Impapuro, Wikipedia isobanura ko ari umwenda udoda ubudodo bukozwe muri fibre yibihingwa bishobora kuzingirwa uko bishakiye kugirango wandike.
Amateka yimpapuro ni amateka yubumuntu. Kuva havuka impapuro mu ngoma y’iburengerazuba bwa Han, kugeza kunoza impapuro zakozwe na Cai Lun mu ngoma y’iburasirazuba bwa Han, kandi ubu, impapuro ntizikiri umwikorezi wo kwandika gusa, ahubwo zishobora no gukoreshwa mu zindi ntego nko gucapa, gupakira, inganda, n'ubuzima.
Muri iki kibazo, reka turebe ingingo rusange yubugenzuzi / ubugenzuzi ningingo zisanzwe zicibwa nibicuruzwa byimpapuro.
Igipimo cyo gusaba
Ibicuruzwa aya mabwiriza akurikizwa birimo: impapuro z'umuco, impapuro za tekiniki mu nganda n’ubuhinzi, impapuro zipakira n'impapuro zo murugo. Igihugu cyanjye cyatumijwe mu mahanga cyane cyane impapuro z'umuco (icapiro ry'amakuru, impapuro zometseho, impapuro za offset, impapuro zo kwandika) n'impapuro zo gupakira (ikarito ya kraft, ikarito yera, impapuro zifatizo, ikarito yera, selofane, n'ibindi).
02 Intego yibanze
| Kugaragara
Kugaragara kw'impapuro ni ikintu gikomeye mu kumenya ubwiza bw'impapuro. Ntabwo bigira ingaruka gusa kumiterere yimpapuro, ariko inenge zimwe zigaragara nazo zigira ingaruka kumikoreshereze yimpapuro.
Igenzura rusange ryibicuruzwa byimpapuro
Kugenzura ubuziranenge bwibipapuro bifata cyane cyane uburyo bwo kugenzura imbonankubone, kugenzura neza, kugenzura ibicuruzwa no kugenzura intoki. Ubuso bwimpapuro burasabwa kuba buringaniye kandi busukuye, kandi nta bubiko, iminkanyari, ibyangiritse, ibibari bikomeye, ibibanza byanduza urumuri, ibibanza by’amafi, abromasi ya chromatic, ibibanza bitandukanye nibimenyetso byubwoya byemewe biremewe. Icyitonderwa: Kugenzura ubuziranenge bwimpapuro zitumizwa mu mahanga bikorwa hakurikijwe ibivugwa muri ZBY32033-90.
| Ibintu bifatika
Ingingo y'ingenzi: Impapuro zitandukanye zisabwa ziratandukanye ukurikije ibyiciro
Amakuru yamakuru: Icapiro risaba impapuro kugirango zorohe kandi zorohewe, kandi hejuru yimpapuro zigomba kugira ubwinshi bwinjira. Kugirango umenye neza ko wino yo gucapa ishobora gukama vuba mugihe cyo gucapa. Birasabwa ko impande zombi zimpapuro zoroha, ubunini burahoraho, ububobere ni bwiza, icapiro ntirisanzwe, ntirisiga isahani, igishushanyo kirasobanutse, kandi nta nenge igaragara. Ku mpapuro zizunguruka, impera zombi zumuzingo zirasabwa kugira ubukana bumwe, ingingo nke, nimbaraga nziza zingana, kugirango byuzuze ibisabwa byo gucapa imashini yihuta yihuta.
Ibisabwa byujuje impapuro zometseho: koroshya. Ubuso bwimpapuro bugomba kuba bworoshye cyane, kugirango bushobore guhura neza nubuso bwa plaque ya muringa ya ecran mugihe cyo gucapa, kugirango ubone ibishushanyo byiza kandi bisobanutse neza, bifatika kandi binogeye ijisho.
Urupapuro rwibibaho: Urupapuro rwibibaho rusanzwe rusaba ubwuzuzanye, hejuru yuburinganire, uburebure buhoraho, nta linti hejuru yimpapuro, kwinjirira neza hamwe nigipimo gito cyo kurambura kugirango wuzuze ibisabwa byo gucapa amabara menshi. Kugirango wuzuze ibisabwa byo gukora agasanduku, impapuro zera zigomba kugira ibiranga gukomera gukomeye hamwe no gukomera gukomeye.
Ikarito yubukorikori: Ikarito yubukorikori ni ikarito ikoreshwa cyane mugupakira ibicuruzwa hanze, bityo imiterere yimpapuro igomba kuba ikomeye, kandi imbaraga ziturika, imbaraga zo gukanda impeta hamwe nimpamyabumenyi igomba kuba hejuru. Byongeye kandi, igomba kuba ifite amazi menshi yo guhangana n’amazi, kugirango imbaraga zitazagabanuka cyane kubera ubwinshi bw’amazi menshi, bikaviramo kwangirika kuri karito mugihe cyo gutwara inyanja cyangwa kubika imbeho. Igomba kandi kugira ubworoherane bwikarito yubukorikori bugomba gukoreshwa mu gucapa.
Impapuro zifatizo zometseho: Impapuro zifatizo zisaba imbaraga nziza zo guhuza fibre, hejuru yimpapuro zoroshye, hamwe no gukomera no gukomera. Urwego runaka rwa elastique rurasabwa kugirango ugumane imbaraga zidahungabana kandi zidashobora kwihanganira umuvuduko wikarito yakozwe. Kubwibyo, imbaraga ziturika hamwe nimbaraga zo gukanda impeta (cyangwa imbaraga zo kwikuramo imbaraga) nibyo bipimo nyamukuru byerekana imbaraga zimpapuro zifatizo. Byongeye kandi, igipimo cy’amazi nacyo kigomba kugenzurwa. Niba ubuhehere ari buto cyane, impapuro zizaba zoroshye, kandi gucika bizaba mugihe cyo gukata. Amazi menshi azana ingorane zo gutunganya. Mubisanzwe, ibirimo ubuhehere bigomba kuba hafi 10%.
Cellophane: Cellophane ibonerana mu ibara, igaragara neza ku mpapuro, imwe mu bunini, yoroshye kandi irambuye. Bizabyimba kandi byoroshye nyuma yo koga mumazi, kandi bigabanuke bisanzwe nyuma yo gukama. Mubyongeyeho, kubera gahunda ibangikanye ya microcrystal ya selile mu cyerekezo kirekire, imbaraga ndende zimpapuro nini, kandi icyerekezo cyambukiranya ni gito, kandi niba hari igikomere, kizavunika nimbaraga nke cyane. Cellophane ifite imiterere yo kudacogora, kutanyunyuza amavuta hamwe no kutagira amazi.
Impapuro zo gucapura Offset: Impapuro za Offset zikoreshwa mugucapa amabara menshi. Usibye gusaba umweru mwiza n'umukungugu muke, ifite ibisabwa cyane kugirango impapuro zifatika, imbaraga zingana no kwihangana. Mugihe cyo gucapa, hejuru yimpapuro ntisuka lint, ifu, cyangwa icapiro. Ifite ibisabwa nkibipapuro bisize.
03
Ibisobanuro no guca imanza
| Gupakira
Icyerekezo: Uburyo bwo gupakira no gupakira
Inenge nubuziranenge bwurubanza bijyanye no kugurisha no gupakira ibicuruzwa byimpapuro nibi bikurikira:
Ibisobanuro byuzuye byica ibicuruzwa bito bipfunyitse bidakwiye / * /
| Ikirango / Ikimenyetso / Gucapa
Icyerekezo: Ibirango, icapiro ryo kugurisha ibicuruzwa nibicuruzwa
Ibisobanuro Byuzuye Ibicuruzwa Byoroheje Byoroheje Byacururizwaga mu Burayi no muri Amerika: Nta makuru yingirakamaro * // Ibicuruzwa byagurishijwe muri Amerika: Nta gihugu cyaturutse ku makuru yaturutse * // Ibicuruzwa byacururizwaga muri Amerika: Nta zina ryakozwe / nomero yo kwiyandikisha * //
| Inzira yumusaruro
Ingingo y'ingenzi: Niba impapuro zujuje ibyangiritse, nibindi.
Inenge n'ibipimo byo guca imanza zijyanye n'umusaruro ni ibi bikurikira:
Ibisobanuro Byuzuye Byangiza Impapuro Ntoya Byangiritse Byinshi nibindi / * Guhagarika ibice hamwe nibindi bikomeye / **
| Kugenzura ibicuruzwa nyuma yamakuru
Icyitonderwa: Ibicuruzwa nyuma yo gucapa ibicuruzwa, iminkanyari, nibindi.
Inenge nibipimo byurubanza bijyanye nibicuruzwa nyuma yamakuru ni ibi bikurikira:
Ibisobanuro bisobanutse byica byoroheje byoroheje byahinduwe / ** byuzuye / ** karbureti namazi / ** urupapuro rwacitse * // urupapuro ruto * //
| Kugaragara
Ingingo z'ingenzi: Kugaragara kw'ibimenyetso by'ubwoya, n'ibindi.
Inenge zijyanye no kugaragara hamwe n'ibipimo byo guca imanza ni ibi bikurikira:
Ibisobanuro Byuzuye Byica Byoroheje Byoroheje Byibimenyetso / ** Ikimenyetso Couch Roll Igicucu / ** Inzira Zirabagirana / **
04
Kwipimisha aho
Mugihe cyo kugenzura ibicuruzwa byimpapuro, harasabwa ibizamini bikurikira kurubuga:
| Kugenzura ibiro
Igenzura rusange ryibicuruzwa byimpapuro
Ingingo y'ingenzi: uburemere bwa garama bugenzura niba uburemere bwa garama buhagije
Umubare wikizamini: Nibura ingero 3 kuri buri buryo.
Ibisabwa byo kugenzura: Gupima ibicuruzwa no kwandika amakuru nyayo; reba ukurikije uburemere bwibisabwa byatanzwe cyangwa amakuru yuburemere hamwe no kwihanganira ibikoresho bipakira ibicuruzwa.
| Kugenzura Ubunini bw'impapuro
Ingingo y'ingenzi: Niba ubunini bwujuje ibisabwa
Umubare w'Ikizamini: Nibura ingero 3 kuri buri buryo.
Ibisabwa byo kugenzura: gukora ibipimo byibipimo byibicuruzwa no kwandika amakuru nyayo; genzura ukurikije ubunini bwibisabwa byatanzwe cyangwa amakuru yubunini hamwe no kwihanganira ibikoresho bipakira ibicuruzwa.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kanama-04-2022