Nkumukarani wubucuruzi bwububanyi n’amahanga, ni ngombwa cyane gusobanukirwa ibiranga ingeso zo kugura abakiriya mu bihugu bitandukanye, kandi bigira ingaruka nyinshi kumurimo.
Amerika y'Epfo
Amerika y'Epfo irimo ibihugu 13 (Kolombiya, Venezuwela, Guyana, Suriname, Ecuador, Peru, Burezili, Boliviya, Chili, Paraguay, Uruguay, Arijantine) n'uturere (Giyana y'Abafaransa). Venezuwela, Kolombiya, Chili na Peru nabyo byateye imbere mu bukungu.
Ubwinshi, igiciro gito, bihendutse nibyiza, nta bwiza busabwa
Nta bisabwa bisabwa, ariko hariho ibiciro biri hejuru; muri rusange jya muri Amerika ubanza (bihwanye na magendu, kwirinda imisoro) hanyuma usubire mu gihugu
Ibisabwa kubabikora birasa nibya Amerika
Icyitonderwa: Muri Mexico hari banki ebyiri gusa zishobora gufungura L / C, izindi ntizishobora; byose byerekana ko abakiriya basaba abaguzi kwishyura mumafaranga (TT)
Ibiranga abaguzi:
Kwinangira, umuntu wambere, umunezero udafite umumaro numutima uremereye, kwizerwa gake no kumva inshingano. Urwego rwinganda muri Amerika y'Epfo ni ruto cyane, ubumenyi bwo kwihangira imirimo kuri ba rwiyemezamirimo nabwo buri hasi, kandi amasaha y'akazi muri rusange ni mugufi kandi atinda. Mubikorwa byubucuruzi, kutubahiriza amatariki yo kwishyura ni ibintu bikunze kugaragara, kandi hariho no kutumva neza igihe cyagaciro cyimari. Amerika y'Epfo nayo ifite ibiruhuko byinshi. Mu gihe cy'imishyikirano, bikunze kugaragara ko umuntu witabira imishyikirano asaba ikiruhuko gitunguranye, kandi imishyikirano igomba guhagarikwa kugeza igihe azagarukira mu biruhuko mbere yuko ikomeza. Bitewe nuko ibintu bimeze, hari amarangamutima akomeye mubiganiro. Nyuma yo kugera kuri "ibanga" hagati yabo, bazashyira imbere gukemura, kandi bazita no kubyo umukiriya asabwa, kugirango imishyikirano ikomeze neza.
Kubwibyo, muri Amerika y'Epfo, imyifatire y'ibiganiro igomba kwishyira mu mwanya w'abandi, kandi ubugome ntibuzahuza n'ahantu ho gushyikirana. Ariko mu myaka yashize, umubare w’abantu bize mu bucuruzi muri Amerika wiyongereye vuba, bityo ibidukikije bigenda bihinduka buhoro buhoro.
Kutagira ubumenyi mpuzamahanga mubucuruzi. Mu bacuruzi bakora ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga, hari n'abafite imyumvire idahwitse yo kwishyura bakoresheje ibaruwa y'inguzanyo, ndetse n'abacuruzi bamwe bifuza kwishyura kuri sheki kimwe n'ibicuruzwa byo mu gihugu, kandi abantu bamwe ntibumva imikorere y'ibikorwa bisanzwe. mu bucuruzi mpuzamahanga na gato. Mu bihugu byo muri Amerika y'Epfo, usibye Burezili, Arijantine, Kolombiya, n'ibindi, uruhushya rwo gutumiza mu mahanga rusuzumwa cyane, niba rero utarigeze wemeza mbere niba uruhushya rwarabonetse, ntutangire gutegura umusaruro, kugira ngo utabikora. yafatiwe mu gihirahiro. Mu bucuruzi bwo muri Amerika y'Epfo, amadolari y'Abanyamerika niyo faranga nyamukuru.
Politiki idahungabana ya politiki na politiki yimari yimbere mu gihugu. Muri Amerika y'Epfo, guhirika ubutegetsi ni ibintu bisanzwe. Ihirikwa ry’ubutegetsi ntirigira ingaruka nke mubucuruzi rusange, kandi bigira ingaruka gusa mubikorwa birimo leta. Kubwibyo, mugihe ukoresheje L / C mubucuruzi hamwe nabacuruzi bo muri Amerika yepfo, ugomba kwitonda cyane, kandi ugomba kugenzura mbere yinguzanyo za banki zaho mbere. Muri icyo gihe, witondere ingamba za "localisation", kandi witondere uruhare rw'ingereko z'ubucuruzi n'ibiro biteza imbere ubucuruzi.
Amerika y'Amajyaruguru (Amerika)
Abanyamerika bafite ibitekerezo bikomeye bigezweho. Kubwibyo, Abanyamerika ntibakunze kuganzwa nubutegetsi nibitekerezo gakondo, kandi bafite imyumvire ikomeye yo guhanga no guhatana. Muri rusange, Abanyamerika barakabije kandi ntibisanzwe.
Amerika y'Amajyaruguru (Amerika) ishingiye ahanini ku bwinshi. Mubisanzwe, ingano yo kugura ni nini. Igiciro gisabwa kirarushanwa cyane, ariko inyungu izaba myinshi kurenza iy'abakiriya bo mu burasirazuba bwo hagati.
Benshi muribo ni amaduka yishami (Walmart, JC, nibindi)
Mubisanzwe, hari ibiro byo kugura muri Hong Kong, Guangdong, Qingdao, nibindi.
Kugira ibipimo bisabwa
Witondere kugenzura uruganda nuburenganzira bwa muntu (niba uruganda rukoresha imirimo mibi ikoreshwa abana, nibindi);
Mu ibaruwa y'inguzanyo (L / C), kwishyura iminsi 60; cyangwa T / T (kwimura insinga)
Ibiranga abaguzi bo muri Amerika:
Witondere gukora neza, komeza umwanya, kandi ufite ubumenyi bukomeye mumategeko.
Uburyo bwo kuganira burakabije, bwizeye ndetse nubwibone buke.
Ibisobanuro birambuye byamasezerano, ubucuruzi bwihariye bushishoza, witondere kumenyekanisha no kugaragara.
Kuri byose-byose, dutanga urutonde rwuzuye rwibisubizo byatanzwe, kandi dusuzume byose. Abashoramari bo muri Amerika bakunda gushyiraho imiterere rusange yubucuruzi, hanyuma bakaganira kubintu byihariye, bagasuzuma ibintu byose. Kubwibyo, abaduha isoko bakeneye kwitondera gutanga gahunda yuzuye yo gusubiramo mugihe basubiramo. Igiciro kigomba kwitabwaho. Ibintu nko gushimira amafaranga y’amafaranga, izamuka ry’ibikoresho fatizo, no kugabanuka kw’imisoro bigomba kwitabwaho. Ibibazo bisuzumwa mugikorwa cyo gutanga birashobora kuvugwa, kugirango Abanyamerika nabo batekereze ko utekereza kandi utekereza, bishobora guteza imbere irangizwa ryurutonde.
Uburayi
Igiciro ninyungu ni byinshi cyane - ariko ingano yubuguzi ifatwa nkuburyo butandukanye nuburyo buto; (ubwinshi nigiciro kinini)
Ntabwo yitaye kuburemere bwibicuruzwa, ariko yitondera cyane imiterere, imiterere, igishushanyo, ubwiza nibikoresho byibicuruzwa, yibanda kubidukikije.
Byinshi bitatanye, cyane cyane ibirango byihariye
Witondere cyane ubushakashatsi nubushobozi bwiterambere ryuruganda, kandi ufite ibisabwa byinshi muburyo, kandi muri rusange bifite ababishushanya;
Uburambe bw'ikirango busabwa;
ubudahemuka bukabije
Uburyo bukoreshwa muburyo bwo kwishyura - L / C iminsi 30 cyangwa TT amafaranga
bafite igipimo
Kutibanda ku kugenzura uruganda, kwibanda ku cyemezo (icyemezo cyo kurengera ibidukikije, icyemezo cyiza na tekiniki, nibindi); kwibanda ku gishushanyo mbonera, ubushakashatsi niterambere, ubushobozi bwo gukora, nibindi.; benshi muribo ni OEM / ODM.
Abakiriya benshi b’iburayi bahitamo guhitamo inganda ziciriritse kugirango bafatanye, kandi isoko ryiburayi rifite ibisabwa byinshi. Bizera ko bazabona inganda zimwe na zimwe zizabafasha gukora verisiyo no gufatanya no kuvugurura.
Uburayi bw'Iburasirazuba (Ukraine, Polonye, n'ibindi)
Ibisabwa ku ruganda ntabwo biri hejuru, kandi ingano yo kugura ntabwo ari nini
Ibihugu by’Uburayi bw’iburengerazuba birimo cyane cyane Ububiligi, Ubufaransa, Irilande, Luxembourg, Monaco, Ubuholandi, Ubwongereza, Otirishiya, Ubudage, igikomangoma cya Liechtenstein n'Ubusuwisi. Ubukungu bw’iburayi bw’iburengerazuba bwateye imbere cyane mu Burayi, kandi imibereho iri hejuru cyane. Ibihugu bikomeye ku isi nk'Ubwongereza, Ubufaransa n'Ubudage byibanze hano. Ibihugu by’Uburayi bw’iburengerazuba nabyo ni kamwe mu turere dufite umubano w’ubucuruzi n’abacuruzi b’Abashinwa.
Ubudage
Ku bijyanye n'Abadage, ikintu cya mbere kiza mu mutwe ni ubukorikori bwabo bwitondewe, gukora imodoka nziza, ubushobozi bwo gutekereza neza, n'imyitwarire myiza. Ukurikije ibiranga igihugu, Abadage bafite imico nko kwigirira ikizere, ubushishozi, kwibumbira hamwe, gukomera, no gukomera. Barateguwe neza, bitondere gukora neza, kandi bakurikirane gutungana. Muri make, ni ugukora ibintu ushikamye kandi ukagira uburyo bwa gisirikari, kureba rero abadage bakina umupira wamaguru bumva ari igare rihanitse rigenda.
Ibiranga abaguzi b'Abadage
Rigorous, conservateur kandi utekereza. Mugihe ukora ubucuruzi numudage, menya neza kwitegura neza mbere yumushyikirano kugirango usubize ibibazo birambuye kubyerekeye sosiyete yawe nibicuruzwa. Muri icyo gihe, ubwiza bwibicuruzwa bugomba kwemezwa.
Kurikirana ubuziranenge kandi ugerageze ibitekerezo byabazimu, witondere gukora neza kandi witondere ibisobanuro. Abadage bafite byinshi basabwa kubicuruzwa, kubwibyo abaduha isoko bagomba kwitondera gutanga ibicuruzwa byiza. Muri icyo gihe, kumeza yumushyikirano, witondere gufata ibyemezo, ntucike intege, witondere ibisobanuro birambuye mugikorwa cyose cyo gutanga, ukurikirane uko ibicuruzwa byifashe mugihe icyo aricyo cyose kandi utange ibitekerezo kubaguzi mugihe gikwiye.
Gukomeza amasezerano no kunganira amasezerano. Amasezerano namara gusinywa, azakurikizwa rwose, kandi amasezerano azakorwa neza. Ntakibazo cyaba kibaho, amasezerano ntazacika intege. Kubwibyo, mugihe ukora ubucuruzi nabadage, ugomba no kwiga kubahiriza amasezerano.
Ubwongereza
Abongereza bitondera cyane inyungu zemewe kandi intambwe ku yindi, kandi birata kandi birinda, cyane cyane abagabo baha abantu ibyiyumvo byicyubahiro.
Ibiranga abaguzi
Tuza kandi ushikamye, kwigirira ikizere no kwifata, witondere ikinyabupfura, wunganira imyitwarire ya nyakubahwa. Niba ushobora kwerekana uburere n'imyitwarire myiza mubiganiro, uzahita ububaha kandi ushireho urufatiro rwiza rwo kuganira neza. Ni muri urwo rwego, nidushira igitutu ku mishyikirano hamwe n’impaka zifatika n’impaka zumvikana kandi zikomeye, bizatuma abashyikirana n’abongereza bareka imyanya yabo idafite ishingiro kubera gutinya gutakaza isura, bityo bakagera ku musaruro mwiza w’imishyikirano.
Ukunda gukora intambwe ku yindi, hibandwa cyane kuri gahunda na gahunda. Kubwibyo, mugihe abatanga ibicuruzwa mubushinwa bakora ubucuruzi nabongereza, bagomba kwitondera byumwihariko ubwiza bwibicuruzwa byateganijwe cyangwa ibicuruzwa byintangarugero, kuko ibi nibisabwa kugirango abongereza bagenzure abatanga ibicuruzwa.
Menya imiterere yabaguzi bo mubwongereza. Ingingo yabo muri rusange nka "Chersfield", "Sheffield" nibindi hamwe n "" umurima "nkumugereka. Ibi rero bigomba kwitonda cyane, kandi abongereza baba mumitungo yigihugu barashobora kuba abaguzi bakomeye.
Ubufaransa
Abafaransa bakuriye mu kirere no mu buhanzi kuva mu bwana, kandi ntibitangaje kuba bavutse bafite imiterere y'urukundo.
Ibiranga abaguzi b'Abafaransa
Abaguzi b'Abafaransa muri rusange bitondera cyane umuco wabo bwite hamwe nururimi rwigihugu. Gukora ubucuruzi nabafaransa igihe kirekire, nibyiza kwiga igifaransa, cyangwa guhitamo umusemuzi mwiza wigifaransa mugihe uganira. Abacuruzi b'Abafaransa usanga bishimye kandi bavuga, kandi bakunda kuvuga ku makuru amwe n'amwe ashimishije mu gihe cy'imishyikirano kugira ngo habeho umwuka utuje. Kumenya byinshi kubijyanye numuco wigifaransa, ubuvanganzo bwa firime, namatara yubuhanzi yubuhanzi bifasha cyane mugutumanaho no kungurana ibitekerezo.
Abafaransa bafite urukundo muri kamere, baha agaciro imyidagaduro, kandi bafite intege nke zigihe. Bakunze gutinda cyangwa kubogama bahindura umwanya mubucuruzi cyangwa mubikorwa byimibereho, kandi burigihe basanga impamvu nyinshi zumvikana. Hariho kandi umugenzo udasanzwe mubufaransa ko mubihe bisanzwe, urwego rwo hejuru rwakiriwe nabashyitsi, nyuma. Rero, kugirango ukore ubucuruzi nabo, ugomba kwiga kwihangana. Ariko Abafaransa akenshi ntibababarira abandi kuberako bakererewe, kandi bazakira ubukonje cyane kubatinze. Niba rero ubabajije, ntutinde.
Mu mishyikirano, ingingo zamasezerano zirashimangirwa, imitekerereze iroroshye kandi ikora neza, kandi ibikorwa birangizwa no gushingira ku mbaraga z'umuntu ku giti cye. Abacuruzi b'Abafaransa bafite ibitekerezo byoroshye nuburyo butandukanye mugihe baganira. Mu rwego rwo koroshya ibikorwa, bakunze gukoresha inzira zubutegetsi n’ububanyi n’ububanyi n’amahanga kugira ngo bagire uruhare mu mishyikirano. Muri icyo gihe, bakunda kugira ubutware bukomeye bwo gukemura ibibazo. Iyo ukora ibiganiro byubucuruzi, abantu barenze umwe bashinzwe gufata ibyemezo. Ibiganiro birakorwa neza mugihe hari ibyemezo bike.
Abacuruzi b'Abafaransa bafite ibyo basabwa cyane ku bwiza bw’ibicuruzwa, kandi ibintu bimeze nabi. Muri icyo gihe, banita cyane kubwiza bwibicuruzwa kandi bisaba gupakira neza. Kubwibyo, mugihe cyo kuganira, imyambarire yubushishozi kandi nziza izazana ibisubizo byiza.
Ububiligi, Ubuholandi, Luxembourg n'ibindi bihugu
Abaguzi mubisanzwe bafite ubushishozi, bateguwe neza, bitondera isura, imiterere, gusobanukirwa, gahunda, kwizerwa, hamwe nubucuruzi buhanitse. Abaguzi muri Luxembourg ni ibigo bito n'ibiciriritse, muri rusange bifite igipimo cyinshi cyo gusubiza, ariko ntibashaka gufata inshingano iyo ari yo yose y'ibikoresho, kandi ubusanzwe bakora ubucuruzi bwinshi nabatanga Hong Kong. Uburyo bwo kubyitwaramo: Abatanga ibicuruzwa mu Bushinwa bagomba kwitondera imyigaragambyo mugihe icyuma gishyushye mugihe cyo kuganira, kandi ntukange undi muburanyi kubera uburyo bwo kwishyura cyangwa ibibazo byubwikorezi.
Uburasirazuba bwo hagati (Ubuhinde)
gukabya gukabije
Ibiciro bihanitse - ibicuruzwa byiza, kugura bito
Ibiciro biri hasi - imyanda (niyo ihendutse
Mubisanzwe birasabwa ko abaguzi bishyura amafaranga;
(hamwe n'abaguzi b'Abanyafurika)
Ibiranga abaguzi
Gira indangagaciro z'umuryango, shimangira cyane kwizera n'ubucuti, kunangira no guharanira inyungu, no kugenda buhoro.
Mu maso y'Abarabu, kwizerwa nicyo kintu cyingenzi. Abantu bavuga ibijyanye nubucuruzi bagomba kubanza gutoneshwa no kwizerana, kandi intego yo gutsindira ikizere nuko ugomba kubaha imyizerere yabo ishingiye ku idini na "Allah". Abarabu bafite imyizerere y "amasengesho", nuko burigihe, bahita bapfukama basenga ikirere, baririmba amagambo mumunwa. Ntutangazwe cyane cyangwa utumvikana kuriyi ngingo.
Hariho imvugo nyinshi yumubiri mubiganiro kandi ikunda guterana amagambo.
Abarabu bakunda cyane guhahirana. Impaka ziraboneka hatitawe ku bunini bwububiko. Igiciro cyurutonde ni "ugutanga" gusa. Ikirenzeho, umuntu ugura ikintu atabanje guhahirana yubahwa cyane nugurisha kuruta umuntu ugura kandi ntacyo aguze. Ubwenge bw'Abarabu ni: uwambere amureba hasi, uwanyubaha. Kubwibyo, mugihe dukora cote yambere, turashobora kwifuza kuvuga igiciro uko bikwiye hanyuma tugasiga icyumba kugirango undi muburanyi yumvikane, bitabaye ibyo ntihazabaho umwanya wo kugabanya ibiciro niba ibivugwa ari bike.
Witondere ingeso zo kuganira n'imyizerere y'idini y'Abarabu. Mubucuruzi, bamenyereye gukoresha "IBM". "IBM" hano ntabwo yerekeza kuri IBM, ahubwo yerekeza kumagambo atatu mucyarabu atangirana na I, B, na M. Ndashaka kuvuga “Inchari”, ni ukuvuga, “Ubushake bw'Imana”; B bisobanura “Bokura”, ni ukuvuga, “Reka tuganire ejo”; M bisobanura “Malesius”, ni ukuvuga, “ntubyiteho”. Kurugero, impande zombi zakoze amasezerano, hanyuma ibintu birahinduka. Niba umucuruzi wabarabu ashaka gusesa amasezerano, azavuga rwose ati: "ubushake bw'Imana". Kubwibyo, mugihe ukora ubucuruzi nabarabu, birakenewe kwibuka uburyo bwabo bwa "IBM", gufatanya nundi muvuduko wihuse, kandi kugenda buhoro ni politiki nziza.
Ositaraliya:
Igiciro muri Australiya kiri hejuru kandi inyungu ni nyinshi. Ibisabwa ntabwo biri hejuru nkibyabaguzi muburayi, Amerika n'Ubuyapani. Mubisanzwe, nyuma yo gutanga itegeko inshuro nyinshi, ubwishyu buzakorwa na T / T.
Usibye abakiriya b’abanyaburayi n’abanyamerika, mubisanzwe tumenyekanisha abakiriya ba Australiya muruganda rwacu. Kuberako baruzuza gusa ibihe bitari ibihe byabakiriya babanyaburayi nabanyamerika.
Aziya (Ubuyapani, Koreya)
Igiciro ni kinini kandi ubwinshi buri hagati;
Ibisabwa byose byuzuye (ubuziranenge bwo hejuru, ibisobanuro birambuye)
Ibisabwa ni byinshi cyane, kandi ibipimo byubugenzuzi birakomeye, ariko ubudahemuka ni bwinshi. Mubisanzwe, nyuma yubufatanye, mubisanzwe ntibisanzwe guhindura inganda.
Abaguzi muri rusange bashinga ibigo byubucuruzi byabayapani cyangwa ibigo bya Hong Kong kuvugana nababikora;
Mexico
Ingeso yo gucuruza: mubisanzwe ntabwo wemera LC yo kwishyura, ariko LC yo kwishyura mbere irashobora kwemerwa.
Ingano yumubare: Ingano yumubare ni nto, kandi mubisanzwe birasabwa kubona icyitegererezo.
Icyitonderwa: Igihe cyo gutanga ni kigufi gishoboka. Kugura mu gihugu bigomba kuba byujuje ibisabwa n’amabwiriza abigenga bishoboka, icya kabiri, ni ngombwa kuzamura ubwiza n’urwego rw’ibicuruzwa kugira ngo byuzuze amahame mpuzamahanga. Guverinoma ya Mexico ivuga ko gutumiza mu mahanga ibicuruzwa byose bya elegitoroniki bigomba kubanza gusaba Minisiteri y’inganda n’ubucuruzi muri Mexico kugira ngo yemeze icyemezo cy’ubuziranenge (NOM), ni ukuvuga mu rwego rwo muri Amerika UL, mbere yuko yemererwa gutumizwa mu mahanga.
Alijeriya
Uburyo bwo kwishyura: T / T ntishobora koherezwa, leta isaba L / C gusa, byaba byiza amafaranga (kwishyura mbere).
Afurika y'Epfo
Ingeso yo gucuruza: muri rusange ukoreshe amakarita yinguzanyo na cheque, kandi umenyereye gukoresha mbere hanyuma ukishyura.
Ibintu bikeneye kwitabwaho: Kubera amafaranga make hamwe ninyungu nyinshi za banki (hafi 22%), abantu baracyamenyereye kwishyura kubireba cyangwa kubishyira mubice, kandi mubisanzwe ntabwo bafungura L / C mubireba.
Afurika
Ingeso yo gucuruza: kugura kubireba, kwishyura mbere, gutanga ikiganza cya mbere, cyangwa kugurisha inguzanyo.
Gutumiza ingano: ubwinshi, ubwoko bwinshi, ibicuruzwa byihutirwa.
Ibintu bikeneye kwitabwaho: Kugenzura mbere yo kohereza ibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga n’ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga byashyizwe mu bikorwa n’ibihugu bya Afurika byongera ibiciro byacu mu bikorwa nyirizina, bidindiza igihe cyo gutanga, kandi bidindiza iterambere risanzwe ry’ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga.
Danemark
Ingeso yo gucuruza: Abatumiza muri Danemarike muri rusange bafite ubushake bwo kwakira ibaruwa yinguzanyo nkuburyo bwo kwishyura iyo bakoze ubucuruzi bwabo bwa mbere hamwe n’amahanga yohereza ibicuruzwa hanze. Nyuma yaho, amafaranga arwanya inyemezabuguzi hamwe niminsi 30-90 nyuma yo kwishyura D / A cyangwa D / A mubisanzwe bikoreshwa. Mubanze kubitumenyetso bito (sample yoherejwe cyangwa gahunda yo kugerageza).
Igiciro: Danemark itanga ubuvuzi-butoneshwa n’ibihugu cyangwa GSP nziza ku bicuruzwa byatumijwe mu bihugu bimwe na bimwe bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere, ibihugu by’Uburayi bw’iburasirazuba ndetse n’ibihugu bya Mediterane. Muri sisitemu y'ibyuma n'imyenda, hano haribiciro bike byamahoro, kandi ibihugu bifite ibicuruzwa binini byohereza ibicuruzwa hanze bikunda kwishyiriraho politiki yabyo.
Ibintu bikeneye kwitabwaho: Ingero zisabwa kuba zimwe, kandi itariki yo gutanga ni ngombwa cyane. Iyo amasezerano mashya akozwe, abatumiza mu mahanga bagomba kwerekana itariki yihariye yo gutanga no kuzuza inshingano zo gutanga mugihe. Kurenga ku itariki yo gutanga, bikavamo gutinda gutangwa, birashobora guhagarikwa nuwatumije muri Danemark.
Espanye
Uburyo bwo gucuruza: Kwishura bikorwa ninzandiko yinguzanyo, igihe cyinguzanyo ni iminsi 90, niminsi igera kuri 120 kugeza 150 kububiko bunini bwurunigi.
Umubare wateganijwe: ibice 200 kugeza 1000 kuri gahunda.
Icyitonderwa: Espagne ntabwo yishyuza amahoro ya gasutamo kubicuruzwa byatumijwe hanze. Abatanga isoko bagomba kugabanya igihe cyumusaruro kandi bakibanda kubwiza nubushake bwiza.
Uburayi bw'Iburasirazuba
Isoko ryiburayi bwiburasirazuba rifite imiterere yaryo. Urwego rusabwa kubicuruzwa ntabwo ruri hejuru, ariko kugirango dushake iterambere rirambye, ibicuruzwa bitujuje ubuziranenge nta bushobozi bifite.
Uburasirazuba bwo hagati
Ingeso zubucuruzi: ubucuruzi butaziguye binyuze mubucuruzi bwububanyi n’amahanga, imikorere yubucuruzi itaziguye ni akazuyazi. Ugereranije n'Ubuyapani, Uburayi, Amerika n'ahandi, ibisabwa ku bicuruzwa ntabwo biri hejuru cyane. Witondere cyane ibara kandi uhitamo ibintu byijimye. Inyungu ni nto, ingano ntabwo ari nini, ariko gahunda irateganijwe.
Ibintu bikeneye kwitabwaho: Witondere byumwihariko abashinzwe ubucuruzi bwamahanga kugirango wirinde kugabanya ibiciro nundi muburanyi muburyo butandukanye. Hagomba kwitabwaho cyane gukurikiza ihame ryisezerano rimwe. Amasezerano cyangwa amasezerano akimara gusinywa, umuntu agomba gukora amasezerano kandi agakora ibishoboka byose, kabone niyo byaba ari amasezerano. Mugihe kimwe, dukwiye kwitondera iperereza ryabakiriya babanyamahanga. Komeza imyifatire myiza kandi ntukeke ingero nke cyangwa posita y'icyitegererezo.
Maroc
Ingeso zubucuruzi: fata agaciro gake kandi wishyure itandukaniro mumafaranga.
Ibintu bikeneye kwitabwaho: Urwego rw’ibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga muri Maroc muri rusange ni byinshi, kandi gucunga amadovize birakomeye. Uburyo bwa DP bufite ibyago byinshi byo gukusanya amadovize mu bucuruzi bwohereza ibicuruzwa mu gihugu. Mu bucuruzi mpuzamahanga, hari aho usanga abakiriya b’abanyamahanga bo muri Maroc bafatanije n’amabanki gufata ibicuruzwa mbere, gutinda kwishyura, no kwishyura nyuma yo kubisaba kenshi na banki zo mu gihugu cyangwa amasosiyete yohereza ibicuruzwa hanze.
Uburusiya
Kurikirana imikorere yikiguzi, witondere ubuziranenge bwibicuruzwa
Wibande ku murima
Umubare munini nigiciro gito
Ihererekanyabubasha rya T / T risanzwe, L / C ikoreshwa gake
Ururimi rwaho rw'Abarusiya ni Ikirusiya, kandi hari itumanaho rito cyane mu Cyongereza, bigoye kuvugana. Mubisanzwe, bazabona ubufasha bwubuhinduzi. Gusubiza vuba kubibazo byabakiriya, amagambo yatanzwe, nibibazo byose byerekeranye nabakiriya, no gusubiza mugihe gikwiye "nibanga ryo gutsinda.
Abinjira mu bucuruzi bw’amahanga, uko bishoboka kwose kugirango basobanukirwe ningeso yo kugura nibiranga abaguzi baturuka mubihugu bitandukanye, bifite akamaro gakomeye kayobora kubakiriya batsinze neza.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kanama-21-2022