Impapuro, Wikipedia isobanura nkibikoresho bidoda bikozwe muri fibre yibihingwa bishobora kuzinga uko bishakiye kandi bigakoreshwa mukwandika.
Amateka yimpapuro ni amateka yubumuntu. Kuva impapuro zavuka mu ngoma y’iburengerazuba bwa Han kugeza kuri Cai Lun yateye imbere mu buhanga bwo gukora impapuro mu ngoma y’iburasirazuba bwa Han, kandi ubu, impapuro ntizikiri umwikorezi wo kwandika gusa, ahubwo zishobora no gukoreshwa mu zindi ntego nko gucapa, gupakira, inganda , n'ubuzima bwa buri munsi.
01 Igipimo cyo gusaba
Ibicuruzwa bikurikizwa birimo: impapuro z'umuco, impapuro za tekiniki n'inganda n'ubuhinzi, impapuro zo gupakira n'impapuro zo murugo.
impapuro zitumizwa mu gihugu cyanjye cyane cyane zirimo impapuro z'umuco (icapiro ry'amakuru, impapuro zometseho, impapuro za offset, impapuro zo kwandika) n'impapuro zo gupakira (impapuro z'ubukorikori, impapuro zera zera, impapuro z'ibanze, amakarito yera, ikarito yera, selofane, n'ibindi).
02 Kugenzura Ingingo z'ingenzi
Kugaragara
Icyerekezo: Kugaragara
Byoroheje, bisukuye, nibindi
Kugaragara kw'impapuro ni ikintu gikomeye mu kumenya ubuziranenge bw'impapuro. Ntabwo bigira ingaruka gusa kubwiza bwimpapuro, ariko inenge zimwe zigaragara zizanagira ingaruka kumikoreshereze yimpapuro.
Kugenzura ubuziranenge bwimpapuro bukoresha cyane cyane kugenzura urumuri, kugenzura urumuri ruto, kugenzura ibicuruzwa no kugenzura intoki. Ubuso bwimpapuro burasabwa kuba bworoshye kandi busukuye, kandi nta bubiko, iminkanyari, ibyangiritse, ibibari bikomeye, ibibanza byanduza urumuri, ibibanza byerekana amafi, itandukaniro ryamabara, ahantu hatandukanye nibimenyetso bigaragara byemewe biremewe.
Icyitonderwa: Kugenzura ubuziranenge bwimpapuro zitumizwa mu mahanga bikorwa hakurikijwe ZBY32033-90.
Imiterere yumubiri
Icyerekezo: ukurikije ibyiciro
Impapuro zitandukanye zifite ibisabwa bitandukanye
Amakuru yamakuru: Icapiro risaba impapuro zoroshye kandi zoroshye, kandi impapuro zigomba kuba zoroshye cyane. Kugirango umenye neza ko wino yo gucapa ishobora gukama vuba mugihe cyo gucapa. Urupapuro rurasabwa kuba rworoshye kumpande zombi, rugahuzagurika mubyimbye, hamwe nubusa, nta linti cyangwa gusiga mugihe cyo gucapa, ibishushanyo bisobanutse, kandi nta nenge igaragara. Urupapuro ruzunguruka rusaba gukomera kumpande zombi zumuzingo, ingingo nke, nimbaraga nziza zingirakamaro kugirango uhuze nibisabwa byo gucapa imashini yihuta yihuta.
Ibisabwa byujuje impapuro zometseho: koroshya. Ubuso bwimpapuro bugomba kuba bworoshye cyane kuburyo bushobora guhura neza nubuso bwa plaque yumuringa mugihe cyo gucapa, bityo ukabona umurongo mwiza kandi usobanutse neza ufite ishusho ifatika kandi ishimishije.
Impapuro zera zera: Impapuro zera zera muri rusange zisaba ubwuzuzanye, hejuru yuburinganire, uburebure buhoraho, hejuru yimpapuro zidafite lint, kwifata neza nigipimo gito cyo kwaguka kugirango uhuze nibisabwa kugirango ushushanye amabara menshi. Kugirango wuzuze ibisabwa byo gukora agasanduku, impapuro zera zigomba kugira ibiranga gukomera gukomeye hamwe no gukomera gukomeye.
Impapuro zubukorikori: Impapuro zubukorikori ni ikarito ikoreshwa cyane mugupakira ibicuruzwa, bityo rero impapuro zimpapuro zigomba kuba zikomeye, hamwe nimbaraga nyinshi ziturika, imbaraga zo kumenagura impeta n'imbaraga zo gutanyagura. Byongeye kandi, igomba kugira amazi menshi kugirango mugihe cyo gutwara inyanja cyangwa kubika imbeho, imbaraga ntizagabanuka cyane kubera ubwinshi bw’amazi menshi, bikaviramo kwangirika kuri karito. Impapuro zubukorikori zigomba gukoreshwa mu gucapa nazo zigomba kugira ubworoherane.
Impapuro zifatizo zometseho: Impapuro zifatizo zisaba imbaraga nziza zo guhuza fibre, hejuru yimpapuro zoroshye, hamwe no gukomera no gukomera. Urwego runaka rwa elastique rurasabwa kugirango ugumane imbaraga zidahungabana kandi zidashobora kwihanganira amakarito yakozwe. Kubwibyo, imbaraga ziturika hamwe nimpeta zo kumenagura imbaraga (cyangwa imbaraga zo guhonyora imbaraga) nibyo bipimo nyamukuru byerekana imbaraga zimpapuro zifatizo. Byongeye kandi, igipimo cy’amazi nacyo kigomba kugenzurwa. Niba ubuhehere ari buto cyane, impapuro zizaba zoroshye kandi zirashobora kumeneka mugihe cyo gutunganya. Ubushuhe bukabije buzatera ingorane mugutunganya. Mubisanzwe, ibirimo ubuhehere bigomba kuba hafi 10%.
Cellophane: Cellophane iragaragara mu ibara, irabagirana hejuru, imwe mubyimbye, yoroshye kandi irambuye. Bizabyimba kandi byoroshye nyuma yo kwibizwa mumazi, kandi mubisanzwe bizagabanuka nyuma yo gukama. Ifite amazi menshi kandi ikunda kubyimba ndetse no gukomera iyo ihuye nubushuhe. Mubyongeyeho, kubera gahunda ibangikanye ya selile ya microcrystal mu cyerekezo kirekire, imbaraga ndende zimpapuro nini kandi icyerekezo cyo guhinduranya ni gito. Niba hari uduce, bizacika munsi yingufu nkeya. Cellophane irinda umwuka, ifata amavuta kandi ikabura amazi.
Impapuro zo gucapura Offset: Impapuro za Offset zikoreshwa mugucapa amabara menshi. Usibye umweru mwiza n'umukungugu muke, ifite n'ibisabwa byinshi kugirango impapuro zandike, imbaraga zikaze, hamwe no guhangana. Mugihe cyo gucapa, hejuru yimpapuro ntisuka lint, ifu, cyangwa icapiro. Ibisabwa ni bimwe nibisabwa impapuro.
03Gusobanura neza no guca imanza
| Gupakira ibicuruzwa
Icyerekezo: gupakira
Gupakira
Inenge n'ibipimo byo guca imanza zijyanye no kugurisha ibicuruzwa bipfunyika ni ibi bikurikira:
| Ibisobanuro byuzuye | Birakomeye | Majoro | Ntoya |
| Gupakira ibicuruzwa bidakwiye | / | * | / |
| Ikirango / Ibisobanuro / Icapa
Icyerekezo: ibirango, gucapa
Intego yo kugurisha ibicuruzwa n'ibicuruzwa
| Ibisobanuro byuzuye | Birakomeye | Majoro | Ntoya |
| Ibicuruzwa bigurishwa mu Burayi no muri Amerika: Nta makuru yingirakamaro | * | / | / |
| Ibicuruzwa byagurishijwe muri Amerika: Nta gihugu cyaturutseho amakuru | * | / | / |
| Ibicuruzwa bigurishwa muri Amerika: Nta zina ryakozwe / nimero yo kwiyandikisha | * | / | / |
| Ibikorwa
Icyitonderwa: Birabishoboye?
Impapuro zangiritse, nibindi
Inenge n'ibipimo byo guca imanza bijyanye n'umusaruro ni ibi bikurikira:
| Ibisobanuro byuzuye | Birakomeye | Majoro | Ntoya |
| Impapuro zangiritse, nibindi | / | * | / |
| ikibanza | / | * | * |
| umwobo | / | * | / |
| kwinginga / imyunyu | / | * | * |
| Senya banki | / | * | / |
| icyuho | / | * | / |
| ugutwi | / | * | * |
| Umwanda | / | * | * |
| seersucker | / | * | * |
| Guhagarika ibice hamwe nibindi bikomeye | / | * | * |
| Kugenzura ibicuruzwa nyuma yamakuru
Icyerekezo: Ibicuruzwa nyuma yamakuru
Ibibara, iminkanyari, nibindi
Inenge n'ibipimo byo guca imanza zijyanye n'ibicuruzwa nyuma yo gucapa ni ibi bikurikira:
| Ibisobanuro byuzuye | Birakomeye | Majoro | Ntoya |
| piebald | / | * | * |
| Iminkanyari | / | * | * |
| Amavuta yimiti namazi | / | * | * |
| Impapuro zacitse | * | / | / |
| Impapuro nke | * | / | / |
Inyuma
Icyerekezo: Kugaragara
Ibimenyetso, n'ibindi.
Inenge zijyanye no kugaragara hamwe n'ibipimo byo guca imanza ni ibi bikurikira:
| Ibisobanuro byuzuye | Birakomeye | Majoro | Ntoya |
| ibimenyetso | / | * | * |
| Kuzenguruka ibimenyetso by'igicucu | / | * | * |
| gloss imirongo | / | * | * |
04 ku kizamini
Mugihe cyo kugenzura ibicuruzwa byimpapuro, harasabwa ibizamini bikurikira kurubuga:
| Kugenzura ibiro
Icyerekezo: kugenzura ibiro
Ibiro birahagije?
Ingano yikizamini: byibura ingero 3 kuri buri buryo.
Ibisabwa byo kugenzura:
Gupima ibicuruzwa no kwandika amakuru nyayo;
Reba kubisabwa uburemere butangwa cyangwa amakuru yuburemere hamwe no kwihanganira ibikoresho bipfunyika.
| Kugenzura ubugari bw'impapuro
Icyerekezo: Ubunini
igera kubisabwa
Ingano yikizamini: byibura ingero 3 kuri buri buryo.
Ibisabwa byo kugenzura:
Kora ibipimo byibipimo byibicuruzwa no kwandika amakuru nyayo;
Reba kubisabwa kubyimbye byatanzwe cyangwa amakuru yubunini hamwe no kwihanganira ibikoresho bipakira ibicuruzwa.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gashyantare-23-2024