Ni ubuhe buryo bwo kwemeza umutekano ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga bikeneye kunyura mu bindi bihugu? Ibi bimenyetso byemeza iki? Reka turebere hamwe ibimenyetso 20 byemewe ku rwego mpuzamahanga hamwe nubusobanuro bwabyo muburyo rusange bwisi, turebe ko ibicuruzwa byawe byatsinze ibyemezo bikurikira.
1. Ikimenyetso cya CECE ni ikimenyetso cyumutekano, gifatwa nka pasiporo kubakora kugirango bafungure kandi binjire kumasoko yuburayi. CE isobanura ubumwe bwi Burayi. Ibicuruzwa byose bifite ikimenyetso cya “CE” birashobora kugurishwa mu bihugu bigize Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi bitujuje ibisabwa na buri gihugu cy’abanyamuryango, bityo bikamenyekana ko ibicuruzwa byinjira mu buntu mu bihugu bigize Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi.
2.ROHSROHS ni impfunyapfunyo yo Kubuza ikoreshwa ry'ibintu bimwe na bimwe bishobora guteza akaga ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi na elegitoroniki. ROHS itondekanya ibintu bitandatu bishobora guteza akaga, harimo isasu Pb, kadmium Cd, mercure Hg, chromium hexavalent Cr6 +, PBDE na PBB. Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’i Burayi watangiye gushyira mu bikorwa ROHS ku ya 1 Nyakanga 2006. Ibicuruzwa by’amashanyarazi na elegitoronike bikoresha cyangwa birimo ibyuma biremereye, PBDE, PBB n’abandi basiga umuriro ntibemerewe kwinjira ku isoko ry’Uburayi. ROHS igamije ibicuruzwa byose byamashanyarazi na elegitoronike bishobora kuba birimo ibintu bitandatu byavuzwe haruguru byangiza mugikorwa cyo kubyaza umusaruro nibikoresho fatizo, cyane cyane birimo: ibikoresho byera, nka firigo, imashini imesa, amashyiga ya microwave, icyuma gikonjesha, icyuma cyangiza, amazi ashyushya amazi, nibindi. ., ibikoresho byirabura, nkibicuruzwa byamajwi na videwo, DVD, CD, imashini yakira TV, ibicuruzwa bya IT, ibicuruzwa bya digitale, ibicuruzwa byitumanaho, nibindi; Ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi, ibikinisho bya elegitoroniki, ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi. Icyitonderwa: Iyo umukiriya abajije niba afite rohs, agomba kubaza niba ashaka rohs zuzuye cyangwa roh mbisi. Inganda zimwe ntizishobora gukora rohs zirangiye. Igiciro cya rohs muri rusange kiri 10% - 20% hejuru yibicuruzwa bisanzwe.
3. ULUL ni impfunyapfunyo ya Underwriter Laboratories Inc mu Cyongereza. Ikigo cy’ibizamini by’umutekano cya UL n’umuryango utegamiye kuri Leta ufite uburenganzira muri Amerika, kandi n’umuryango munini wa gisivili ukora ibizamini by’umutekano no kumenyekana ku isi. Nicyo kigo cyigenga, kidaharanira inyungu, cyumwuga gikora ubushakashatsi kumutekano rusange. Ikoresha uburyo bwo gupima siyanse yo kwiga no kumenya niba ibikoresho bitandukanye, ibikoresho, ibicuruzwa, ibikoresho, inyubako, nibindi byangiza ubuzima numutungo nurwego rwibyangiritse; Kugena, gutegura no gutanga ibipimo bihuye nibikoresho bishobora gufasha kugabanya no gukumira igihombo cyubuzima n’umutungo, no gukora ubucuruzi bushakisha ukuri icyarimwe. Muri make, ikora cyane cyane mubyemezo byumutekano wibicuruzwa nubucuruzi bwicyemezo cyumutekano wibikorwa, kandi intego yacyo nyamukuru ni ugutanga umusanzu ku isoko kugirango ubone ibicuruzwa bifite urwego rushimishije, no kurinda ubuzima bwite n’umutekano ku mutungo. Kubijyanye no kwemeza umutekano wibicuruzwa nkuburyo bwiza bwo gukuraho inzitizi za tekiniki zibangamira ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga, UL nayo igira uruhare runini mugutezimbere iterambere ryubucuruzi mpuzamahanga. Icyitonderwa: UL ntabwo ari itegeko kwinjira muri Amerika.
4. FDA Ikigo gishinzwe ibiryo n'ibiyobyabwenge muri Amerika cyitwa FDA. FDA ni imwe mu nzego nyobozi zashyizweho na Guverinoma y’Amerika mu ishami ry’ubuzima n’ibikorwa bya muntu (DHHS) n’ishami ry’ubuzima rusange (PHS). Inshingano za FDA ni ukurinda umutekano w’ibiribwa, kwisiga, ibiyobyabwenge, imiti y’ibinyabuzima, ibikoresho by’ubuvuzi n’ibicuruzwa bikoresha radiyo bikoreshwa cyangwa bitumizwa muri Amerika. Nyuma y’ibyabaye ku ya 11 Nzeri, abantu bo muri Amerika bemeje ko ari ngombwa kunoza neza umutekano w’ibiribwa. Nyuma yuko Kongere y’Amerika yemeje itegeko ry’ubuzima rusange n’umutekano rusange no gukumira no gukumira iterabwoba ry’iterabwoba ryo mu 2002 muri Kamena umwaka ushize, ryatanze miliyoni 500 z’amadolari y’Amerika yo guha FDA gushyiraho amategeko yihariye agenga ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’iri tegeko. Ukurikije amabwiriza, FDA izaha nimero yihariye yo kwiyandikisha kuri buri wese usaba kwiyandikisha. Ibiribwa byoherezwa n’ibigo by’amahanga muri Amerika bigomba kumenyeshwa muri Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika ibiryo n’ibiyobyabwenge mbere y’amasaha 24 mbere yo kugera ku cyambu cya Amerika, bitabaye ibyo bikanga kwinjira kandi bigafungirwa ku cyambu cyinjira. Icyitonderwa: FDA ikeneye kwiyandikisha gusa, ntabwo ari icyemezo.
5. Komisiyo ishinzwe itumanaho (FCC) yashinzwe mu 1934 nk’ikigo cyigenga cya guverinoma y’Amerika kandi ishinzwe Kongere mu buryo butaziguye. FCC ihuza itumanaho ryimbere mu gihugu no mumahanga mugucunga radio, tereviziyo, itumanaho, satelite ninsinga. Ibiro by'Ubwubatsi n'Ikoranabuhanga bya FCC bishinzwe inkunga ya tekiniki ya komite no kwemeza ibikoresho hagamijwe kurinda umutekano w'ibicuruzwa bitumanaho bya radiyo n'insinga bijyanye n'ubuzima n'umutungo, birimo ibihugu birenga 50, Kolombiya n'uturere. munsi y'ububasha bwa Amerika. Ibicuruzwa byinshi bikoresha amaradiyo, ibicuruzwa byitumanaho nibicuruzwa bya digitale bisaba kwemererwa na FCC kwinjira mumasoko yo muri Amerika. Komite ya FCC ikora iperereza kandi ikiga ibyiciro bitandukanye byumutekano wibicuruzwa kugirango ibone inzira nziza yo gukemura ikibazo. Muri icyo gihe, FCC ikubiyemo no kumenya ibikoresho bya radiyo n'indege. Komisiyo ishinzwe itumanaho (FCC) igenga kwinjiza no gukoresha ibikoresho bikoresha radiyo, harimo mudasobwa, imashini za fax, ibikoresho bya elegitoronike, ibikoresho byo kwakira radiyo n'ibikoresho byohereza, ibikinisho bigenzurwa na radiyo, terefone, mudasobwa bwite n'ibindi bicuruzwa bishobora guhungabanya umutekano bwite. Niba ibyo bicuruzwa bigomba koherezwa muri Amerika, bigomba kugeragezwa no kwemezwa na laboratoire yemewe na leta hakurikijwe ibipimo bya tekiniki bya FCC. Umukozi utumiza mu mahanga hamwe na gasutamo agomba gutangaza ko buri gikoresho cya radiyo cyujuje ubuziranenge bwa FCC, ni ukuvuga uruhushya rwa FCC.
6. Dukurikije uko Ubushinwa bwiyemeje kwinjira muri WTO n’ihame ryo kwerekana ubuvuzi bw’igihugu, CCC ikoresha ibimenyetso bihuriweho kugira ngo yemeze ibicuruzwa ku gahato. Izina ry'ikimenyetso gishya cy'icyemezo cy'igihugu giteganijwe ni “Ubushinwa buteganijwe ku gahato”, izina ry'icyongereza ni “Ubushinwa ku gahato”, naho icyongereza ni “CCC”. Nyuma yo gushyira mu bikorwa ikimenyetso cy’ubushinwa ku gahato, kizasimbuza buhoro buhoro ikimenyetso cyambere "Urukuta runini" na "CCIB".
7. Ibicuruzwa bya elegitoroniki n’amashanyarazi bigurishwa ku isoko ry’Amerika y'Amajyaruguru bigomba kubona ibyemezo by’umutekano. Kugeza ubu, CSA n’ubuyobozi bunini bwo gutanga ibyemezo by’umutekano muri Kanada kandi ni bumwe mu nzego zizwi cyane zemeza umutekano ku isi. Irashobora gutanga ibyemezo byumutekano byubwoko bwose bwibicuruzwa mumashini, ibikoresho byubwubatsi, ibikoresho byamashanyarazi, ibikoresho bya mudasobwa, ibikoresho byo mubiro, kurengera ibidukikije, umutekano wumuriro wubuvuzi, siporo n imyidagaduro. CSA yatanze serivisi zemeza ibihumbi n’ibicuruzwa ku isi, kandi miliyoni amagana y’ibicuruzwa bifite ikirango cya CSA bigurishwa ku isoko ry’amajyaruguru ya Amerika buri mwaka.
8. DIN Deutsche Institute fur Normung. DIN n’ubuyobozi bushinzwe ubuziranenge mu Budage, kandi bugira uruhare mu mashyirahamwe mpuzamahanga n’akarere adaharanira inyungu nk’umuryango w’igihugu. DIN yinjiye mu muryango mpuzamahanga ushinzwe ubuziranenge mu 1951. Komisiyo y’Ubudage ishinzwe amashanyarazi (DKE), igizwe na DIN n’ishyirahamwe ry’Abadage bashinzwe amashanyarazi (VDE), ihagarariye Ubudage muri komisiyo mpuzamahanga y’ikoranabuhanga. DIN kandi ni komisiyo yu Burayi ishinzwe ubuziranenge hamwe n’ibipimo by’amashanyarazi by’i Burayi.
9. BSI itezimbere kandi ivugurura ubuziranenge bwabongereza kandi iteza imbere ishyirwa mubikorwa ryayo.
10.Ku ivugurura no gufungura ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina, Ubushinwa bwatangiye gushyira mu bikorwa ubukungu bw’isoko ry’abasosiyalisiti, kandi isoko ry’imbere mu gihugu ndetse n’ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga byateye imbere byihuse. Ibigo byinshi byohereza ibicuruzwa mu Bushinwa ntibishobora kwinjira ku isoko mpuzamahanga kubera ko bitumva ibisabwa muri sisitemu yo gutanga ibyemezo by’ibindi bihugu, kandi igiciro cy’ibicuruzwa byinshi byoherezwa mu mahanga kiri hasi cyane ugereranije n’ibicuruzwa bisa byemewe mu gihugu cyakiriye. Kubera iyo mpamvu, ibyo bigo bigomba gukoresha amadovize y’agaciro buri mwaka kugirango bisabe ibyemezo by’amahanga kandi bitange raporo y’ubugenzuzi n’ibigo by’ubugenzuzi bw’amahanga. Mu rwego rwo guhaza ibikenerwa mu bucuruzi mpuzamahanga, igihugu cyashyize mu bikorwa buhoro buhoro gahunda y’impamyabumenyi yemewe ku rwego mpuzamahanga. Ku ya 7 Gicurasi 1991, Inama ya Leta yasohoye Amabwiriza ya Repubulika y’Ubushinwa ku bijyanye n’ubuziranenge bw’ibicuruzwa, kandi Ubuyobozi bwa Leta bugenzura tekinike nabwo bwatanze amategeko amwe n'amwe yo gushyira mu bikorwa aya mabwiriza, kugira ngo imirimo yo gutanga ibyemezo ikorwe neza. buryo. Kuva yashingwa mu 1954, CNEEC yakoranye umwete kugirango abantu bamenyekane ku rwego mpuzamahanga kugira ngo bakore ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga. Muri Kamena 1991, CNEEC yemerewe na komite nyobozi (Mc) ya komisiyo mpuzamahanga y’amashanyarazi ishinzwe ibyemezo by’umutekano w’ibicuruzwa by’amashanyarazi (iEcEE) nk’ikigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe kwemeza kandi cyemeza icyemezo cya CB. Sitasiyo icyenda yipimisha yemerwa nka laboratoire ya CB (laboratoire ishinzwe ibyemezo). Igihe cyose uruganda ruzaba rwabonye icyemezo cya cB na raporo y'ibizamini byatanzwe na Komisiyo, ibihugu 30 bigize uyu muryango muri sisitemu ya IECEE-CcB bizamenyekana, kandi ahanini nta byitegererezo bizoherezwa mu bihugu bitumiza mu mahanga kugira ngo bipimishe, bizigama ibiciro byombi nigihe cyo kubona icyemezo cyigihugu, gifite akamaro kanini cyane kohereza ibicuruzwa hanze.
11. Hamwe niterambere ryikoranabuhanga rya elegitoroniki na elegitoronike, ibicuruzwa byamashanyarazi murugo biragenda byamamara kandi bya elegitoroniki, radio na tereviziyo, amaposita n’itumanaho hamwe n’imiyoboro ya mudasobwa bigenda bitera imbere, kandi ibidukikije bya elegitoroniki bigenda byiyongera kandi bigenda byangirika, bigatuma amashanyarazi akoreshwa neza n’amashanyarazi. n'ibicuruzwa bya elegitoronike (EMC electromagnetic interference EMI na electromagnetic interference EMS) nabyo byitabwaho cyane na guverinoma ninganda zikora inganda. Guhuza amashanyarazi (EMC) y'ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki n'amashanyarazi ni indangagaciro nziza cyane. Ntabwo bifitanye isano gusa nubwizerwe numutekano wibicuruzwa ubwabyo, ariko birashobora no guhindura imikorere isanzwe yibindi bikoresho na sisitemu, kandi bijyanye no kurinda ibidukikije bya electroniki. Guverinoma ya EC iteganya ko guhera ku ya 1 Mutarama 1996, ibicuruzwa byose by’amashanyarazi n’ikoranabuhanga bigomba gutsinda icyemezo cya EMC kandi bigashyirwaho ikimenyetso cya CE mbere yuko bigurishwa ku isoko rya EC. Ibi byateje isi yose, kandi guverinoma zafashe ingamba zo gushyira mu bikorwa imiyoborere iteganijwe ku mikorere ya RMC y'ibicuruzwa by'amashanyarazi na elegitoroniki. Ku rwego mpuzamahanga, nka EU 89/336 / EEC.
12. Dukurikije ibiteganywa n’amategeko y’Ubuyapani DENTORL (Itegeko rigenga kugenzura amashanyarazi n’ibikoresho), ibicuruzwa 498 bigomba gutsinda icyemezo cy’umutekano mbere yo kwinjira ku isoko ry’Ubuyapani.
13. Ikimenyetso cya GSGS ni ikimenyetso cy’umutekano cyatanzwe na TUV, VDE n’ibindi bigo byemewe na Minisiteri y’umurimo mu Budage. Ikimenyetso cya GS ni ikimenyetso cyumutekano cyemewe nabakiriya b’i Burayi. Mubisanzwe, igiciro cyibicuruzwa byemewe bya GS biri hejuru kandi birashimishije.
14. Ishami mpuzamahanga rya ISO rishinzwe ubuziranenge n’umuryango munini ku isi utegamiye kuri Leta utegamiye kuri Leta, ugira uruhare runini mu rwego mpuzamahanga. ISO ishyiraho amahame mpuzamahanga. Ibikorwa nyamukuru bya ISO ni ugushiraho amahame mpuzamahanga, guhuza ibikorwa byubuziranenge ku isi hose, gutegura ibihugu bigize uyu muryango na komite tekinike zo guhana amakuru, no gufatanya n’indi miryango mpuzamahanga kwigira hamwe ibibazo bijyanye n’ubuziranenge.
15.HACCPHACCP ni impfunyapfunyo ya “Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point”, ni ukuvuga isesengura ry’ibyago hamwe n’igenzura rikomeye. Sisitemu ya HACCP ifatwa nkuburyo bwiza kandi bunoze bwo gucunga umutekano wibiribwa nubwiza bw uburyohe. Igipimo cy’igihugu GB / T15091-1994 Ijambo ry’ibanze ry’inganda z’ibiribwa risobanura HACCP nk'uburyo bwo kugenzura umusaruro (gutunganya) ibiribwa bifite umutekano; Gisesengura ibikoresho fatizo, inzira zingenzi zibyara umusaruro nibintu byabantu bigira ingaruka kumutekano wibicuruzwa, kugena amahuza yingenzi mugikorwa cyo gutunganya, gushiraho no kunoza uburyo bwo kugenzura nubuziranenge, no gufata ingamba zikosora. Amahame mpuzamahanga CAC / RCP-1, Amahame rusange y’isuku y’ibiribwa, Isubiramo 3, 1997, asobanura HACCP nka gahunda yo kumenya, gusuzuma no kugenzura ingaruka zikomeye mu kwihaza mu biribwa.
16. Nubwoko bwubuyobozi bwita cyane kubikorwa byogushyira mubikorwa isuku yibiribwa n'umutekano mugikorwa cyo kubyaza umusaruro. Muri make, GMP isaba ko inganda zitanga ibiribwa zigomba kugira ibikoresho byiza byo kubyaza umusaruro, uburyo bwiza bwo kubyaza umusaruro, gucunga neza no kugenzura neza kugirango harebwe niba ubuziranenge bwibicuruzwa byanyuma (harimo umutekano w’ibiribwa n’isuku) byujuje ibisabwa n’amabwiriza. Ibiri muri GMP nuburyo bwibanze ibigo bitunganya ibiribwa bigomba kuba byujuje.
. Ni gahunda yo kugenzura imiti yashyizweho n’umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi kandi ishyirwa mu bikorwa ku ya 1 Kamena 2007. Iki ni igitekerezo cy’amabwiriza yerekeye umusaruro, ubucuruzi n’ikoreshwa ry’umutekano w’imiti, igamije kurengera ubuzima bw’abantu n’umutekano w’ibidukikije, kubungabunga no kuzamura irushanwa rya uruganda rw’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’i Burayi, kandi rutezimbere ubushobozi bushya bw’ibintu bidafite uburozi kandi bitagira ingaruka. Amabwiriza ya REACH arasaba ko imiti yatumijwe mu mahanga kandi ikorerwa mu Burayi igomba kunyura mu nzira zuzuye nko kwiyandikisha, gusuzuma, gutanga uburenganzira no kubuza, kugira ngo hamenyekane neza kandi byoroshye ibice bigize imiti kugira ngo ibidukikije n’umutekano by’abantu. Amabwiriza akubiyemo ahanini kwiyandikisha, gusuzuma, uburenganzira, kubuza nibindi bintu byingenzi. Ibicuruzwa byose bigomba kugira dosiye yiyandikisha yerekana imiti, ikanasobanura uburyo uwabikoze akoresha ibyo bikoresho byimiti na raporo yo gusuzuma uburozi. Amakuru yose azinjizwa mububiko bwubatswe, buyobowe n’ikigo cy’uburayi gishinzwe imiti, ikigo gishya cy’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi giherereye i Helsinki, muri Finilande.
18. Maleziya, igihugu cy’abayisilamu, yamye yiyemeje guteza imbere inganda za halal (halal). Icyemezo cya halal (halal) cyatanzwe nabo bafite icyizere cyinshi kwisi kandi cyizewe nabaturage ba kisilamu. Amasoko yo muri Amerika ya Ruguru n’Uburayi nayo agenda amenya buhoro buhoro ubushobozi bukomeye bw’ibicuruzwa bya halale, kandi ntiyigeze ashyira ingufu mu gutangiza ubushakashatsi n’iterambere ndetse n’umusaruro w’ibicuruzwa bijyanye, kandi yanashyizeho ibipimo ngenderwaho bijyanye n’uburyo bwo gutanga ibyemezo bya halal.
19. Icyemezo C / A-tick C / A-tick ni ikimenyetso cyemeza cyatanzwe n’ikigo cy’itumanaho cya Ositaraliya (ACA) kubikoresho byitumanaho. Impamyabumenyi ya C-tick: ibyumweru 1-2. Igicuruzwa gikorerwa ikizamini gisanzwe cya tekiniki ya ACAQ, yiyandikisha hamwe na ACA kugirango ikoreshe A / C-Tick, yuzuza "Itangazo ryerekana imiterere", kandi ikabika hamwe nibicuruzwa byanditse. Ikimenyetso cya A / C-Tick cyashyizwe ku bicuruzwa cyangwa ibikoresho byitumanaho. A-Tick yagurishijwe kubakoresha ikoreshwa gusa mubicuruzwa byitumanaho. Ibicuruzwa byinshi bya elegitoronike ni ibya C-Tick, ariko niba ibicuruzwa bya elegitoronike bisaba A-Tick, ntibikeneye gusaba C-Tick. Kuva mu Gushyingo 2001, porogaramu za EMI zo muri Ositaraliya / Nouvelle-Zélande zahujwe; Niba ibicuruzwa bigomba kugurishwa muri ibi bihugu byombi, inyandiko zikurikira zigomba kuba zuzuye mbere yo kwamamaza kugira ngo zigenzurwe ku buryo butemewe na ACA (Ikigo gishinzwe itumanaho rya Ositarariya) cyangwa Nouvelle-Zélande (Minisiteri y’iterambere ry’ubukungu) igihe icyo ari cyo cyose. Sisitemu ya EMC yo muri Ositaraliya igabanya ibicuruzwa mu nzego eshatu. Mbere yo kugurisha ibicuruzwa byo murwego rwa 2 nu rwego rwa 3, abatanga isoko bagomba kwiyandikisha muri ACA bagasaba gusaba ikirango cya C-Tick.
20. SAASAA yemejwe n’ishyirahamwe ry’ubuziranenge muri Ositaraliya, inshuti nyinshi rero zita icyemezo cya Australiya SAA. SAA bivuga icyemezo c'uko ibicuruzwa by'amashanyarazi byinjira ku isoko rya Ositaraliya bigomba kubahiriza amabwiriza y’umutekano waho, bikunze guhura n’inganda. Kubera amasezerano yo kumenyekanisha hagati ya Australiya na Nouvelle-Zélande, ibicuruzwa byose byemejwe na Ositaraliya birashobora kugurishwa neza ku isoko rya Nouvelle-Zélande. Ibicuruzwa byose byamashanyarazi bigomba kwemezwa numutekano (SAA). Hariho ubwoko bubiri bwikirangantego cya SAA, kimwe cyemewe, naho ubundi ni ikirango gisanzwe. Impamyabumenyi yemewe ishinzwe gusa ibyitegererezo, mugihe ibimenyetso bisanzwe bigomba gusubirwamo na buri ruganda. Kugeza ubu, hari inzira ebyiri zo gusaba icyemezo cya SAA mu Bushinwa. Imwe ni iyo kwimura raporo yikizamini cya CB. Niba nta raporo yikizamini cya CB, urashobora kandi gusaba muburyo butaziguye. Mubisanzwe, igihe cyo gusaba icyemezo cya SAA cyo muri Ositaraliya kumatara ya IT AV nibikoresho bito byo murugo ni ibyumweru 3-4. Niba ibicuruzwa bitujuje ubuziranenge, itariki irashobora kongerwa. Iyo utanze raporo muri Ositaraliya kugirango isuzumwe, birasabwa gutanga SAA icyemezo cyibicuruzwa (cyane cyane kubicuruzwa bifite plug), bitabaye ibyo ntibizakemurwa. Kubice byingenzi mubicuruzwa, nkamatara, birasabwa gutanga icyemezo cya SAA cya transformateur mumatara, bitabaye ibyo amakuru yo muri Ositaraliya ntasuzumwa.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gashyantare-27-2023