Plastike ni resinike yubukorikori, ikozwe muri peteroli kandi yashimiwe nk "kimwe mubintu byavumbuwe n'abantu mu kinyejana cya 20". Gukoresha cyane iki "gihangano gikomeye" byazanye abantu cyane, ariko guta plastiki yimyanda byabaye ikibazo cyamahwa kubantu bose. Nk’uko imibare ibigaragaza, 9% gusa muri toni zirenga miliyari 10 z’imyanda ya plastiki yakozwe ku isi kuva mu myaka ya za 1950 irashobora gukoreshwa. Dufashe nk'ipaki ya pulasitike nk'urugero, niba nta mbogamizi zashyizweho, uburemere bw'imyanda ya pulasitike mu nyanja izarenza iy'amafi mu 2050, ubaze ukurikije imyanda iriho ubu. Ubukungu busubirwamo bwa plastike ninzira yingenzi yo kugera ku mpinga ya karubone no kutabogama kwa karubone, kandi nubusobanuro bwibanze bwo kwihutisha ihinduka ryicyatsi cyiterambere ryiterambere, kwihutisha iyubakwa rya sisitemu yo gutunganya imyanda, no guteza imbere ibidukikije, kuzigama no kwibanda cyane, icyatsi nicyatsi -iterambere rya karubone ryasabwe muri raporo ya Kongere ya 20 ya CPC. Iyi ngingo iragufasha gusobanukirwa nuburyo bwibanze bwimyanda itunganyirizwa mu gihugu ndetse no hanze yarwo.
Akamaro ko kwihutisha iyubakwa rya sisitemu yo gutunganya imyanda
Kunoza inyungu zubukungu
Dukurikije igereranya ry’ibidukikije ryita kuri gahunda y’umuryango w’abibumbye ishinzwe ibidukikije, ikiguzi cy’ibidukikije cy’umuzenguruko udakoreshwa neza mu gupakira plastike ku isi ni hafi miliyari 40 z'amadolari, kandi hafi 95% by'agaciro k'ibikoresho bipfunyika bya pulasitike biba impfabusa kubera gukoresha inshuro imwe, bizatera igihombo cyubukungu butaziguye miliyari 80 kugeza kuri miliyari 120 buri mwaka.
2. Kugabanya umwanda wera
Guhumanya imyanda ya plastike ntabwo yangiza ibidukikije gusa, ahubwo byangiza ubuzima bwabantu ninyamaswa. Ubushakashatsi buheruka kwerekana bwerekana ko ibice bya pulasitike biboneka mu mitsi yamaraso yabantu no mu mitsi y’abagore batwite. Raporo yashyizwe ahagaragara n'ikigega mpuzamahanga cyita ku bidukikije mu mwaka wa 2019, abantu basanzwe ku isi barya garama 5 za plastiki buri cyumweru, ibyo bikaba bihwanye n'uburemere bw'ikarita y'inguzanyo.
3. Kugabanya umwanda uhumanya ikirere
Imyuka ya karubone yubuzima bwose bwa toni 1 yimyanda ya plastiki kuva umusaruro kugeza gutwikwa bwa nyuma ni toni 6.8, imyuka yose ya karubone ya buri cyiciro cyumuzenguruko wumubiri wa plastiki ni toni 2.9, naho kugabanuka kwa karubone kugabanije kumubiri. ukwezi ni toni 3.9; Umwuka wa karuboni yose kuri buri murongo wa chimique ni toni 5.2, naho kugabanya karubone ni toni 1,6.
4. Kuzigama umutungo wa peteroli
Hamwe n’iterambere rikomeje ry’ikoranabuhanga rikoreshwa mu kongera umusaruro, biteganijwe ko igipimo cy’ibicuruzwa cya plastiki kiziyongera kiva kuri 30% kigere kuri 60% mu 2060, kizigama toni miliyoni 200 z’umutungo wa peteroli, kizagira ingaruka zikomeye ku buryo bwo gutunganya inganda.
5. Kunoza ubushobozi bwo guhatanira imishinga
Umusoro wapakira EU hamwe numusoro wumupaka wa karubone uzatangwa vuba. Biteganijwe ko umubare w’ibicuruzwa bya pulasitike byakwa mu Bushinwa bizagera kuri miliyari 70 mu 2030, mu gihe inyungu z’inganda zikora resin mu Bushinwa biteganijwe ko zizaba miliyari 96 mu mwaka wa 2030, kandi ubukana bw’imisoro buzagera kuri 3/4. Nyamara, niba ibigo byongeyeho igice runaka cyibikoresho bitunganyirizwa mu bicuruzwa bya pulasitike, bizashoboka kugabanya cyangwa no gusonerwa imisoro, bityo bizamura irushanwa n’ingaruka z’ibigo.
Gutunganya imyanda ya plastike mu Bushinwa
Ubushinwa nicyo gihugu kinini ku isi gikora plastiki, gikoreshwa kandi cyohereza ibicuruzwa hanze. Mu myaka yashize, hamwe n’iterambere ry’imibereho ry’abantu, umusaruro wa plastiki w’imyanda nawo wiyongereye uko umwaka utashye. Mu 2021, plastiki zizaba 12% by'imyanda ikomeye y'Ubushinwa. Muri icyo gihe, uko abantu bumva ko kurengera ibidukikije bigenda byiyongera buhoro buhoro, igipimo cy’ibicuruzwa bitunganyirizwa mu mashanyarazi nacyo cyiyongereye gahoro gahoro. Raporo ya OECD 2020 ivuga ko biteganijwe ko igipimo cyo gutunganya imyanda ya plastiki mu buzima bwose kiziyongera kiva kuri 8% muri 2019 kigere kuri 14% muri 2060.
Ibihangange byinshi bibumbiye mubijyanye no gutunganya imiti ya plastiki
Nexus: Hateganijwe kugira byibuze inganda 12 nini mu myaka itanu yo gutunganya imyanda ya firime ituruka ahantu hatandukanye hakoreshejwe imiti.
BASF: BASF yashoye miliyoni 20 z'amayero muri Quantafuel, isosiyete yo muri Noruveje, kugira ngo irusheho guteza imbere no kunoza gahunda yo gukoresha imyanda ivanze ya pulasitike mu gukora amavuta ya pyrolysis.
SABIC: Ubufatanye bw'amashyaka menshi bugamije kongera umusaruro wa polimeri yemewe ya cyclicale yakuwe muri plastiki y’imyanda no kugira uruhare mu mushinga wo kugarura imiti ya plastike yo mu nyanja.
Ingufu zose: zasinyanye amasezerano yigihe kirekire yubucuruzi nitsinda ry’ibidukikije rya Vanheede gutanga ibikoresho by’ibanze nyuma y’ibicuruzwa (PCR)
ExxonMobil: Nyuma yo kwagura uruganda muri Texas, ruzaba kimwe mu bigo binini byo gutunganya imyanda ya pulasitike muri Amerika y'Amajyaruguru.
Mura: Tekinoroji yihariye HydroPRS irashobora kwirinda gukora "karubone" kandi ikabyara umusaruro mwinshi wa hydrocarubone.
Dow: Irashaka cyane gushiraho abafatanyabikorwa mu bucuruzi n’abakiriya kugirango bagure igipimo cy’ikoranabuhanga ryo kugarura imiti vuba bishoboka.
Braskem (uruganda runini rwa polyolefin muri Amerika): Byemejwe ko umusaruro wumuhuza wagaciro nka aromatics na monomers ari mwinshi.
Impuguke
Inzira ya plastike itezimbere icyatsi kibisi cyiterambere
Fu Xiangsheng, Visi Perezida wa Federasiyo y’inganda n’inganda n’inganda
Kuva yavuka, plastike yagize uruhare runini mu iterambere ry’abantu, cyane cyane mu gusimbuza ibyuma n’ibiti, kubungabunga ingufu no kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya. Ariko ubu, bimaze kuba ubwumvikane bwisi yose kurwanya umwanda wa plastike. Ubukungu bwa plastike butunganya umusaruro ningamba zingenzi zo kugabanya umwanda w’ibidukikije.
Ubukungu bwa plastiki butunganya ibicuruzwa bugabanijwemo uruziga rwumubiri na cycle yimiti. Gutunganya umubiri ni inzira ifatika yo gutunganya imyanda ya plastike muri casade. Gutunganya imiti irashobora gutahura agaciro gakomeye ko gukoresha imyanda ya plastiki, kandi ibigo byinshi murugo ndetse no mumahanga byageze kubikorwa byingenzi.
Bamwe bakoresha uburyo bwa depolymerisation cyangwa kubora kugirango bagabanye plastike yimyanda kuri monomers hanyuma bongere polymerize kugirango bamenye inzinguzingo yimiti. Byumvikane ko DuPont na Huntsman ba mbere mumyaka yashize bamenyereye "tekinoroji ya methanol decomposition" kugirango babore amacupa y’ibinyobwa ya polyester (PET) muri methyl terephthalate na monyle ya Ethylene glycol, hanyuma bongera guhuza sinte nshya ya PET, babona ko ifunze- Inzira ya chimique cycle.
Ibindi ni gazi ya plastike yimyanda muri syngas cyangwa pyrolysis mubicuruzwa byamavuta, kongera guhuza imiti na polymers. Kurugero, BASF irimo gutegura uburyo bwo kumena amashyuza ihindura imyanda ya plastike muri syngas cyangwa ibikomoka kuri peteroli, kandi ikoresha ibikoresho fatizo kugirango ikore imiti itandukanye cyangwa polymers mu kigo cya Ludwigshafen, hamwe nubwiza bugera ku cyiciro cyibiribwa; Eastman amenya kugarura imiti yuruhererekane rwimyanda ya pulasitike ikoresheje tekinoroji ya polyester, ishobora kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere 20% ~ 30% ugereranije nibikorwa gakondo; Biteganijwe ko umushinga uzashyirwa mu bikorwa muri Nzeri 2023 ukoresheje gazi ya gazi isukamo amazi kugira ngo uhumeke imyanda ya pulasitike ifite isuku nke kandi ntibyoroshye gutunganya no gutanga methanol iva muri syngas zabonetse. Ubu buryo burashobora kugabanya byimazeyo imyuka ihumanya ikirere ya toni 100000 kuri toni 60000 ya plastiki yimyanda. Ishuri Rikuru ry’Ubumenyi bw’Ubushinwa, Ubumenyi bw’ikirere n’inganda n’indi mishinga na byo byageze ku cyiciro cya kabiri mu gutunganya plastiki.
Inzira ya chimique ntabwo ari ikibazo kitoroshye ukurikije tekiniki, kubera ko imiti myinshi yimiti ishobora guhinduka: irashobora kubora niba ishobora guhurizwa hamwe, kandi irashobora guteshwa agaciro niba ishobora kuba polimerize. Kugeza ubu, imbogamizi nini ni ubukungu. Ni ikiguzi nigiciro. Kubwibyo, ibisubizo bya tekiniki byonyine ntibihagije, ariko kandi bikeneye guteza imbere politiki, kimwe nubwumvikane bwabantu nibikorwa byisi.
Kwihutisha ikoreshwa no kumenyekanisha tekinoroji yo kugarura imiti
Li Mingfeng, Perezida w'ikigo cy'ubushakashatsi cya Sinopec cya peteroli n'ikoranabuhanga
Gutunganya imiti yimyanda ya plastike izwi nkuburyo bwa karubone nkeya, isukuye kandi irambye yo gutunganya ibicuruzwa mu gihugu ndetse no hanze yarwo. Mu myaka yashize, ibihangange mpuzamahanga by’imiti byihutishije imiterere yabyo mu bijyanye no gutunganya plastiki. LG, Arabiya Sawudite Y’inganda, BP n’indi mishinga izwi ku rwego mpuzamahanga bakoze ubushakashatsi ku bijyanye no gutunganya plastiki. Muri byo, kugarura imiti ni ngombwa cyane. Kubera ko imiti igarura imiti ikoreshwa kuri plastiki ivanze irimo ibintu byinshi byanduye kandi ntibishobora kugarurwa ku mubiri, bifatwa nkicyerekezo kizaza cyiterambere rya tekiniki n'inganda. Kugeza ubu, 12% byonyine bya plastiki y’imyanda mu Bushinwa byongera gukoreshwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bw’umubiri, kandi nta buryo bw’imiti buhari, bityo haracyari umwanya munini w’iterambere.
Gutezimbere kugarura imiti byanze bikunze bizashyigikirwa nikoranabuhanga. Imyanda ya plastike pyrolysis nubuhanga bwibanze tekinoroji inganda zose zizakoresha. Nyamara, iterambere ryimyanda ya plastike pyrolysis iragoye cyane, kubera ko hari ubwoko burenga 200 bwibikoresho fatizo bya plastike birimo, harimo plastiki rusange, plastiki zidasanzwe hamwe n’ubuhanga bw’ubuhanga, ibyo bigatuma ibisabwa bya tekiniki by’inganda zitandukanye zitunganya inganda n’imiti bigoye cyane. Kugeza ubu, nubwo ikoranabuhanga ryo kugarura imiti ya plastiki y’imyanda mu Bushinwa ryageze ku iterambere ryihuse, riracyari mu rwego rwo kwaguka kuva ku rugero ruto kugeza ku cyerekezo cy’indege cyangwa inganda. Kumenyekanisha byihuse iterambere ryikoranabuhanga bisaba ubushakashatsi bwikoranabuhanga niterambere ndetse nubufatanye bwagutse.
Mu 2021, iyobowe n’ishuri rikuru ry’ubumenyi bwa peteroli, ibice 11, birimo isosiyete ikora ibijyanye n’ubwubatsi, Yanshan Petrochemical, Yangzi Petrochemical, Maoming Petrochemical, Maoming Petrochemical, China Academy of Science Science, Beijing Institute of Petrole and Technology Technology, kaminuza ya Tongji, Zhejiang Yangtze River Ikigo cya Delta Institute of Circular Economy and Technology, cyasabye "Ikigo Cy’inganda gishinzwe guhanga udushya mu gutunganya imiti y’imyanda y’imyanda" yo muri federasiyo ya peteroli kandi yatsindiye uruhushya. Mu ntambwe ikurikiraho, CAS izashingira ku kigo kugira ngo ikore inganda-za kaminuza-ubushakashatsi bufatanyije guhanga udushya, duharanira gushyiraho ubushakashatsi n’iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga rikoresha agaciro gakomeye ko gukoresha imyanda ya plastiki ikwiranye n’ubwoko butandukanye bwa plastiki n’amasoko atandukanye, itezimbere imyanda ya plastiki yerekana icyerekezo cyo guhindura, gukora iterambere no gukora ubushakashatsi mubikorwa byinganda zuburyo bushya bwo gutunganya imiti yimyanda hamwe nuburyo butandukanye bwo guhuza ikoranabuhanga, kandi bigatuma tekinoloji y’imyanda ikoreshwa mu gutunganya imyanda igera ku rwego mpuzamahanga.
Kora imyanda ya plastiki isubirwamo
Guo Zifang, Visi Perezida w'Ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi ku miti ya Sinopec Beijing
Kugirango dufashe kugera ku ntego ya “karuboni ebyiri”, twakoraga cyane kuri “recyclable and useable”, kandi twahinze cyane mubijyanye no gutunganya polymer.
Kubijyanye na "recyclable", ibyinshi mubipakira plastike kumasoko nibice byinshi. Iyi plastike ntabwo ari polyolefine gusa, ahubwo ibice bitandukanye byongera ingorane nyinshi mugutunganya. Kugirango ugere kuri "recyclable", intambwe yingenzi cyane ni uguhitamo ibikoresho bimwe bibisi kugirango ubyare ibikoresho bipfunyika, BOPE (biaxial tensile polyethylene) ni uhagarariye. Iyi miterere yububiko bumwe igereranwa nuburyo gakondo bwo gupakira ibikoresho byinshi bitandukanye, Birafasha cyane gutunganya plastike.
Kubijyanye na "ikoreshwa", kugarura umubiri no kugarura imiti ninzira ebyiri nyamukuru zo gutunganya imyanda ya plastiki. Buri gihe dukurikiza ihame ryo "kugendera kumaguru abiri" no guteza imbere inzira zitandukanye za tekiniki kugirango tumenye neza ko ibikoresho byakoreshejwe neza. Ku bijyanye no gukira ku mubiri, twafatanije na za kaminuza n’ibigo bizwi cyane mu gihugu kugira ngo dukemure ibibazo by’ingenzi mu rwego rwo gutunganya no kongera gukoresha firime ya pulasitiki ikoreshwa neza, ikoranabuhanga rya kabiri ryo kugarura amamodoka, kandi twageze ku bisubizo byambere. Mu rwego rwo kugarura imiti, twateje imbere ubwigenge bwa tekinoroji ya microwave plasma pyrolysis, dukoresha imyanda polymer nkibikoresho fatizo byo guturika, kandi umusaruro wa triethylene uhwanye na gakondo ya naphtha yamenetse. Muri icyo gihe, twihutishije imirimo y’ubushakashatsi n’iterambere mu rwego rwo guturika kwa catalitiki, kandi twibanze ku kugera ku buryo bunoze bwo gutunganya imiti y’imyanda itandukanye. Twateje imbere kandi ibyiciro byinshi, bishobora kwinjizwa muri plastiki itunganijwe neza kugirango tunoze ubushobozi bwo guhuza za polymers zitandukanye, gukora ibikoresho bifite imikorere ihamye kandi ihamye, kandi biteganijwe ko bizashoboka ko bitazongera kwangirika kwa plastiki ya Hybrid, ishobora gukoreshwa mubikoresho byo murugo, ubwubatsi, ubwikorezi nizindi nzego.
Gutunganya no gukoresha imyanda polymer nigice cyingenzi cyinganda za polymer mugushiraho no kunoza gahunda yubukungu bwicyatsi kibisi cya karubone. Mu bihe biri imbere, Ishuri rikuru ry’ikoranabuhanga ry’imiti rya Beijing rizakomeza kwibanda ku iterambere, gushyira mu bikorwa, gutunganya no gutunganya ibikoresho bishya, imirimo yo kunoza imikorere n’ubuziranenge bw’imyororokere y’umubiri, guteza imbere ubushakashatsi n’iterambere ndetse n’inganda zikoreshwa mu buhanga bushya bwo gutunganya imiti, fasha kubaka icyitegererezo gishya cyubukungu bwa plastiki, kandi wubake icyatsi kibisi gifunze-urwego rwinganda.
Komeza utezimbere icyatsi kandi cyangiza ibidukikije ibikoresho byangirika
Li Renhai, umuyobozi w’umusaruro w’umutekano wa Yizheng Chemical Fiber Company akaba n’umuyobozi w’itsinda ry’ubushakashatsi n’iterambere ry’umushinga w’ibinyabuzima bishobora kwangirika
Kugeza ubu, iterambere rya plastiki yibinyabuzima iracyafite ibibazo byinshi. Vuba aha, Raporo y’ubushakashatsi ku isuzuma ry’ingaruka ku bidukikije no gushyigikira politiki ya Plastiki yangirika, yakozwe ku bushakashatsi bwakozwe na Sinopec na kaminuza ya Tsinghua, yashyizwe ahagaragara ku mugaragaro. Binyuze mu iperereza n’isesengura rirambuye, raporo y’ubushakashatsi yatanze ku nshuro ya mbere sisitemu yo gusuzuma isuzuma rya plastiki yangirika hamwe no kwangirika nk’ibanze ugereranije na plastiki gakondo, inasesengura inzira ishoboka yo gukoresha plastiki yangirika bivuye mu mibereho n'ubukungu. Twizera ko iyi raporo y’ubushakashatsi ari igitekerezo kiyobora mu iterambere ryiza ry’inganda zangiza ibinyabuzima. Raporo y’ubushakashatsi ishyira ahagaragara ibibazo nkivuguruzanya ry’imiterere mu ikoreshwa ry’ibicuruzwa bya pulasitiki bishobora kwangirika ndetse n’imikoreshereze mibi yo gukoresha ibicuruzwa bya pulasitiki bishobora kwangirika mu rwego rw’ubuzima rusange.
Sinopec ninganda nini nini ya sintetike ikora resin. Iteka ishyigikira iterambere ryicyatsi kandi iha agaciro ubushakashatsi, iterambere no gushyira mubikorwa bya plastiki yangirika. Numushinga wambere wabanyamuryango mubushinwa bwa Mainland. Yizheng Chemical Fibre ikomeje gukora ubushakashatsi no guteza imbere urukurikirane rwicyatsi kibisi, cyangiza ibidukikije, cyongera gukoreshwa, cyongera gukoreshwa kandi cyangirika hifashishijwe ibikoresho bya polymer hamwe nubushakashatsi, gushimangira ubushakashatsi bwa tekiniki, kuzamura ubushobozi bwumusaruro, no guharanira kwagura firime yubuhinzi nandi masoko, kugera kuri byinshi ubuziranenge kandi bunoze bwiterambere rirambye, kandi ukomeze kongera imbaraga mubikorwa byinganda za Sinopec yibintu byibinyabuzima bishobora kwangirika, "Ecorigin", Byongeye kandi guteza imbere gusimbuka ibikoresho byangiza ibinyabuzima biva "kubicuruzwa" bikagera kuri "bisanzwe" no kuva "kubicuruzwa" bikagera kuri "ikirango", hanyuma ukore ikarita nshya yubucuruzi kandi isukuye ya Sinopec.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Werurwe-08-2023