Nkibicuruzwa bidasanzwe, gukoresha amavuta yo kwisiga bitandukanye nibicuruzwa bisanzwe. Ifite ingaruka zikomeye. Abaguzi bitondera cyane ishusho yabakora amavuta yo kwisiga hamwe nubwiza bwibintu byo kwisiga. By'umwihariko, ubuziranenge bwibintu byo kwisiga ntibishobora gutandukana numutekano wibicuruzwa (kugirango umutekano wogukoresha igihe kirekire), gutuza (kugirango uhamye igihe kirekire), ningirakamaro (kugirango bifashe kugumana imikorere isanzwe yumubiri wuruhu n'ingaruka zikayangana) hamwe no gukoreshwa (byoroshye gukoresha, birashimishije gukoresha), ndetse nibyifuzo byabaguzi. Muri byo, umutekano n’umutekano byingenzi bigomba kwemezwa hifashishijwe inyigisho nuburyo bwa mikorobe n’ibinyabuzima.
Amategeko yo kugenzura amavuta yo kwisiga
1.Ijambo ryibanze
(1)Ibikoresho byo kugenzura.Yerekeza ku bintu bigomba kugenzurwa kuri buri cyiciro cyibicuruzwa, harimo ibipimo byumubiri nubumara, ibipimo byerekana ibyiyumvo, umubare wa bagiteri zose mubipimo byisuku, ibipimo byuburemere nibisabwa.
(2) Ibintu byo kugenzura bidasanzwe. Yerekeza ku bintu bitagenzuwe mu cyiciro, nk'ibintu bitari umubare rusange wa bagiteri mu bipimo by'isuku.
(3) Koresha neza. Yerekeza ku guhitamo uburyo bwo kuvana ibicuruzwa bitujuje ubuziranenge mubice byose byo kwisiga bitarinze kwangiza ibicuruzwa.
(4) Icyitegererezo. Yerekeza kuri sample yose yubunini bwa buri cyiciro.
(5) Igicuruzwa. Yerekeza ku gice kimwe cyo kwisiga, hamwe n'amacupa, inkoni, imifuka nagasanduku nkibice bibara.
2.Icyiciro cyo kugenzura
(1) Kugenzura itangwa
Mbere yuko ibicuruzwa biva mu ruganda, ishami rishinzwe ubugenzuzi ry’uruganda ruzabigenzura buri cyiciro hakurikijwe ibipimo ngenderwaho. Gusa ibicuruzwa byujuje ubuziranenge birashobora koherezwa hanze. Buri cyiciro cyibicuruzwa byoherejwe bigomba guherekezwa nicyemezo cyo guhuza. Uwatumiwe arashobora kugabanya icyiciro cyo gutanga mubice kandi agakora igenzura akurikije amabwiriza asanzwe. Ibikoresho byo kugenzura ibintu ni ibintu bisanzwe bigenzurwa.
(2)Andika ubugenzuzi
Mubisanzwe, bitarenze rimwe mumwaka. Ubwoko bwigenzura nabwo bugomba gukorwa mubihe byose bikurikira.
1) Iyo hari impinduka nini mubikoresho fatizo, inzira, hamwe na formula zishobora kugira ingaruka kubikorwa.
2) Iyo ibicuruzwa bisubukuye umusaruro nyuma yo guhagarikwa igihe kirekire (amezi arenga 6).
3) Iyo ibisubizo byubugenzuzi bwuruganda bitandukanye cyane nubugenzuzi bwanyuma.
4) Iyo ikigo cyigihugu gishinzwe kugenzura ubuziranenge gitanze ibisabwa byubwoko bugenzurwa.
Ubwoko bwubugenzuzi burimo ibintu bisanzwe byo kugenzura nibintu bidasanzwe byo kugenzura.
3.Icyitegererezo
Ibicuruzwa bifite gahunda imwe yuburyo butandukanye, ubwoko, n'amatariki yo kubyaza umusaruro bifatwa nkicyiciro kimwe. Uwatumiwe ashobora kandi gutanga ibicuruzwa mugice kimwe.
(1) Icyitegererezo cyo kugenzura
Gutoranya ibintu byo kugenzura ibintu bipfunyika bigomba gukorwa hakurikijwe gahunda ya kabiri yo gutoranya GB / T 2828.1-2003. Muri byo, urwego rwo kugenzura ibyiciro bitujuje ibyangombwa (inenge) urwego rwo kugenzura ibyiciro (II) nu rwego rwujuje ubuziranenge (AQL: 2.5 / 10.0) bigaragara mu mbonerahamwe ya 8-1.
Ibintu byangiza ibizamini byapimwe bikurikije icyitegererezo cya GB / T 2828.1-2003 icyiciro cya kabiri cyicyitegererezo, aho IL = S-3 na AQL = 4.0.
Ibiri mu gupakira ibintu byo kugenzura bigaragara mu mbonerahamwe.
Icyitonderwa: ① Uyu mushinga ni ikizamini cyangiza.
Icyitegererezo cyo kugenzura ibyiyumvo, ibyumubiri nubumara nibipimo byisuku. Ingero zijyanye nazo zatoranijwe ku bushake ukurikije ibintu byo kugenzura kugira ngo hagenzurwe ibipimo bitandukanye byerekana ibyiyumvo, umubiri na shimi n'ibipimo by'isuku.
Kugenzura ibipimo ngenderwaho (ubushobozi), hitamo hitamo ingero 10 zingero hanyuma upime agaciro kagereranijwe ukurikije uburyo bwo gupima ibicuruzwa bisanzwe.
(2) Andika icyitegererezo
Ibintu bisanzwe bigenzurwa muburyo bwigenzura bishingiye kubisubizo byubugenzuzi, kandi icyitegererezo ntikizongera.
Kubintu bidasanzwe byubugenzuzi bwubwoko bwubugenzuzi, ibice 2 kugeza kuri 3 byintangarugero birashobora gukurwa mubice byose byibicuruzwa hanyuma bikagenzurwa hakurikijwe uburyo bwerekanwe mubipimo byibicuruzwa.
4.Amategeko yo gufata icyemezo
(1) Kugenzura no gutanga amategeko
Iyo ibipimo by'isuku bitujuje ubuziranenge, icyiciro cy'ibicuruzwa kizafatwa nk'ujuje ibisabwa kandi ntigishobora kuva mu ruganda.
Iyo kimwe mu bipimo byerekana, umubiri na chimique bitujuje ubuziranenge bwibicuruzwa, ibipimo ngenderwaho biremewe kongera kugenzurwa, kandi ababitanze nibisabwa bafatanyiriza hamwe. Niba bitarujuje ibyangombwa, icyiciro cyibicuruzwa kizafatwa nkicyujuje ibisabwa kandi ntigishobora kuva mu ruganda.
Iyo ubuziranenge (ubushobozi) butujuje ubuziranenge bwibicuruzwa, byongeye kugenzurwa kabiri. Niba bikomeje kunanirwa, icyiciro cyibicuruzwa kizafatwa nkicyiciro cyatsinzwe.
(2) Andika amategeko yo kugenzura
Amategeko yo guca imanza zisanzwe zigenzurwa mubwoko bumwe nizo kugenzura ubugenzuzi.
Niba kimwe mubintu bidasanzwe byubugenzuzi mubugenzuzi bwubwoko butujuje ubuziranenge bwibicuruzwa, icyiciro cyose cyibicuruzwa bizasuzumwa ko bitujuje ibisabwa.
(3) Igenzura ry'ubukemurampaka
Iyo havutse impaka hagati y’ibicuruzwa n’ibisabwa ku bijyanye n’ibicuruzwa, impande zombi zigomba gufatanya kugenzura icyitegererezo hakurikijwe aya mahame, cyangwa guha ikigo cy’ubugenzuzi cyiza kugira ngo gikore ubugenzuzi.
5.hindura amategeko
(1) Keretse niba byavuzwe ukundi, ubugenzuzi busanzwe bugomba gukoreshwa mugitangira ubugenzuzi.
(2) Kuva mubugenzuzi busanzwe kugeza ubugenzuzi bukomeye. Mugihe cyubugenzuzi busanzwe, niba ibyiciro 2 kuri 5 bikurikiranye byananiranye ubugenzuzi bwambere (usibye ibyiciro byatanzwe kugirango bigenzurwe), icyiciro gikurikira kizimurirwa mubugenzuzi bukomeye.
(3) Kuva ubugenzuzi bukomeye kugeza ubugenzuzi busanzwe. Iyo ubugenzuzi bukomeye bukozwe, niba ibyiciro 5 bikurikiranye byatsinze igenzura ryambere (usibye kongera gutanga ibyiciro byubugenzuzi), ubugenzuzi bwicyiciro gikurikira buzoherezwa mubugenzuzi busanzwe.
6.Reba guhagarara hanyuma ukomeze
Nyuma yubugenzuzi bukomeye butangiye, niba umubare wibyiciro bitujuje ibyangombwa (usibye ibyiciro byatanzwe kugirango bigenzurwe byongeye) byegeranijwe kugeza kuri 5, kugenzura ibicuruzwa bizahagarikwa by'agateganyo.
Igenzura rimaze guhagarikwa, iyo uwabikoze afashe ingamba kugirango ibyiciro byatanzwe kugirango bigenzurwe byujuje cyangwa birenze ibisabwa bisanzwe, ubugenzuzi bushobora gusubukurwa byemejwe n’ubuyobozi bubifitiye ububasha. Mubisanzwe bitangirana no kugenzura gukomeye.
7.Kwirukana nyuma yo kugenzurwa
Kubyiza (ubushobozi) ibyiciro bitujuje ibyangombwa hamwe nicyiciro B ibyiciro bitujuje ibyangombwa, uwabikoze yemerewe kubitanga kugirango bigenzurwe nyuma yubuvuzi bukwiye. Ongera utange igenzura ukurikije gahunda yo gutoranya.
Kubyiciro C byujuje ibyangombwa, uwabikoze azongera kubitanga kugirango bigenzurwe nyuma yubuvuzi bukwiye, kandi bizasuzumwa hakurikijwe gahunda y’icyitegererezo cyangwa bizakemurwa binyuze mu mishyikirano hagati y’abatanga isoko.
Uburyo bwo kwisiga bwo kwisiga
1.Ikizamini cyo kurwanya ubushyuhe
Ikizamini cyo kurwanya ubushyuhe nikintu cyingenzi cyogupima amavuta, amavuta yo kwisiga hamwe nogusiga amavuta yo kwisiga, nkamavuta yo kwisiga, lipstick, amavuta yo kwisiga, kondereti, amavuta yo kwisiga, shampoo, gukaraba umubiri, koza mumaso, mousse, ibicuruzwa nka cream na balm basabwa kwipimisha ubushyuhe.
Kuberako isura yo kwisiga itandukanye iratandukanye, ibisabwa birwanya ubushyuhe nuburyo bwo gukora ibizamini byibicuruzwa bitandukanye biratandukanye. Nyamara, amahame shingiro yikizamini arasa, ni ukuvuga: banza uhindure incubator yubushyuhe bwamashanyarazi kuri (40 ± 1) ° C, hanyuma ufate ingero ebyiri, shyira imwe murimwe mumashanyarazi ahoraho ubushyuhe bwamasaha 24, fata hanze, hanyuma usubire mubushyuhe bwicyumba. Noneho gereranya nurundi rugero kugirango urebe niba rufite kunanuka, guhindura ibara, gusibanganya no gukomera kugirango umenye ubushyuhe bwibicuruzwa.
Ikizamini cyo kurwanya ubukonje
Kimwe n'ikizamini cyo kurwanya ubushyuhe, ikizamini cyo kurwanya ubukonje nacyo nikintu cyingenzi cyogupima amavuta, amavuta yo kwisiga hamwe nibicuruzwa byamazi.
Mu buryo nk'ubwo, kubera ko ubwoko butandukanye bwo kwisiga bugaragara butandukanye, ibisabwa byo kurwanya ubukonje hamwe nuburyo bwo gukora ibizamini byibicuruzwa bitandukanye biratandukanye gato. Nyamara, amahame shingiro yikizamini arasa, ni ukuvuga: banza uhindure firigo kuri (-5 ~ -15) ℃ ± 1 ℃, hanyuma ufate ingero ebyiri, shyira imwe muri firigo mumasaha 24, uyikuremo , no kugarura. Nyuma yubushyuhe bwicyumba, gereranya nurundi rugero kugirango urebe niba rufite ibinure, ibara, amabara, imbaraga hamwe nimpinduka zikomeye kugirango umenye ubukonje bwibicuruzwa.
3.Ikizamini cya Centrifuge
Ikizamini cya centrifugal nikizamini cyo kugerageza ubuzima bwamavuta yo kwisiga. Nuburyo bukenewe bwikizamini kugirango wihutishe ikizamini cyo gutandukana. Kurugero, isuku yo mumaso, amavuta yo kwisiga, amavuta yo kwisiga umusatsi, nibindi byose bigomba kuba centrifuged. Uburyo ni: shyira icyitegererezo muri centrifuge, gerageza ku muvuduko wa (2000 ~ 4000) r / min mu minota 30, hanyuma urebe gutandukanya no gutondekanya ibicuruzwa.
4.Ikizamini cyo gutuza amabara
Ikizamini gihamye cyibizamini ni ikizamini cyo kugenzura niba ibara ryamavuta yo kwisiga ahamye. Kubera ko ibigize nibintu byubwoko butandukanye bwo kwisiga bitandukanye, uburyo bwabo bwo kugenzura nabwo buratandukanye. Kurugero, ibara ryerekana ibara ryamavuta yo kwisiga ikoresha uburyo bwa ultraviolet irrasiyoya, kandi ikizamini cyamabara ya parufe namazi yubwiherero ikoresha uburyo bwo gushyushya ifuru yumye.
Uburyo rusange bwo kugenzura amavuta yo kwisiga
1. Kugena agaciro ka pH
Agaciro pH k'uruhu rw'umuntu muri rusange kari hagati ya 4.5 na 6.5, ni acide. Ibi biterwa nuko ubuso bwuruhu bugabanijwemo uruhu nu icyuya, kirimo ibintu bya acide nka acide lactique, aside amine yubusa, aside irike, na aside irike. Ukurikije imiterere ya physiologique yuruhu, amavuta yo kwisiga hamwe namavuta yo kwisiga agomba kugira agaciro ka pH kugirango ahuze ibikenewe bitandukanye. Kubwibyo, agaciro ka pH nigikorwa cyingenzi cyerekana kwisiga.
Gupima igice cy'icyitegererezo (cyuzuye kuri 0.1g), ongeramo ibice 10 by'amazi yatoboye inshuro nyinshi, ubyuke ubudahwema, ubushyuhe kugeza kuri 40 ° C kugirango ubishonge burundu, bikonje kugeza kuri (25 ± 1) ° C cyangwa ubushyuhe bwicyumba, hanyuma ushireho kuruhande.
Niba ari ibicuruzwa birimo amavuta menshi, birashobora gushyuha kugeza (70 ~ 80) and, hanyuma nyuma yo gukonjesha, kura amavuta kugirango ukoreshwe nyuma; ibicuruzwa byifu birashobora kugwa no kuyungurura kugirango bikoreshwe nyuma. Gupima agaciro ka pH ukurikije amabwiriza ya metero pH.
2. Kumenya ubwiza
Iyo amazi atemba yatewe nimbaraga zo hanze, kurwanya hagati ya molekile zayo bita viscosity (cyangwa viscosity). Viscosity ni ikintu cyingenzi cyumubiri cyamazi kandi nikimwe mubipimo byingenzi byerekana amavuta yo kwisiga. Ubusanzwe Viscosity ipimwa hamwe na viscometer izunguruka.
Cashmere ni cashmere nziza ikura kumuzi yimisatsi yihene. Kubera ko umurambararo wacyo woroshye kuruta ubwoya bw'intama, irashobora kugumana umwuka mwinshi utuje, bityo ikaba ifite imiterere myiza yubushyuhe bwumuriro kandi nintwaro yubumaji ihene kugirango ihangane nimbeho ikonje. Kandi kubera ko umunzani uri hejuru ya fibre ya cashmere unanutse kandi ugafatana cyane na fibre fibre, ibicuruzwa bya cashmere bifite urumuri rwiza, kumva neza ndetse nimpu nke ugereranije nibicuruzwa byubwoya. Iyo ihene isuka umusatsi buri mpeshyi, cashmere iboneka mugukata ibihimbano. Bisaba umusatsi w'ihene eshanu kuzunguruka 250g ya cashmere. Bitewe n'ubuke bwibisohoka, cashmere izwi kandi nka "zahabu yoroshye".
3. Gupima akajagari
Parufe, amazi yo mumutwe hamwe nibicuruzwa byo kwisiga cyangwa imvura idashobora gushonga itigeze itandukana rwose kubera igihe gihagije cyo gusaza gihagije, cyangwa bitewe nikintu kidakemuka mubyukuri nko kumena amase hamwe nibishashara byuzuye biri hejuru cyane, biroroshye gutera ibicuruzwa ihinduka ibicu, kandi igicu nikimwe mubibazo byingenzi bifite ireme hamwe no kwisiga. Guhindagurika bipimwa cyane cyane no kugenzura amashusho.
(1) Amahame shingiro
Gerageza kureba neza icyitegererezo muri ubwogero bwamazi cyangwa izindi firigo.
(2) Reagents
Ibibarafu cyangwa amazi ya barafu (cyangwa izindi firigo zikwiye 5 ° C munsi yubushyuhe bwapimwe)
(3) Intambwe zo gupima
Shira ice cubes cyangwa ice ice muri beaker, cyangwa izindi firigo zikwiye ziri munsi ya 5 ° C munsi yubushyuhe bwapimwe.
Fata ibice bibiri by'icyitegererezo hanyuma ubisuke mubice bibiri byumye byumye φ2cm × 13cm. Uburebure bw'icyitegererezo ni 1/3 cy'uburebure bw'igeragezwa. Shira umunwa wigitereko cyipimisha neza uhagarike ya termometero ikurikirana kugirango itara rya mercure ya termometero riherereye hagati yicyitegererezo.
Shira indi φ3cm × 15cm yipimisha hanze yikigeragezo kugirango umuyoboro wikizamini urimo icyitegererezo uri hagati yikibaho. Witondere kudakora ibibyimba byibizamini byombi bikora. Shira umuyoboro wikizamini muri beaker hamwe na firigo kugirango ukonje, kugirango ubushyuhe bwikitegererezo bugabanuke buhoro buhoro, hanyuma urebe niba icyitegererezo gisobanutse mugihe kigeze ku bushyuhe bwagenwe. Koresha urundi rugero nkigenzura mugihe witegereje. Subiramo ibipimo rimwe kandi ibisubizo byombi bigomba kuba bihuye.
(4) Kugaragaza ibisubizo
Ku bushyuhe bwagenwe, niba icyitegererezo kiracyasobanutse nkicyitegererezo cyambere, ibisubizo byikigereranyo birasobanutse kandi ntabwo ari bibi.
(5) Kwirinda
Method Ubu buryo bukwiranye no kumenya ububobere bwa parufe, amazi yo mu mutwe n'ibicuruzwa byo kwisiga.
Ingero zitandukanye zifite ubushyuhe butandukanye bwerekana ubushyuhe. Kurugero: parufe 5 ℃, amazi yubwiherero 10 ℃.
4.Kumenya ubucucike bugereranije
Ubucucike bugereranije bivuga ikigereranyo cyubwinshi bwikintu runaka nubunini bwamazi amwe. Nibikorwa byingenzi byerekana amavuta yo kwisiga.
5.Kumenya ibara rihamye
Ibara nigikorwa cyingenzi cyerekana amavuta yo kwisiga, kandi amabara ahamye nikimwe mubibazo byingenzi byubuziranenge. Uburyo nyamukuru bwo gupima ibara rihamye ni ubugenzuzi bugaragara.
(1) Amahame shingiro
Gereranya ibara ryahindutse ryicyitegererezo nyuma yo gushyushya ubushyuhe runaka.
(2) Intambwe zo gupima
Fata ibice bibiri by'icyitegererezo hanyuma ubisuke mubice bibiri bya φ2 × 13cm. Uburebure bw'icyitegererezo ni hafi 2/3 by'uburebure. Shyira hamwe na cork hanyuma ushireho kimwe murimwe mubushyuhe bwateganijwe bwa (48 ± 1) ℃. Mu gasanduku gahoraho k'ubushyuhe, fungura ahagarara nyuma yisaha 1, hanyuma ukomeze ucomeke, hanyuma ukomeze kubishyira mubisanduku bihoraho. Nyuma yamasaha 24, iyikuremo uyigereranye nurundi rugero. Ntabwo hagomba guhinduka ibara.
(3) Ibisubizo
Ku bushyuhe bwagenwe, niba icyitegererezo kigikomeza ibara ryumwimerere, ikizamini cyibisubizo byintangarugero nuko ibara rihamye kandi ntirisiga ibara.
6. Kumenya ibyingenzi muri parufe namazi yubwiherero
Impumuro nziza yo kwisiga impumuro nziza kandi izana ubwiza no guhumuriza kubakoresha. Amavuta yo kwisiga hafi ya yose akoresha impumuro nziza, impumuro nziza rero nimwe mubikoresho fatizo byo kwisiga. Uburyo bukoreshwa muburyo bwo kumenya impumuro nziza yo kwisiga nuburyo bwo gukuramo ether.
(1) Amahame shingiro
Ukoresheje ihame ryuko essence itumvikana muri diethyl ether, essence ikurwa murugero hamwe na diethyl ether, hanyuma ether ikurwaho hanyuma igapimwa kugirango ibone ibirimo.
(2) Reagents
TherIbindi, sodium sulfate ya anhydrous
Solution Igisubizo cya sodium ya chloride: Ongeramo ingano ingana y'amazi yatoboye kumyunyu ngugu ya sodium chloride.
(3) Intambwe zo gupima
Gupima neza (20 ~ 50) g by'icyitegererezo kigomba gupimwa (neza na 0.000 2 g) mumashanyarazi ya 1 L yerekana amapera, hanyuma ukongeramo 300 mL yumuti wa sodium chloride. Noneho shyiramo 70 mL ya diethyl ether, kunyeganyega, hanyuma ureke guhagarara kumurongo utandukanye. Kora byose hamwe bitatu. Shira ibice bitatu bya etil ether hamwe mumashanyarazi ya 1 L ameze nkama puwaro, ongeramo 200 mL yumuti wa sodium chloride, kunyeganyeza no gukaraba. , reka guhagarara kumurongo, guta sodium ya chloride ya sodium, kwimura ether ikuramo flask ya 500 mL ya Erlenmeyer yahagaritswe, ongeramo 5 g anhydrous sodium sulfate, kunyeganyega, yumye na dehidrate. Shungura igisubizo mumashanyarazi yumye kandi asukuye 300 mL, kwoza flask ya Erlenmeyer hamwe na ether nkeya, uhuze eluent muri beaker, hanyuma ushire inzoga mumazi ya 50 ° C kugirango uhumeke. Iyo igisubizo kimaze guhinduka kuri mL 20, ohereza igisubizo kuri beaker yabanje gupimwa 50 mL, komeza guhumeka kugeza ether ikuweho, shyira inzoga muri desiccator, vacuum hanyuma ugabanye umuvuduko kuri (6.67 × 10³) Pa, hanyuma ushire kuri 1 h, gupima.
(4) Kubara ibisubizo
Igice kinini w igice cya ether kibarwa ukurikije formula ikurikira.
w = (m1-m0) / m
Muri formula: m0 —— misa ya beaker, g;
m1 —— Ubwinshi bwa beaker na ether ikuramo, g;
m —— icyitegererezo cy'icyitegererezo, g.
(5) Kwirinda
Ubu buryo bukwiriye kwisiga nka parufe, cologne n'amazi yo mu musarani.
ErrorIkosa ryemewe ryibisubizo byikigereranyo ni 0.5%.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Mutarama-17-2024