Nyuma y'itariki ya 1 Nyakanga 2006, Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’i Burayi ufite uburenganzira bwo gukora igenzura ku buryo butunguranye ku bicuruzwa bya elegitoroniki n’amashanyarazi bigurishwa ku isoko. Iyo ibicuruzwa bimaze kugaragara ko bidahuye n’ibisabwa n’amabwiriza ya RoHs, Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi ufite uburenganzira bwo gufata ibihano nko guhagarika ibicuruzwa, kashe, n’ihazabu..
Kubera iki cyorezo, igihugu cyanjye cyohereza ibikoresho byo mu rugo cyageze ku rwego rwo hejuru. Dukurikije imibare yashyizwe ahagaragara n’ubuyobozi bukuru bwa gasutamo, mu 2021, Ubushinwa bwohereza mu mahanga ibikoresho byo mu rugo byageze kuri miliyari 98.72 z’amadolari y’Amerika, umwaka ushize wiyongereyeho 22.3%. Ibikoresho byo mu rugo nabyo bibaye icya kane kirenga miliyari 100 z'amadolari y'Amerika nyuma yo kwifashisha imiyoboro ihuriweho, telefone zigendanwa, na mudasobwa (harimo n'amakaye) ibicuruzwa biva mu mashanyarazi (imibare yaturutse mu rugaga rw'ubucuruzi rwo mu Bushinwa rwo gutumiza no kohereza mu mahanga ibikoresho bya mashini n'amashanyarazi, ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga mu gihugu cy’ibikoresho byo mu rugo bizaba miliyari 118.45 z'amadolari ya Amerika muri 2021) Ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga.
Ubushinwa nimwe mubikorwa bikomeye byo murugo. Ibikoresho byo mu rugo byoherezwa mu bihugu birenga 200 (cyangwa uturere) ku migabane itandatu ku isi. Uburayi na Amerika ya ruguru nisoko gakondo gakondo yigihugu cyanjye cyohereza ibicuruzwa hanze. Nyuma y'itariki ya 1 Nyakanga 2006, Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’i Burayi ufite uburenganzira bwo gukora igenzura ku buryo butunguranye ku bicuruzwa bya elegitoroniki n’amashanyarazi bigurishwa ku isoko. Igicuruzwa kimaze kugaragara ko kidahuye n’ibisabwa n’amabwiriza ya RoHs, Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’i Burayi ufite uburenganzira bwo gufata ibihano nko guhagarika ibicuruzwa, kashe, n’ihazabu. Kubwibyo, niba ukora, gutumiza cyangwa gukwirakwiza ibicuruzwa bikubiye muri aya Mabwiriza, ibikubiye mubintu byangiza ibicuruzwa ntibigomba kurenza urwego rwemewe.
1. Amabwiriza ya RoHS ni ayahe? Mu rwego rwo guhuza amategeko y’ibihugu bigize uyu muryango ku bijyanye no kubuza ikoreshwa ry’ibintu byangiza mu bikoresho by’amashanyarazi n’ikoranabuhanga, kugena ibipimo ngenderwaho n’ibikorwa by’ibicuruzwa by’amashanyarazi n’ikoranabuhanga, bikarushaho gufasha ubuzima bw’abantu no kurengera ibidukikije, no gufasha imyanda ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi na elegitoronike byujuje ibisabwa ku bidukikije kugira ngo bitunganyirizwe kandi bijugunywe, Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi wasohoye amabwiriza yerekeye kubuza ikoreshwa ry’ibintu bimwe na bimwe bishobora guteza akaga ibikoresho by’amashanyarazi n’ikoranabuhanga (2002/95 / EC) ku ya 23 Mutarama 2003, ni ukuvuga amabwiriza ya RoHS arasaba kuva ku ya 1 Nyakanga 2006 Kuva icyo gihe, ibikoresho byose by'amashanyarazi na elegitoronike bigurishwa ku isoko ry’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi bigomba kubuza ikoreshwa ry’ibyuma biremereye nka gurş, mercure, kadmium, chromium hexavalent, hamwe n’umuriro wa flame nka polybromine diphenyl ether (PBDE) ) na polybromine biphenyl (PBB). Yasimbuwe muri 2011 nubuyobozi bushya (2011/65 / EU). Aya mabwiriza mashya yatangiye gukurikizwa ku ya 3 Mutarama 2013, kandi amabwiriza y'umwimerere yavanyweho icyarimwe. Dukurikije ibivugwa muri aya mabwiriza mashya, guhera umunsi yavanywehoho amabwiriza yambere, ibicuruzwa byose biri munsi yikimenyetso cya CE bigomba kuba byujuje ibisabwa na voltage nkeya (LVD), guhuza amashanyarazi (EMC), ibicuruzwa bijyanye ningufu (ErP) n'amabwiriza mashya ya RoHS icyarimwe. Kugira ngo binjire ku isoko ry’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi, ibigo byohereza ibikoresho by’amashanyarazi n’ikoranabuhanga mu gihugu cy’Uburayi bigomba kubahiriza amategeko yihariye y’igihugu cyohereza ibicuruzwa hanze.
2. Ni ibihe bintu by'ingenzi bikubiye mu mabwiriza mashya ya RoHS? Ugereranije nubuyobozi bwambere bwa RoHS, ivugururwa ryibintu bishya bya RoHS bigaragarira cyane mubice bine bikurikira: Icya mbere, ibicuruzwa byagenzuwe byaraguwe. Hashingiwe ku byiciro umunani by'ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi na elegitoroniki bigenzurwa n'amabwiriza y'umwimerere ya RoHS, byaraguwe birimo ibikoresho by'ubuvuzi n'ibikoresho byo gukurikirana. Kubikoresho hafi ya byose byamashanyarazi na elegitoronike, ibihe bitandukanye byo gukora byerekanwe kubicuruzwa bitandukanye. Icya kabiri, shiraho uburyo bwo gusuzuma no kuzuza urutonde rwibintu byabujijwe, guhora usubiramo kandi uvugurure ibintu bishobora guteza akaga nimbibi zabyo, kandi wongere ibintu bibujijwe muburyo bukomeye. Mugihe uhitamo ibintu bibujijwe, hagomba kandi kwitonderwa guhuza andi mabwiriza, cyane cyane ibintu biri kumugereka wa XIV (Urutonde rwabemerewe na SVHC) hamwe numugereka wa XVI (Urutonde rwibintu bibujijwe) byamabwiriza agenga REACH, mugaragaza urugero rwibintu byabujijwe gusuzumwa ejo hazaza . Emera umwanya nicyerekezo kubucuruzi guhitamo ibikoresho bindi. Icya gatatu, gusobanura uburyo bwo gusonerwa, gutanga ibihe bitandukanye byo gusonerwa ibyiciro byibicuruzwa bitandukanye kugirango ushishikarize ibigo guteza imbere ubundi buryo bujyanye, no guhindura no kuvugurura igihe cyemewe cyo gusonerwa ukurikije uko ibintu bimeze. Icya kane, kijyanye n'ikimenyetso cya CE, ukurikije ibisabwa n'amabwiriza mashya ya RoHS, ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi na elegitoronike ntibigomba gusa kuba byujuje ibyangombwa bisabwa gusa, ahubwo binashyiraho ikimenyetso cya CE mbere yo kubishyira ku isoko. Itandukaniro nyamukuru hagati ya kera nubuyobozi bushya bwa RoHS
3. Ni ubuhe bwoko bw'ibicuruzwa bigenzurwa n'amabwiriza ya RoHS?
1.
2. Ibikoresho bito byo murugo: isuku ya vacuum, ibyuma byamashanyarazi, ibyuma byumusatsi, amashyiga, amasaha, nibindi.
3. Ikoranabuhanga ryamakuru nibikoresho byitumanaho: mudasobwa, imashini za fax, terefone, terefone zigendanwa, nibindi.
4.
5. Ibikoresho byo kumurika: Amatara ya Fluorescent uretse amatara yo murugo, nibindi, ibikoresho byo kugenzura amatara
6. Ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi na elegitoronike (usibye ibikoresho binini byinganda bihagaze): imyitozo y'amashanyarazi, imisarani, gusudira, gutera imiti, nibindi
. “Inkweto zaka”.
8. Ibikoresho byubuvuzi: ibikoresho byo kuvura imirasire, ibizamini bya electrocardiogram, ibikoresho byisesengura, nibindi.
9. Ibikoresho byo gukurikirana no kugenzura: ibyuma byangiza umwotsi, incubator, imashini zikurikirana no kugenzura, nibindi.
10. Imashini zigurisha
11. Iyindi EEE iyariyo yose itari murwego rwibyiciro byavuzwe haruguru: Usibye "power switch" na "ivalisi y'amashanyarazi", harimo icyiciro gishya cya RoHS icyiciro cyibicuruzwa "imyenda ifite imirimo y'amashanyarazi", nka "imyenda ishyushye" na “Kumurika mu mazi” amakoti y'ubuzima ”.
Ibicuruzwa bigenzurwa nubuyobozi bwa RoHS ntabwo bikubiyemo ibicuruzwa byimashini byuzuye gusa, ahubwo nibigize ibice, ibikoresho fatizo hamwe nububiko bukoreshwa mugukora imashini zuzuye, zifitanye isano numurongo wose wibyakozwe.
4. Nibihe bisabwa kubintu bishobora guteza akaga nimbibi zabyo? Ingingo ya 4 y’amabwiriza mashya ya RoHS iteganya ko ibihugu bigize uyu muryango bigomba kwemeza ko ibicuruzwa by’amashanyarazi n’ikoranabuhanga byashyizwe ku isoko, birimo insinga n’ibikoresho byo gusana cyangwa kongera gukoresha, cyangwa kuvugurura imikorere yabyo cyangwa kongera ubushobozi, bitarimo isasu (Pb) , mercure (Hg), kadmium (Cd), chromium ya hexavalent (Cr6 +), biphenyls ya polybromine (PBB) hamwe na etibers ya diphenyl polybromine (PBDE) nibindi bintu 6 bishobora guteza akaga. Muri 2015, hasubiwemo amabwiriza yavuguruwe 2015/863 / EU, yongerera amabwiriza mashya ya RoHS, kongera DEHP (2-Ethylhexyl phthalate), BBP (butyl benzyl phthalate), DBP (dibutyl phthalate), DIBP (diisobutyl phthalate) Ibintu bine bya shimi bita phthalates, nka phthalates), binjiye kurutonde rwibintu bibujijwe. Nyuma yo gusubiramo amabwiriza, ubwoko bwibintu byangiza imiti mubikoresho byamashanyarazi bigenzurwa nubuyobozi bushya bwa RoHS byongerewe kugera kuri 10:
1. . PCBs, umuhuza, amazu ya pulasitike 6. Polyhers ya diphenyl ethers (PBDE) Ingero zo gukoresha ibi bintu: retardants flame, PCBs, umuhuza, inzu ya plastike ethylhexyl ester) 8. BBP (butyl benzyl phthalate) 9. DBP (dibutyl phthalate) 10. DIBP. (diisobutyl phthalate)
Muri icyo gihe, ibintu byinshi byangiza ibintu byangiza ibikoresho ni kimwe: isasu ntirenza 0.1%, mercure itarenga 0.1%, kadmium itarenga 0.01%, chromium ya hexavalent itarenga 0.1%, biphenili polybromine itarenga 0.1%, diphenyl polybromine ethers ntabwo irenze 0.1%. Imiti ine mishya yitwa phthalates yongewemo ntarengwa 0.1% buri umwe.
5. Ni ubuhe buryo bwo kugenzura bugenzurwa?
■ Intambwe ya 1. Uzuza urupapuro rwabigenewe rwa RoHS, rushobora gukusanywa mu kigo gishinzwe kugenzura RoHS, cyangwa gukururwa ku rubuga rw’ikigo cya RoHS, hanyuma ukagaruka nyuma yo kuzuza. ■ Intambwe 2. Amagambo: Nyuma yo gutanga ibyifuzo, umukiriya yohereje icyitegererezo (cyangwa kugemura byihuse) murwego rushinzwe kugenzura, kandi ishami rishinzwe kugenzura rigabanya icyitegererezo mu buryo bukurikije ibisabwa, kandi risubiza ibicuruzwa byagabanijwe hamwe n'amafaranga y'ibizamini kuri umukiriya. ■ Intambwe 3. Nyuma yo kwishyura yakiriwe, ikizamini kizategurwa. Mubisanzwe, ikizamini kizarangira mugihe cyicyumweru kimwe. ■ Intambwe ya 4. Tangaza raporo, ishobora gutangwa na courier, fax, e-mail cyangwa umugenzuzi imbonankubone.
6. Icyemezo cya RoHS gitwara angahe? Igiciro nyacyo cya RoHS gisaba isosiyete gutanga amashusho yibicuruzwa na fagitire y'ibikoresho, bitewe n'ibicuruzwa bigoye. Icyemezo cya RoHS gitandukanye na CCC, UL nibindi byemezo. Ikora gusa ibizamini byo gusesengura imiti kuburugero, ntihabeho ubugenzuzi bwuruganda. Niba ibicuruzwa bidahinduwe kandi ibipimo byikizamini ntibivugururwa, ntayandi mafaranga azakurikirana.
7. Bifata igihe kingana iki kugirango ukore icyemezo cya ROHS? Kugeza ubu, icyemezo cya RoHS gipima cyane cyane ibintu 6 bya gurş, mercure, kadmium, chromium hexavalent, PBB na PBDE. Ibicuruzwa bisanzwe bisaba icyemezo cya ROHS. Hashingiwe ko abakiriya batanga ingero nibikoresho, igihe cyo gupima RoHS kubicuruzwa bisanzwe ni iminsi 7.
8. Icyemezo cya ROHS gifite igihe kingana iki? Nta gihe cyemewe cyemewe cyo kwemeza ROHS. Niba igipimo cyibizamini bya ROHS cyemejwe kidasubiwemo kumugaragaro, icyemezo cyumwimerere ROHS kirashobora kwemerwa igihe kirekire.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kanama-09-2022