwa zokhudzana ndi malonda, njira, machitidwe, ogwira ntchito kapena mabungwe zakwaniritsidwa". Malinga ndi "Building Trust in Conformity Assessment" yomwe idasindikizidwa limodzi ndi International Organisation for Standardization ndi United Nations Industrial Development Organisation, makasitomala amalonda, ogula, ogwiritsa ntchito ndi akuluakulu aboma ali ndi ziyembekezo za mtundu, chitetezo cha chilengedwe, chitetezo, chuma, kudalirika, kuyanjana, kugwira ntchito, kuchita bwino komanso kuchita bwino kwa zinthu ndi ntchito. Njira yotsimikizira kuti izi zimakwaniritsa zofunikira za miyezo, malamulo ndi zina zimatchedwa kuwunika koyenera. Kuwunika kogwirizana kumapereka njira zokwaniritsira ngati zinthu ndi ntchito zofunikira zikukwaniritsa zoyembekezazi molingana ndi miyezo yoyenera, malamulo ndi zina. Zimathandizira kuwonetsetsa kuti zogulitsa ndi ntchito zimaperekedwa molingana ndi zofunikira kapena zomwe walonjeza. Mwanjira ina, kukhazikitsidwa kwa chikhulupiliro pakuwunika kogwirizana kumatha kukwaniritsa zosowa zamabizinesi azachuma ndikulimbikitsa chitukuko chabwino chamsika.
Kwa ogula, ogula amatha kupindula ndi kuwunika kogwirizana, chifukwa kuwunika kogwirizana kumapereka maziko kwa ogula kuti asankhe zinthu kapena ntchito. Kwa mabizinesi, opanga ndi opereka chithandizo amayenera kudziwa ngati zinthu zawo ndi ntchito zawo zikukwaniritsa zofunikira za malamulo, malamulo, milingo ndi mafotokozedwe ndikuzipereka malinga ndi zomwe makasitomala amayembekezera, kuti apewe kutayika pamsika chifukwa cha kulephera kwazinthu. Kwa olamulira, atha kupindula ndi kuwunika kogwirizana chifukwa kumawapatsa njira zoyendetsera malamulo ndi malamulo ndikukwaniritsa zolinga za boma.
3). Mitundu ikuluikulu ya kuwunika kogwirizana Kuwunika kogwirizana kumaphatikizapo mitundu inayi: kuzindikira, kuyendera, kutsimikizira ndi kuvomereza. Malinga ndi tanthauzo la muyezo wapadziko lonse wa ISO/IEC17000 "Conformity assessment vocabulary and general principles":
①Kuyesa ndi "ntchito yodziwitsa chimodzi kapena zingapo za chinthu chowunika molingana ndi ndondomeko". Nthawi zambiri, ndi ntchito yogwiritsa ntchito zida ndi zida kuwunika molingana ndi milingo yaukadaulo ndi mawonekedwe, ndipo zotsatira zowunika ndi data yoyeserera. ② Kuyang'anira ndi "ntchito yowunikiranso kapangidwe kazinthu, malonda, kachitidwe kapena kuyika ndikuwona ngati ikutsatiridwa ndi zofunikira zinazake, kapena kudziwa kuti ikutsatiridwa ndi zofunikira wamba potengera kuweruza kwaukadaulo". Nthawi zambiri, ndikuwona ngati ikugwirizana ndi malamulo ofunikira podalira zomwe anthu akudziwa komanso chidziwitso, pogwiritsa ntchito mayeso kapena zambiri zowunikira. ③ Chitsimikizo ndi "satifiketi ya chipani chachitatu yokhudzana ndi malonda, njira, machitidwe kapena ogwira ntchito". Nthawi zambiri, zimatanthawuza kuwunika kogwirizana kwazinthu, ntchito, kasamalidwe ndi ogwira ntchito mogwirizana ndi miyezo yoyenera komanso ukadaulo, zomwe zimatsimikiziridwa ndi bungwe la certification ndi chikhalidwe cha munthu wina. ④Kuvomerezeka ndi "satifiketi ya chipani chachitatu yomwe ikuwonetsa kuti bungwe loyesa mayendedwe limatha kuchita ntchito yowunikira". Nthawi zambiri, zimatanthawuza zochitika zowunikira zomwe bungwe lovomerezeka limatsimikizira luso la bungwe lopereka ziphaso, bungwe loyang'anira ndi labotale.
Zitha kuwoneka kuchokera kutanthauzira pamwambapa kuti zinthu zowunikira, kuzindikira ndi kutsimikizira ndi zinthu, mautumiki ndi mabungwe abizinesi (akuyang'ana msika mwachindunji); Cholinga chozindikirika ndi mabungwe omwe amayang'anira, kuyesa ndi kutsimikizira (omwe amayang'ana msika mwachindunji).
4. Zomwe zimachitika pakuwunika kogwirizana zitha kugawidwa m'magulu atatu: gulu loyamba, gulu lachiwiri ndi gulu lachitatu malinga ndi zomwe zimachitika pakuwunika kogwirizana:
Gulu loyamba limatanthawuza kuwunika kogwirizana komwe kumachitika ndi opanga, opereka chithandizo ndi ena ogulitsa, monga kudzipenda ndi kafukufuku wamkati wopangidwa ndi opanga kuti akwaniritse kafukufuku wawo ndi chitukuko, kapangidwe ndi kupanga. Gulu lachiwiri limatanthawuza kuwunika kogwirizana komwe kumachitika ndi wogwiritsa ntchito, wogula kapena wogula ndi ena ofuna, monga kuyang'anira ndi kuyang'anira katundu wogulidwa ndi wogula. Gulu lachitatu limatanthawuza kuwunika kogwirizana komwe kumachitika ndi gulu lachitatu lodziyimira pawokha paopereka ndi wopereka, monga chiphaso cha zinthu, kasamalidwe kachitidwe kachitidwe, ntchito zosiyanasiyana zozindikiritsa, ndi zina zotero. gulu onse ndi gulu lachitatu kutsata mogwirizana.
Poyerekeza ndi kuwunika kugwirizana kwa chipani choyamba ndi chipani chachiwiri, kuwunika kwa chipani chachitatu kuli ndi ulamuliro wapamwamba komanso kudalirika kudzera pakukhazikitsa udindo wodziyimira pawokha komanso luso laukadaulo la mabungwe motsatira mfundo za dziko kapena mayiko ndi mafotokozedwe aukadaulo, ndipo motero wapambana kuzindikira konsekonse kwa magulu onse pamsika. Sizingatheke kutsimikizira bwino za ubwino ndi kuteteza zofuna za magulu onse, komanso kupititsa patsogolo kukhulupirirana kwa msika ndikulimbikitsa kuwongolera malonda.
6. Mawonekedwe a zotsatira za kuunika kogwirizana Zotsatira za kuunika kogwirizana nthawi zambiri zimalengezedwa kwa anthu m'makalata monga ziphaso, malipoti ndi zikwangwani. Kupyolera mu umboni wapagulu uwu, tikhoza kuthetsa vuto la chidziwitso cha asymmetry ndikupeza chidaliro chonse cha maphwando oyenera komanso anthu. Mafomu akuluakulu ndi awa:
Satifiketi yotsimikizira, satifiketi yozindikiritsa chizindikiro, satifiketi yowunikira zizindikiro ndi lipoti la mayeso
2, Chiyambi ndi chitukuko
1). Kuyang'anira ndi kuzindikira ndikuwunika kwatsagana ndi kupanga kwa anthu, moyo, kafukufuku wasayansi ndi zochitika zina. Ndi kufunikira kwa ntchito zopanga ndi kugulitsa malonda kuti ziwongolere zinthu zabwino, zokhazikika, zozikidwa panjira komanso zoyeserera zoyeserera ndikuyesa zikuchulukirachulukira. Chakumapeto kwa kusintha kwa mafakitale, teknoloji yowunikira ndi kuzindikira ndi zida ndi zipangizo zakhala zikuphatikizidwa kwambiri komanso zovuta, ndipo mabungwe oyendera ndi kuzindikira omwe amadziwika kwambiri poyesa, kuyesa ndi kutsimikizira atulukira pang'onopang'ono. Kuyang'anira ndi kudzizindikira yokha yakhala gawo lalikulu lamakampani. Ndi chitukuko cha malonda, pakhala pali mabungwe oyang'anira ndi kuyezetsa gulu lachitatu omwe amapereka ntchito zabwino kwambiri monga kuyesa chitetezo chazinthu ndikuzindikiritsa katundu kwa anthu, monga American Underwriters Laboratory (UL) yomwe idakhazikitsidwa mu 1894, yomwe imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri. udindo pakusinthana kwa malonda ndi kuyang'anira msika.
2). Chitsimikizo Mu 1903, dziko la United Kingdom lidayamba kugwiritsa ntchito certification ndikuwonjezera chizindikiro cha "kite" kuzinthu zoyenerera njanji molingana ndi miyezo yopangidwa ndi British Engineering Standards Institute (BSI), kukhala njira yoyambira kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi yotsimikizira zinthu. Pofika m'zaka za m'ma 1930, mayiko opanga mafakitale monga Europe, America ndi Japan anali atakhazikitsa motsatizana njira zawo zotsimikizira ndi kuvomereza, makamaka pazinthu zinazake zomwe zili ndi chiopsezo chapamwamba komanso zoopsa zachitetezo, ndikukhazikitsa machitidwe ovomerezeka ovomerezeka motsatizana. Ndi chitukuko cha malonda padziko lonse, pofuna kupewa chiphatso certification ndi kutsogolera malonda, m'pofunika moona kuti mayiko kutsatira mfundo ogwirizana ndi malamulo ndi ndondomeko ntchito certification, kuti azindikire onse kuzindikira zotsatira certification pa maziko. Pofika m'zaka za m'ma 1970, kuwonjezera pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa machitidwe a certification m'mayiko awo, mayiko a ku Ulaya ndi ku America anayamba kuvomerezana ndi machitidwe a certification pakati pa mayiko, kenako n'kupanga machitidwe a certification a m'madera kutengera miyezo ndi malamulo achigawo. Dongosolo lodziwika bwino la certification lachigawo ndi satifiketi yamagetsi ya European Union ya CENELEC (European Electrotechnical Standardization Commission), yotsatiridwa ndi kupangidwa kwa EU CE Directive. Chifukwa cha kuchulukirachulukira kwa malonda apadziko lonse lapansi, ndi njira yosapeŵeka kukhazikitsa dongosolo la certification padziko lonse lapansi. Pofika m’zaka za m’ma 1980, maiko padziko lonse lapansi anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito kachitidwe ka certification yapadziko lonse potengera miyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi ndi malamulo azinthu zosiyanasiyana. Kuyambira pamenepo, yakula pang'onopang'ono kuchokera kumunda wa certification wazinthu kupita ku gawo la kasamalidwe ndi ziphaso za ogwira ntchito, monga ISO9001 International Quality Management System yolimbikitsidwa ndi International Organisation for Standardization (ISO) ndi ntchito za certification zomwe zimachitika molingana ndi izi. muyezo.
3). Kuzindikirika Ndi chitukuko cha kuyendera, kuyesa, kutsimikizira ndi ntchito zina zowunikira, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mabungwe owunikira omwe akuchita nawo ntchito zowunikira, kuyesa ndi kutsimikizira zatuluka motsatizana. Zabwino ndi zoyipa zimasakanikirana, zomwe zimapangitsa ogwiritsa ntchito kukhala opanda chochita, ndipo ngakhale mabungwe ena awononga zofuna za anthu omwe ali ndi chidwi, zomwe zikuyambitsa kuyitanitsa boma kuti liziwongolera machitidwe a mabungwe opereka ziphaso ndi mabungwe oyendera ndi kuyesa. Pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti ulamuliro ndi kupanda tsankho kwa zotsatira za certification ndi kuyendera, ntchito zovomerezeka zinayamba. Mu 1947, bungwe loyamba lovomerezeka la dziko lonse, Australia NATA, linakhazikitsidwa kuti likhale loyamba kuvomereza ma laboratories. Pofika m’zaka za m’ma 1980, mayiko otukuka m’mafakitale anali atakhazikitsa mabungwe awoawo ovomerezeka. Pambuyo pa zaka za m'ma 1990, mayiko ena otukuka adakhazikitsanso mabungwe ovomerezeka motsatizana. Ndi chiyambi ndi chitukuko cha certification system, yayamba pang'onopang'ono kuchokera ku chiphaso cha malonda kupita ku certification system management, certification service, certification ya ogwira ntchito ndi mitundu ina; Ndi chiyambi ndi chitukuko cha njira zovomerezeka, zayamba pang'onopang'ono kuchokera ku kuvomerezeka kwa labotale kupita ku chivomerezo cha bungwe la certification, kuvomereza kwa bungwe loyendera ndi mitundu ina.
3. Ntchito ndi ntchito
Chifukwa chomwe chitsimikiziro, kuvomerezeka, kuyang'anira ndi kuyezetsa ndi njira yoyambira zachuma yamsika tingafotokoze mwachidule monga "chinthu chimodzi chofunikira, mawonekedwe awiri, ntchito zitatu zoyambira ndi ntchito zinayi zodziwika".
Mmodzi wofunikira ndi chimodzi chofunikira: kusamutsa chikhulupiriro ndi chitukuko cha ntchito.
Kutumiza kukhulupilira ndikutumikira chitukuko cha chuma chamsika ndizofunikira kwambiri zachuma. Zochita zonse zamsika ndizosankho zomwe anthu onse angachite pamsika potengera kukhulupirirana. Ndi kuchulukirachulukira kwa kugawikana kwamagulu a anthu ogwira ntchito ndi zinthu zabwino komanso chitetezo, kuwunika koyenera komanso koyenera komanso kutsimikizika kwa chinthu chogulitsa msika (chinthu, ntchito kapena bizinesi) ndi munthu wina wokhala ndi luso laukadaulo chakhala cholumikizira chofunikira pazachuma chamsika. ntchito. Kupeza certification ndi kuzindikiridwa ndi gulu lachitatu kumatha kukulitsa chidaliro cha maphwando onse pamsika, motero kuthetsa vuto la chidziwitso cha asymmetry pamsika ndikuchepetsa bwino chiwopsezo cha msika. Pambuyo pa kubadwa kwa certification and accreditation system, yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito mofulumira komanso mofala muzochitika zachuma ndi zamalonda zapakhomo ndi zapadziko lonse kutumiza chikhulupiliro kwa ogula, mabizinesi, maboma, anthu ndi dziko lonse lapansi. Pakuwongolera mosalekeza kwa msika komanso dongosolo lazachuma lamsika, mawonekedwe a certification ndi kuzindikira "kupereka chikhulupiriro ndi chitukuko cha utumiki" adzawonekera kwambiri.
Makhalidwe Awiri Odziwika Makhalidwe Awiri omwe amafanana nawo: malonda ndi mayiko.
Kutsimikizika kwazinthu zomwe zimayang'aniridwa ndi msika zimachokera kumsika, kugulitsa msika, kutukuka pamsika, ndipo zimapezeka kwambiri pazogulitsa zamsika monga zogulitsa ndi ntchito. Itha kufalitsa zidziwitso zodalirika komanso zodalirika pamsika, kukhazikitsa njira yodalirika pamsika, ndikuwongolera msika kuti upulumuke. Mabungwe amsika amatha kudalirana ndi kuzindikira, kuphwanya zopinga za msika, kulimbikitsa kuwongolera malonda, ndi kuchepetsa mtengo wamakampani potengera njira zotsimikizira ndi kuzindikira; Dipatimenti yoyang'anira msika ikhoza kulimbikitsa kuyang'anira bwino ndi chitetezo, kukhathamiritsa mwayi wopezeka pamsika ndi zomwe zikuchitika komanso kuyang'anira pambuyo pazochitika, kukhazikitsa dongosolo la msika ndikuchepetsa mtengo woyang'anira potengera njira yotsimikizira ndi kuzindikira. Chitsimikizo ndi kuzindikirika kwapadziko lonse lapansi ndi malamulo omwe alipo padziko lonse lapansi azachuma ndi malonda motsogozedwa ndi World Trade Organisation (WTO). Mayiko a mayiko ambiri amaona certification ndi kuzindikiridwa ngati njira imodzi yoyendetsera msika ndikuthandizira malonda, ndikukhazikitsa miyezo yogwirizana, ndondomeko ndi machitidwe. Choyamba, mabungwe ogwirizana padziko lonse lapansi akhazikitsidwa m'magawo ambiri, monga International Organisation for Standardization (ISO), International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), International Accreditation Forum (IAF), ndi International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation Organisation (ILAC). Cholinga chawo ndikukhazikitsa dongosolo logwirizana padziko lonse lapansi ndi ziphaso ndi zovomerezeka kuti akwaniritse "kuwunika kumodzi, kuyesa kumodzi, kutsimikizira kumodzi, kuzindikira kumodzi komanso kufalikira padziko lonse lapansi". Kachiwiri, mayiko apadziko lonse lapansi akhazikitsa miyezo ndi malangizo a certification ndi zovomerezeka, zomwe zaperekedwa ndi mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi monga International Organisation for Standardization (ISO) ndi International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). Pakadali pano, miyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi ya 36 yowunikira mogwirizana yaperekedwa, yomwe imavomerezedwa ndi mayiko onse padziko lapansi. Pa nthawi yomweyo, Mgwirizano pa Technical Barriers to Trade (WTO/TBT) wa World Trade Organization komanso imayang'anira mfundo za dziko, malamulo luso ndi ndondomeko kuwunika mogwirizana, ndi kukhazikitsa zolinga zomveka, zotsatira zochepa pa malonda, transparency, chithandizo cha dziko, mayiko. miyezo ndi mfundo zozindikirana kuti muchepetse kukhudzidwa kwa malonda. Chachitatu, certification ndi njira zovomerezeka zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, kumbali imodzi, ngati njira zopezera msika kuti zitsimikizire kuti zogulitsa ndi ntchito zikukwaniritsa zofunikira zamalamulo ndi miyezo, monga EU CE Directive, Japan PSE certification, China CCC certification ndi zina. machitidwe okakamiza a certification; Njira zina zogulira misika yapadziko lonse lapansi, monga Global Food Safety Initiative (GFSI), imagwiritsanso ntchito certification ndi kuvomerezeka ngati njira zopezera kapena kuwunika. Kumbali inayi, monga njira yoyendetsera malonda, imapewa kuyesedwa kobwerezabwereza ndi kutsimikiziridwa kupyolera mu mgwirizano wa mayiko awiri ndi mayiko ambiri. Mwachitsanzo, makonzedwe ozindikirana monga kuyesa ndi kutsimikizira kwazinthu zamagetsi ndi zamagetsi (IECEE) ndi njira yowunikira zinthu zamagetsi zamagetsi (IECQ) yokhazikitsidwa ndi International Electrotechnical Commission ikukhudza 90% yazachuma padziko lonse lapansi, kuthandizira kwambiri malonda apadziko lonse lapansi.
Ntchito zitatu zofunika: kasamalidwe kabwino "satifiketi yachipatala", chuma cha msika "kalata yangongole", ndi "pass" yamalonda yapadziko lonse. Chitsimikizo ndi kuzindikira, monga momwe dzinalo limatanthawuzira, ndikuwunika kugwirizana kwa zinthu, ntchito ndi mabungwe amabizinesi awo ndikupereka ziphaso zaboma kwa anthu kuti akwaniritse zosowa zamabizinesi amsika pamakhalidwe osiyanasiyana. Ndi madipatimenti aboma akuchepetsa "chiphaso" cha zoletsa kulowa, ntchito ya "satifiketi" yolimbikitsa kukhulupirirana ndi kumasuka pakati pa mabungwe amsika ndiyofunika kwambiri.
Satifiketi ya "physical examination certificate" komanso kuvomereza kasamalidwe kabwino ndi njira yodziwira ndikuwongolera ngati kupanga ndi kugwirira ntchito kwa mabizinesi zikugwirizana ndi zomwe zimafunikira pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zowongolera zinthu molingana ndi zofunikira za miyezo ndi malamulo, ndipo ndi chida chothandiza kulimbikitsa kasamalidwe kaubwino wonse. Zochita za certification ndi zovomerezeka zitha kuthandiza mabizinesi kuzindikira maulalo ofunikira ndi ziwopsezo zowongolera zabwino, kuwongolera mosalekeza kasamalidwe kabwino, ndikusintha mosalekeza mtundu wazinthu ndi ntchito. Kuti apeze ziphaso, mabizinesi amayenera kudutsa maulalo angapo owunikira monga kafukufuku wamkati, kuwunika kwa oyang'anira, kuyang'anira fakitale, kuwongolera miyeso, kuyesa mtundu wazinthu, ndi zina. Akalandira satifiketi, amayeneranso kuyang'anira nthawi zonse pambuyo pa satifiketi, kutanthauza kuti. kuti mndandanda wathunthu wa "kuyesa thupi" ungathe kuonetsetsa kuti kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kabwino ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kamwebundumwebundunda kapangani ukuphuma KACHIkhumbokhumbo okuyi9jojojoanjojojoanjojobakajoabakajoa pa okuyi tlojiliswe anuani Chofunikira pazachuma chamsika ndi zachuma. Chitsimikizo, kuvomerezeka, kuyang'anira ndi kuyesa zimafalitsa zidziwitso zodalirika komanso zodalirika pamsika, zomwe zimathandizira kukhazikitsa njira yodalirika yamsika, kukonza magwiridwe antchito amsika, ndikuwongolera kupulumuka kwa omwe ali oyenera pamsika. Kupeza ziphaso zovomerezeka ndi gulu lachitatu ndi wonyamula ngongole zomwe zimatsimikizira kuti bungwe labizinesi lili ndi ziyeneretso zotenga nawo gawo pazachuma chamsika komanso kuti katundu kapena ntchito zomwe limapereka zimakwaniritsa zofunikira. Mwachitsanzo, chiphaso cha ISO 9001 Quality Management System ndi gawo lofunikira pakuyitanitsa ndalama zapakhomo ndi zakunja ndikugula zinthu ndi boma kuti akhazikitse mabizinesi kuti atenge nawo gawo pakubira. Kwa omwe akukhudza zofunikira zenizeni monga chilengedwe ndi chitetezo cha chidziwitso, satifiketi ya ISO14001 Environmental Management System ndi ISO27001 Information Security Management System certification idzagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati mikhalidwe yoyenerera; Boma logula zinthu zopulumutsa mphamvu komanso pulojekiti yadziko lonse ya "Golden Sun" imatenga chiphaso cha zinthu zopulumutsa mphamvu ndi chiphaso chatsopano cha mphamvu monga momwe zingakhalire. Titha kunena kuti certification ndi kuvomereza kuwunika ndi kuzindikira zimapatsa msika chiphaso changongole, kuthetsa vuto la chidziwitso cha asymmetry, ndikuchita gawo losasinthika popereka chikhulupiliro pazachuma zamsika. Chifukwa cha chikhalidwe cha mayiko, "pass" certification ndi kuzindikira malonda a mayiko akulimbikitsidwa ndi mayiko onse monga "kuyesa kumodzi ndi kuyesa, chimodzi certification ndi kuzindikira, ndi mayiko onse kuzindikira", zomwe zingathandize mabizinesi ndi malonda kulowa msika wapadziko lonse. bwino, ndikugwira ntchito yofunikira pakulumikizana ndi msika wapadziko lonse lapansi, kulimbikitsa kuwongolera malonda ndi ntchito zina zofunika pazamalonda padziko lonse lapansi. Ndi dongosolo lolimbikitsa kutsegulirana kwa msika mumgwirizano wamayiko osiyanasiyana komanso mayiko awiri. M'munda wamayiko osiyanasiyana, kutsimikizira ndi kuvomerezeka si malamulo a mayiko olimbikitsa malonda a katundu pansi pa World Trade Organisation (WTO), komanso njira zopezera zinthu zapadziko lonse lapansi monga Food Safety Initiative ndi Telecommunication. Mgwirizano; M'munda wa mayiko awiriwa, certification ndi kuvomerezeka si chida chothandiza kuthetsa zolepheretsa malonda pansi pa ndondomeko ya Free Trade Area (FTA), komanso nkhani yofunika kwambiri pa zokambirana zamalonda pakati pa maboma pakupeza msika, malonda a malonda ndi zokambirana zina zamalonda. . Muzochita zambiri zamalonda zapadziko lonse lapansi, ziphaso zotsimikizira kapena malipoti oyesa omwe amaperekedwa ndi mabungwe odziwika padziko lonse lapansi amawonedwa ngati chofunikira pakugula malonda ndi maziko ofunikira pakukhazikitsa malonda; Osati zokhazo, zokambirana za mayiko ambiri zopezera msika zaphatikizirapo chiphaso, kuzindikira, kuyang'anira ndi kuyezetsa ngati zofunikira pazamalonda.
Ntchito zinayi zotsogola: kukonza msika, kuyang'anira msika, kukhathamiritsa malo amsika, ndikulimbikitsa kutsegulidwa kwa msika.
Kuwongolera kuwongolera ndi kukweza kwaubwino ndikuwonjezera kupezeka bwino kwa msika, njira zoperekera ziphaso ndi zovomerezeka zakhazikitsidwa mokwanira m'magawo onse azachuma chadziko komanso m'magulu onse a anthu, ndipo mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ziphaso ndi kuvomerezeka yakhazikitsidwa. kuphimba katundu, ntchito, kasamalidwe ka kayendetsedwe ka ntchito, ogwira ntchito, ndi zina zotero, zomwe zingathe kukwaniritsa zosowa za eni ake amsika ndi maulamuliro olamulira m'mbali zonse. Kupyolera mu kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake. M'zaka zaposachedwa, molingana ndi zofunikira pakukonzanso kasamalidwe kazinthu, bungwe la Certification and Accreditation Commission lakhala likuwonetsetsa kuti "mzere wapansi wa chitetezo" ndikukoka "mzere wapamwamba kwambiri", wachita kukweza. za kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kabwino m'mabizinesi ovomerezeka, ndipo adachita chiphaso chapamwamba kwambiri pazakudya, katundu wogula ndi ntchito, zomwe zalimbikitsa chidwi cha mabungwe amsika kuti apititse patsogolo khalidwe lawo paokha. Poyang'anizana ndi madipatimenti aboma kuti athandizire kuyang'anira kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake kakagawika m'magawo awiri: msika usanayambe (asanagulitse) ndi pambuyo pa msika (pambuyo pa malonda). Muzonse zopezera msika wakale ndi kuyang'anira pambuyo pa msika, certification ndi zovomerezeka zitha kulimbikitsa madipatimenti a boma kusintha ntchito zawo, ndikuchepetsa kulowererapo kwachindunji pamsika kudzera pakuwongolera kosalunjika ndi gulu lachitatu. Mu ulalo wakale wopezera msika, madipatimenti aboma akhazikitsa kasamalidwe ka mwayi wopezeka m'magawo okhudza thanzi la munthu ndi chitetezo ndi chitetezo cha anthu pogwiritsa ntchito ziphaso zovomerezeka, zofunikira za kuthekera ndi njira zina; Poyang'anira msika wapambuyo pa msika, ma dipatimenti aboma akuyenera kuwonetsa ubwino wa mabungwe omwe ali mgulu lachitatu poyang'anira msika, ndi kutenga zotsatira za satifiketi za chipani chachitatu monga maziko oyang'anira kuti awonetsetse kuti sayansi ndi kuyang'aniridwa mwachilungamo. Pankhani yopereka mwayi wopereka ziphaso ndi kuvomereza, akuluakulu oyang'anira sayenera kuyang'ana kwambiri kuyang'anira mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono ndi zinthu zambiri, koma ayang'anire kuyang'anira kuchuluka kwa ziphaso ndi kuvomerezeka. , mabungwe oyendera ndi kuyesa, mothandizidwa ndi mabungwewa kuti apereke zofunikira zamabizinesi, kuti akwaniritse zotsatira za "kusintha kulemera kwa awiri zinayi”. Kulimbikitsa ntchito yomanga umphumphu m'magulu onse a anthu ndikupanga malo abwino amsika, madipatimenti aboma atha kutenga zidziwitso zamabizinesi ndi zinthu zawo ndi ntchito zawo ngati maziko ofunikira pakuwunika kwa kukhulupirika ndi kasamalidwe ka ngongole, kukonza njira yodalirika ya msika, ndi kukhathamiritsa malo opezera msika, malo ampikisano komanso malo ogwiritsira ntchito. Pankhani yokhathamiritsa malo opezera msika, onetsetsani kuti mabizinesi ndi zinthu zawo ndi ntchito zomwe zimalowa pamsika zikukwaniritsa zofunikira pamiyezo ndi malamulo ndi malamulo pogwiritsa ntchito ziphaso ndi kuzindikira, ndikuchita nawo gawo lowongolera magwero ndi kuyeretsa msika; Pankhani yakukhathamiritsa malo ampikisano amsika, kutsimikizira ndi kuvomerezeka kumapereka msika chidziwitso chodziyimira pawokha, chopanda tsankho, chaukadaulo komanso chodalirika, kumapewa kusagwirizana kwazinthu zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi chidziwitso cha asymmetry, kumapanga malo ampikisano owoneka bwino komanso owonekera, ndipo amatenga nawo gawo pakukhazikitsa msika. kuwongolera ndi kutsogolera kupulumuka kwa omwe ali oyenera pamsika; Pankhani yakukhathamiritsa malo ogwiritsira ntchito msika, ntchito yachindunji yotsimikizira ndi kuzindikira ndikuwongolera kadyedwe, kuthandiza ogula kuzindikira zabwino ndi zoyipa, kupewa kuphwanyidwa ndi zinthu zosayenera, ndikuwongolera mabizinesi kuti azigwira ntchito mwachikhulupiriro, kukonza zinthu ndi ntchito, ndikugwira nawo ntchito yoteteza ufulu wa ogula komanso kukweza zinthu zabwino za ogula. The WTO Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) ikuwona kuwunika kogwirizana ngati njira yaukadaulo yamalonda yomwe mamembala onse amagwiritsa ntchito, ikufuna kuti mbali zonse ziwonetsetse kuti kuwunika kogwirizana sikubweretsa zopinga zosafunikira pamalonda, komanso kulimbikitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa kuvomereza kovomerezeka padziko lonse lapansi. njira zowunika. China italowa mu WTO, idalonjeza kugwirizanitsa njira zowunikira msika ndikupereka chithandizo chadziko kumabizinesi am'nyumba ndi akunja. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa kutsimikizika kovomerezeka ndi kuvomerezeka padziko lonse lapansi kumatha kupewa kusagwirizana ndi kubwereza kwa kuyang'anira mkati ndi kunja, kukonza bwino komanso kuwonekera kwa kuyang'anira msika, kuthandizira kupanga malo abizinesi apadziko lonse lapansi, ndikupereka mikhalidwe yabwino kuti chuma cha China "chituluke" ndi " bweretsani”. Ndi kufulumira kwa ntchito yomanga "Belt ndi Road" ndi Free Trade Zone, udindo wa certification ndi kuvomerezeka wawonekera kwambiri. Mu Masomphenya ndi Ntchito Yolimbikitsa Kumanga Pamodzi kwa Silk Road Economic Belt ndi 21st Century Maritime Silk Road yoperekedwa ndi China, kutsimikizira ndi kuvomereza kumawonedwa ngati gawo lofunikira polimbikitsa malonda osalala ndi kulumikizana kwa malamulo. M'zaka zaposachedwa, China ndi ASEAN, New Zealand, South Korea ndi mayiko ena apanga makonzedwe ovomerezana pakutsimikizira ndi kuvomerezeka.
Nthawi yotumiza: Mar-16-2023