Kugura ingeso zabaguzi kwisi yose

Imigenzo n'imico y'ibihugu byose kwisi biratandukanye cyane, kandi buri muco ufite kirazira. Birashoboka ko buriwese azi bike kubijyanye nimirire nubupfura bwibihugu byose, kandi azitondera byumwihariko mugihe azindukira mumahanga. Noneho, urumva akamenyero ko kugura ibihugu bitandukanye?

Aziya

Kugeza ubu, ibihugu byinshi byo muri Aziya, usibye Ubuyapani, biri mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere. Ubuhinzi bufite uruhare runini mu bihugu bya Aziya. Inganda z’ibihugu byinshi zifite intege nke, inganda zicukura amabuye y’inganda n’inganda zitunganya ibikomoka ku buhinzi zateye imbere ugereranije, kandi inganda zikomeye ziratera imbere.

Ubuyapani

Abayapani bazwi kandi mumiryango mpuzamahanga kubera ubukana bwabo. Bakunda imishyikirano yamakipe kandi bafite ibisabwa byinshi. Ibipimo byubugenzuzi birakomeye, ariko ubudahemuka bwabo ni bwinshi. Nyuma yubufatanye, gake bahindura abatanga isoko. Ingeso z'ubucuruzi: zishishoza kandi zifite ubushishozi, witondere ikinyabupfura n'imibanire y'abantu, wizeye kandi wihangana, umwuka witsinda ryiza, witeguye byuzuye, igenamigambi rikomeye, kandi wibande ku nyungu z'igihe kirekire. Ihangane kandi ushikame, kandi rimwe na rimwe ugire imyifatire idasobanutse kandi yubupfura. “Amayeri y'uruziga” na “guceceka kumena urubura” bikunze gukoreshwa mubiganiro. Icyitonderwa: Abacuruzi b'Abayapani bafite imyumvire ikomeye yitsinda kandi bamenyereye gufata ibyemezo hamwe. “Gutsindira byinshi hamwe na bike” ni akamenyero ko kuganira n'abacuruzi b'Abayapani; Witondere gushiraho umubano bwite, ntukunde kumvikana kumasezerano, witondere cyane kwizerwa kuruta amasezerano, kandi abahuza nibyingenzi; Witondere ikinyabupfura no mumaso, ntuzigere ushinja cyangwa kwanga abayapani, kandi witondere ikibazo cyo gutanga impano; “Amayeri yo gutebya” ni “amayeri” akoreshwa n'abacuruzi b'Abayapani. Abacuruzi b'Abayapani ntibakunda imishyikirano ikomeye kandi yihuse "kuzamura ibicuruzwa", kandi bitondera gutuza, kwigirira ikizere, ubwiza no kwihangana.

repubulika ya koreya

Abaguzi ba koreya ni beza mubiganiro, birasobanutse kandi byumvikana. Ingeso z'ubucuruzi: Abanyakoreya bafite ikinyabupfura, bafite imishyikirano, basobanutse kandi byumvikana, kandi bafite ubushobozi bwo gusobanukirwa no kubyitwaramo. Baha agaciro kurema ikirere. Abacuruzi babo muri rusange ntibamwenyura, bakomeye ndetse biyubashye. Abaduha isoko bagomba kuba biteguye byimazeyo, bagahindura imitekerereze yabo, kandi ntibarengere imbaraga zurundi ruhande.

Ubuhinde / Pakisitani

Abaguzi b'ibi bihugu byombi bumva neza ibiciro, kandi abaguzi bafite polarisiyasi ikomeye: haba batanga isoko ryinshi, ariko bagasaba ibicuruzwa byiza; Haba isoko iri hasi cyane kandi ntagisabwa ubuziranenge. Nkunda guterana amagambo, ugomba kwitegura igihe kirekire cyo kuganira no kuganira mugihe ukorana nabo. Gushiraho umubano bigira uruhare runini mukworohereza ibikorwa. Witondere ukuri k'umugurisha, kandi birasabwa gusaba umuguzi kugurisha amafaranga.

Arabiya Sawudite / UAE / Türkiye nibindi bihugu

Bamenyereye ibikorwa bitaziguye binyuze mubakozi, kandi imikorere yubucuruzi butaziguye yari ikonje; Ibisabwa kubicuruzwa ni bike. Bita cyane kumabara kandi bahitamo ibintu byijimye. Inyungu ni nto kandi ingano ni nto, ariko gahunda irashizweho; Umuguzi ni inyangamugayo, ariko utanga isoko agomba kwitondera byumwihariko umukozi kugirango yirinde kotsa igitutu kurundi ruhande muburyo butandukanye; Tugomba kwitondera ihame ryo kubahiriza amasezerano, kugumana imyifatire myiza, kandi ntugahubuke cyane kubyerekeye ingero nyinshi cyangwa amafaranga yoherejwe.

Uburayi

Isesengura ry'incamake: Ibiranga rusange: Nkunda kugura uburyo butandukanye, ariko ingano yo kugura ni nto; Witondere cyane ibicuruzwa, imiterere, igishushanyo, ubuziranenge nibikoresho, bisaba kurengera ibidukikije, kandi ufite ibisabwa byinshi muburyo; Mubisanzwe, bafite abashushanya ubwabo, batatanye, cyane cyane ibirango byabo, kandi bafite uburambe bwibisabwa. Uburyo bwo kwishyura buroroshye guhinduka. Ntabwo yitaye kubugenzuzi bwuruganda, yitondera ibyemezo (ibyemezo byo kurengera ibidukikije, ibyemezo byubuziranenge n’ikoranabuhanga, nibindi), kandi yita ku gishushanyo mbonera cy’inganda, ubushakashatsi n’iterambere, ubushobozi bw’umusaruro, n'ibindi. Abatanga ibicuruzwa benshi basabwa gukora OEM / ODM.

britain

Niba ushobora gutuma abakiriya b'Abongereza bumva ko uri umunyacyubahiro, imishyikirano izagenda neza. Abongereza bitaye cyane ku nyungu zisanzwe kandi bagakurikiza inzira, kandi bakita ku bwiza bwurubanza cyangwa urutonde rwicyitegererezo. Niba urutonde rwambere rwibizamini rwananiwe kubahiriza ibyo rusabwa, muri rusange nta bufatanye bwo gukurikirana. Icyitonderwa: Mugihe tuganira nabongereza, dukwiye kwitondera uburinganire bwindangamuntu, tukubahiriza igihe, kandi tukitondera ingingo zisabwa mumasezerano. Abacuruzi benshi b'Abashinwa bakunze guhura nabaguzi b’abongereza mu imurikagurisha. Iyo bahana amakarita yubucuruzi, basanga aderesi ari "XX Downing Street, London", kandi abaguzi baba mumujyi rwagati. Ariko urebye neza, Abongereza ntabwo ari umweru wa Anglo-Saxon, ahubwo ni umwirabura ukomoka muri Afurika cyangwa muri Aziya. Mugihe muganira, bazasanga kurundi ruhande atari umuguzi munini, nuko barumiwe cyane. Mubyukuri, Ubwongereza nigihugu cy’amoko menshi, kandi abaguzi benshi b’abazungu mu Bwongereza ntibaba mu mijyi, kubera ko bamwe mu bacuruzi bo mu Bwongereza bafite amateka maremare n’umuco gakondo mu bucuruzi bw’imiryango (nko gukora inkweto, inganda z’uruhu, nibindi) birashoboka. gutura mu bice bimwe na bimwe, imidugudu, ndetse no mu gihome gishaje, bityo adresse zabo muri rusange ni nka "Chesterfield" "Sheffield" n'ahandi hamwe n "" umurima "nk'umugereka. Kubwibyo, iyi ngingo ikeneye kwitabwaho bidasanzwe. Abacuruzi b'Abongereza baba mu cyaro barashobora kuba abaguzi bakomeye.

Ubudage

Abadage barakomeye, barateganya, bitondera imikorere myiza, bakurikiza ireme, bakomeza amasezerano, kandi bafatanya nabacuruzi bo mubudage kugirango batangire kumenyekanisha byimazeyo, ariko kandi bitondera ubuziranenge bwibicuruzwa. Ntugakubite igihuru mu biganiro, "gahunda nke, umurava". Uburyo bw'imishyikirano y'Ubudage ni ubushishozi n'ubushishozi, kandi intera y'inyungu muri rusange iri muri 20%; Iyo tuganira n'abacuruzi b'Abadage, dukwiye kwitondera gukemura no gutanga impano, kwitegura byimazeyo imishyikirano, no kwita kubakandida b'imishyikirano n'ubuhanga. Byongeye kandi, utanga isoko agomba kwitondera gutanga ibicuruzwa byujuje ubuziranenge, kandi icyarimwe akitondera imikorere ifatika kumeza yumushyikirano. Ntugahore ucogora, witondere ibisobanuro muburyo bwose bwo gutanga, ukurikirane uko ibicuruzwa byifashe umwanya uwariwo wose kandi ugaburire kuguzi kubaguzi.

Ubufaransa

Abafaransa benshi basohoka kandi bavuga. Niba ushaka abakiriya b'Abafaransa, wakagombye kuba uzi neza igifaransa. Ariko, ntabwo bafite imyumvire ikomeye yigihe. Bakunze gutinda cyangwa kubogama guhindura igihe mubucuruzi cyangwa itumanaho rusange, bityo bakeneye kwitegura. Abacuruzi b'Abafaransa bafite ibisabwa bikomeye ku bwiza bw’ibicuruzwa, kandi ibintu birasa nabi. Muri icyo gihe, banita cyane ku bwiza bwibicuruzwa, kandi bisaba gupakira neza. Abafaransa bamye bizera ko Ubufaransa aribwo buyobora isi ku bicuruzwa byujuje ubuziranenge. Kubwibyo, bafite umwihariko ku myambarire yabo. Mubitekerezo byabo, imyenda irashobora kwerekana umuco numuntu. Kubwibyo, mugihe cyo kuganira, ubushishozi kandi bwambaye neza bizazana ibisubizo byiza.

Ubutaliyani

Nubwo abataliyani basohoka kandi bafite ishyaka, baritonda mubiganiro byamasezerano no gufata ibyemezo. Abataliyani bafite ubushake bwo gukora ubucuruzi ninganda zo murugo. Niba ushaka gufatanya nabo, ugomba kwerekana ko ibicuruzwa byawe ari byiza kandi bihendutse kuruta ibicuruzwa byabataliyani.

Espanye

Uburyo bwo gucuruza: kwishyura ibicuruzwa bikorwa ninzandiko yinguzanyo. Igihe cyinguzanyo ni iminsi 90, kandi ububiko bunini bwurunigi ni iminsi 120 kugeza 150. Ingano yatumijwe: ibice 200 kugeza 1000 buri gihe Icyitonderwa: igihugu ntabwo cyishyura amahoro kubicuruzwa byatumijwe hanze. Abatanga isoko bagomba kugabanya igihe cyumusaruro kandi bakitondera ubuziranenge nubushake bwiza.

Danemark

Ingeso yo gucuruza: Abatumiza muri Danemark muri rusange bafite ubushake bwo kwakira L / C mugihe bakora ubucuruzi bwambere hamwe n’amahanga yohereza hanze. Nyuma yaho, amafaranga akoreshwa mubyangombwa n'iminsi 30-90 D / P cyangwa D / A bikoreshwa. Ibicuruzwa bifite umubare muto mugitangiriro (sample yoherejwe cyangwa ibicuruzwa byo kugurisha)

Ku bijyanye n’ibiciro: Danemark itanga ubuvuzi-bw’ibihugu byinshi cyangwa GSP ikunda cyane ibicuruzwa biva mu bihugu bimwe bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere, ibihugu by’Uburayi bw’iburasirazuba ndetse n’ibihugu byo ku nkombe za Mediterane. Ariko, mubyukuri, hano haribiciro bike byamahoro muri sisitemu yicyuma n’imyenda, kandi ibihugu bifite ibicuruzwa binini byohereza ibicuruzwa hanze akenshi bifata politiki yabyo. Icyitonderwa: Kimwe nicyitegererezo, abanyamahanga bohereza ibicuruzwa hanze bagomba kwitondera itariki yatanzwe. Iyo amasezerano mashya akozwe, abatumiza mu mahanga bagomba kwerekana itariki yihariye yo gutanga no kuzuza inshingano zo gutanga mugihe. Gutinda kubitangwa kubera kutubahiriza itariki yo kugemura birashobora gutuma amasezerano aseswa nuwatumije muri Danemark.

Ubugereki

Abaguzi ni inyangamugayo ariko ntibakora neza, ntibakurikirana imyambarire, kandi bakunda guta igihe (Abagereki bafite imyizerere ivuga ko abakire gusa bafite umwanya wo guta, bityo bahitamo kwibira izuba ku mucanga wa Aegean, aho kujya gukora amafaranga mu bucuruzi no hanze.)

Ibiranga ibihugu bya Nordic biroroshye, byiyubashye kandi bifite ubushishozi, intambwe ku yindi, ituje kandi ituje. Ntabwo ari byiza mu guhahirana, nko kuba ingirakamaro kandi neza; Twita cyane kubicuruzwa byiza, ibyemezo, kurengera ibidukikije, kubungabunga ingufu nibindi bijyanye nibiciro.

Abaguzi b’Uburusiya baturutse mu Burusiya no mu bindi bihugu by’Uburayi bw’iburasirazuba bakunda kuvuga ku masezerano y’agaciro kanini kandi barasaba amasezerano y’ubucuruzi kandi ntibahuze. Muri icyo gihe, Abarusiya batinda gukemura ibibazo. Iyo bavugana nabaguzi b’Uburusiya n’Uburasirazuba bw’Uburayi, bagomba kwitondera gukurikirana no kubikurikirana ku gihe kugira ngo birinde urundi ruhande. Igihe cyose abarusiya bakora ubucuruzi nyuma yo gusinya amasezerano, TT itumanaho rya terefegitura irasanzwe. Bakenera kubitanga mugihe kandi ntibikunze gufungura LC. Ariko, ntabwo byoroshye kubona isano. Bashobora gusa kunyura muri Show Show cyangwa gusura mukarere. Ururimi rwaho ni Ikirusiya, kandi itumanaho ryicyongereza ntirisanzwe, bigoye kuvugana. Mubisanzwe, tuzashaka ubufasha bwabasemuzi.

Afurika

Abaguzi b'Abanyafurika bagura ibicuruzwa bike kandi bitandukanye, ariko bizihutirwa. Benshi muribo bakoresha TT nuburyo bwo kwishyura amafaranga, kandi ntibakunda gukoresha inzandiko zinguzanyo. Bagura ibicuruzwa babireba, bagatanga amafaranga n'amaboko mugutanga, cyangwa kugurisha ibicuruzwa ku nguzanyo. Ibihugu by'Afurika bishyira mu bikorwa igenzura mbere yo kohereza ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga n'ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga, ibyo bikaba byongera ibiciro byacu mu bikorwa bifatika, bidindiza itariki yo kugemura kandi bikadindiza iterambere risanzwe ry'ubucuruzi. Ikarita y'inguzanyo na sheki bikoreshwa cyane muri Afurika y'Epfo, kandi biramenyerewe "kurya mbere yo kwishyura".

Maroc

Ingeso zubucuruzi: fata amafaranga yishyuwe hamwe nagaciro kavuzwe hamwe nibiciro bitandukanye. Icyitonderwa: Urwego rw’ibicuruzwa byatumijwe muri Maroc muri rusange ni byinshi kandi gucunga amadovize birakomeye. Uburyo bwa D / P bufite ibyago byinshi byo gukusanya amadovize mu bucuruzi bwohereza ibicuruzwa mu gihugu. Abakiriya ba banki na banki bifatanya hagati yabo gufata ibicuruzwa mbere, gutinda kwishyura, no kwishyura bisabwe na banki zo mu gihugu cyangwa ibigo byohereza ibicuruzwa hanze nyuma yo kubisaba ibiro byacu.

Afurika y'Epfo

Ingeso yo gucuruza: amakarita yinguzanyo na cheque bikoreshwa cyane, kandi ingeso yo "gukoresha mbere yo kwishyura". Icyitonderwa: Bitewe namafaranga make hamwe ninyungu nyinshi za banki (hafi 22%), baracyakoreshwa mukwishyura mubireba cyangwa mubice, kandi mubisanzwe ntabwo bafungura amabaruwa yinguzanyo. 

Amerika

Isesengura ry'incamake: Ingeso y'ubucuruzi muri Amerika ya ruguru ni uko abacuruzi ari Abayahudi, ahanini ni ubucuruzi bwinshi. Mubisanzwe, ingano yo kugura ni nini cyane, kandi igiciro kigomba guhatanwa cyane, ariko inyungu ni nke; Ubudahemuka ntabwo buri hejuru, ni ibintu bifatika. Igihe cyose abonye igiciro cyo hasi, azafatanya nundi mutanga isoko; Witondere kugenzura uruganda nuburenganzira bwa muntu (nko kumenya niba uruganda rukoresha imirimo mibi ikoreshwa abana, nibindi); Mubisanzwe L / C ikoreshwa muminsi 60 yo kwishyura. Bashimangira gukora neza, guha agaciro umwanya, gukurikirana inyungu zifatika, no guha agaciro kumenyekanisha no kugaragara. Uburyo bw'imishyikirano burasohoka kandi bweruye, bwizeye ndetse burata, ariko amasezerano azitonda cyane mugihe akora ubucuruzi bwihariye. Abanyamerika bashyikirana baha agaciro imikorere kandi bakunda gufata ibyemezo byihuse. Mugihe cyo kuganira cyangwa gusubiramo, bagomba kwitondera byose. Mugihe usubiramo, bagomba gutanga ibisubizo byuzuye kandi bagasuzuma byose; Benshi mu Banyakanada ni abagumyabanga kandi ntibakunda ihindagurika ry'ibiciro. Bahitamo gushikama.

Ingeso yubucuruzi muri Amerika yepfo mubusanzwe ni nini mubwinshi, hasi kubiciro no hasi kubiciro, kandi biri hasi mubwiza; Nta bisabwa bisabwa, ariko hariho ibiciro biri hejuru. Abakiriya benshi bakora CO baturutse mu bihugu bya gatatu; Amabanki make muri Mexico arashobora gufungura inzandiko zinguzanyo. Birasabwa ko abaguzi bishyura amafaranga (T / T). Abaguzi mubisanzwe ni intagondwa, umuntu ku giti cye, bisanzwe, n'amarangamutima; Igitekerezo cyigihe nacyo gifite intege nke kandi hariho iminsi mikuru myinshi; Erekana gusobanukirwa mugihe muganira. Muri icyo gihe, abaguzi benshi bo muri Amerika yepfo ntibafite ubumenyi bwubucuruzi mpuzamahanga, ndetse bafite imyumvire idakomeye yo kwishyura L / C. Byongeye kandi, igipimo cyimikorere cyamasezerano ntabwo kiri hejuru, kandi ubwishyu ntibushobora gukorwa nkuko byateganijwe kubera guhinduka kenshi. Kubaha imigenzo n'imyizerere, kandi wirinde kwishora mubibazo bya politiki mubiganiro; Kubera ko ibihugu bifite politiki zitandukanye zijyanye no kohereza ibicuruzwa hanze no kugenzura amadovize, bigomba gukora ubushakashatsi bwitondewe no kwiga neza amasezerano kugirango birinde amakimbirane nyuma yibyabaye; Kubera ko ibibazo bya politiki byaho bidahungabana kandi politiki yimari yimbere mu gihugu irahungabana, mugihe dukora ubucuruzi nabakiriya ba Amerika yepfo, tugomba kwitonda cyane, kandi mugihe kimwe, dukwiye kwiga gukoresha ingamba za "localisation", kandi tukitondera uruhare rw'Urugereko rw'Ubucuruzi n'ibiro bishinzwe ubuvugizi mu bucuruzi.

Ibihugu byo muri Amerika ya Ruguru biha agaciro imikorere, bikurikirana inyungu zifatika, kandi biha agaciro kumenyekanisha no kugaragara. Uburyo bw'imishyikirano burasohoka kandi bweruye, bwizeye ndetse burata, ariko amasezerano azitonda cyane mugihe akora ubucuruzi bwihariye.

Amerika

Ikintu kinini kiranga abaguzi b'Abanyamerika ni imikorere, nibyiza rero kumenyekanisha ibyiza byawe nibicuruzwa byibicuruzwa muri imeri vuba bishoboka. Abaguzi benshi b'Abanyamerika ntabwo bakurikirana ibirango bike. Igihe cyose ibicuruzwa bifite ubuziranenge kandi buhendutse, bizaba bifite abantu benshi muri Amerika. Ariko, yitondera ubugenzuzi bwuruganda nuburenganzira bwa muntu (nko kumenya niba uruganda rukoresha imirimo mibi ikoreshwa abana). Mubisanzwe L / C, kwishyura iminsi 60. Nkigihugu kidashingiye ku mibanire, abakiriya b’abanyamerika ntibazavugana nawe kubera ibikorwa byigihe kirekire. Hagomba kwitabwaho byumwihariko imishyikirano cyangwa amagambo yatanzwe nabaguzi babanyamerika. Byose bigomba gufatwa nkibisanzwe. Amagambo yatanzwe agomba gutanga ibisubizo byuzuye kandi akareba byose.

Kanada

Zimwe muri politiki y’ubucuruzi y’ububanyi n’amahanga ya Kanada izagira ingaruka ku Bwongereza na Amerika. Ku bicuruzwa byohereza ibicuruzwa mu Bushinwa, Kanada igomba kuba igihugu cyizewe cyane.

Mexico

Imyifatire iyo iganira nabanya Mexico ikwiye kwitabwaho. Imyitwarire ikomeye ntabwo ibereye ikirere cyumushyikirano. Wige gukoresha ingamba za "localisation". Amabanki make muri Mexico arashobora gufungura inzandiko zinguzanyo. Birasabwa ko abaguzi bishyura amafaranga (T / T).