Ingamba zo guteza imbere isoko ry’ubucuruzi bw’amahanga muri Vietnam.
1.Ni ibihe bicuruzwa byoroshye kohereza muri Vietnam
Ubucuruzi bwa Vietnam n’ibihugu duturanye byateye imbere cyane, kandi bufitanye umubano w’ubukungu n’Ubushinwa, Koreya yepfo, Ubuyapani, Amerika, Tayilande n’ibindi bihugu, kandi buri mwaka ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga n’ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga nabyo biriyongera. Dukurikije imibare yashyizwe ahagaragara n’ibiro rusange bishinzwe ibarurishamibare muri Vietnam, kuva muri Mutarama kugeza muri Nyakanga 2019, Vietnam yoherezwa mu mahanga yari miliyari 145.13 z’amadolari y’Amerika, umwaka ushize wiyongereyeho 7.5%; ibitumizwa mu mahanga byari miliyari 143.34 z'amadolari ya Amerika, umwaka ushize wiyongereyeho 8.3%. Igiteranyo cy’ibicuruzwa byatumijwe mu mahanga n’ibyoherezwa mu mezi 7 byari miliyari 288.47 z'amadolari ya Amerika. Kuva muri Mutarama kugeza muri Nyakanga 2019, Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika n’isoko rinini ryoherezwa mu mahanga rya Vietnam, ahoherezwa mu mahanga miliyari 32.5 z’amadolari y’Amerika, umwaka ushize wiyongereyeho 25.4%; Vietnam yoherejwe mu bihugu by’Uburayi yari miliyari 24.32 z'amadolari y'Amerika, umwaka ushize wiyongereyeho 0.4%; Vietnam yohereza mu Bushinwa miliyari 20 z'amadolari y'Amerika, umwaka ushize wiyongereyeho 0.1%. igihugu cyanjye nicyo gihugu kinini cya Vietnam gitumiza mu mahanga. Kuva muri Mutarama kugeza Nyakanga, Vietnam yatumije mu Bushinwa miliyari 42 z'amadolari y'Amerika, umwaka ushize wiyongereyeho 16.9%. Koreya y'Epfo yohereje muri Vietnam yari miliyari 26.6 z'amadolari y'Amerika, umwaka ushize wagabanutseho 0.8%; ASEAN yohereje muri Vietnam yari miliyari 18.8 z'amadolari y'Amerika, umwaka ushize wiyongereyeho 5.2% .Ibicuruzwa bitumizwa muri Vietnam birimo ibyiciro bitatu: ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga (bingana na 30% by'ibitumizwa mu mahanga), ibicuruzwa biva hagati (bingana na 60%) n'ibicuruzwa () bingana na 10%). Ubushinwa n’igihugu kinini gitanga imari n’ibicuruzwa biva hagati muri Vietnam. Ihiganwa ridahwitse ry’inganda zo mu gihugu cya Vietnam ryatumye amasosiyete menshi yigenga ndetse n’amasosiyete ya Leta ya Vietnam yo gutumiza imashini n’ibikoresho biva mu Bushinwa. Vietnam ahanini itumiza imashini, ibikoresho, ibikoresho bya mudasobwa, imyenda, ibikoresho fatizo byinkweto zimpu, terefone nibikoresho bya elegitoronike, hamwe n’imodoka zitwara abantu ziva mu Bushinwa. Usibye Ubushinwa, Ubuyapani na Koreya y'Epfo na byo ni amasoko abiri y'ingenzi yatumijwe muri Vietnam mu mahanga imashini, ibikoresho, ibikoresho n'ibikoresho.
2. Amabwiriza yo kohereza muri Vietnam
01 Icyemezo cy'inkomoko Niba bisabwe nabakiriya ba Vietnam, icyemezo rusange cyinkomoko CO cyangwa Ubushinwa-ASEAN icyemezo cyinkomoko FORM E irashobora gukoreshwa, kandi FORM E irashobora gukoreshwa gusa mubihugu byihariye byubucuruzi bwubushinwa-ASEAN, nko kohereza muri Brunei , Kamboje, Indoneziya, Laos, Maleziya, Miyanimari, Filipine, Singapuru, Tayilande, na Viyetinamu Ibihugu 10 birashobora kubona imisoro ku nyungu iyo basabye icyemezo cy’inkomoko FORM E. Ubu bwoko bw’icyemezo cy’inkomoko bushobora gutangwa n’ubugenzuzi bw’ibicuruzwa. Biro cyangwa Inama y'Ubushinwa ishinzwe guteza imbere ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga, ariko bigomba kubanza gutangwa; niba nta nyandiko, urashobora kandi kubona agent kugirango uyitange, gusa utange urutonde rwabapakira na fagitire, kandi icyemezo kizatangwa mugihe cyumunsi umwe wakazi.
Mubyongeyeho, ugomba kwitondera gukora FORM E vuba aha, ibisabwa bizaba bikomeye. Niba ushaka umukozi, noneho ibyangombwa byose byemewe bya gasutamo (fagitire yinguzanyo, amasezerano, FE) bigomba kugira umutwe umwe. Niba ibyohereza ibicuruzwa hanze ari byo bikora, ibisobanuro by'imizigo bizerekana ijambo MANUFACTURE, hanyuma wongereho umutwe na aderesi yohereza ibicuruzwa hanze. Niba hari isosiyete ikorera hanze, noneho isosiyete yo hanze irerekanwa nkuko bisobanurwa mu nkingi ya karindwi, hanyuma fagitire y’abandi bantu batatu irashirwaho, kandi isosiyete yo ku mugabane w’Ubushinwa ishinga umukozi gutanga icyemezo, kandi ingingo ya 13 ntishobora gutora. Nibyiza guhitamo abakiriya ba Vietnam bafite ubushobozi bukomeye bwo gukuraho gasutamo kugirango wirinde ibibazo bitari ngombwa.
02 Uburyo bwo kwishyura Uburyo bwo kwishyura bukoreshwa nabakiriya ba Vietnam ni T / T cyangwa L / C. Niba ari OEM, nibyiza gukora ikomatanya rya T / T na L / C, bikaba bifite umutekano.
Witondere T / T: mubihe bisanzwe, 30% yishyuwe mbere, naho 70% yishyurwa mbere yo gupakira, ariko abakiriya bashya bafite amahirwe menshi yo kutumvikana. Mugihe ukora L / C, ugomba kwitondera: Gahunda yo kohereza muri Vietnam ni ngufi, kandi igihe cyo gutanga L / C kizaba gito, ugomba rero kugenzura igihe cyo gutanga; abakiriya ba Vietnam bamwe bazakora ibihimbano muburyo butandukanye mubaruwa yinguzanyo, ugomba rero gukurikiza byimazeyo ibaruwa yinguzanyo Amakuru kurubuga arasa neza ninyandiko. Ntubaze umukiriya uburyo bwo kuyihindura, gusa ukurikize ibyahinduwe.
03 Uburyo bwo gukuraho gasutamo
Muri Kanama 2017, ingingo ya gatatu y’ingingo ya 25 y’Iteka No 8 yatangajwe na guverinoma ya Vietnam ivuga ko imenyekanisha rya gasutamo rigomba gutanga amakuru y’ibicuruzwa bihagije kandi nyabyo kugira ngo ibicuruzwa bishoboke mu gihe gikwiye. Ibi bivuze: Ibisobanuro bidakwiriye / bituzuye hamwe nibicuruzwa bitamenyekanye bishobora kwangwa na gasutamo yaho. Kubwibyo, ibisobanuro byuzuye byibicuruzwa bigomba gutangwa kuri fagitire, harimo ikirango, izina ryibicuruzwa, icyitegererezo, ibikoresho, ubwinshi, agaciro, igiciro cyibindi bisobanuro. Umukiriya akeneye kwemeza ko uburemere kuri bbil buringaniye nuburemere bwatangajwe numukiriya kuri gasutamo. Itandukaniro riri hagati yuburemere buteganijwe (umukiriya ku nkomoko) nuburemere bwapimwe bushobora gutera gutinda kwa gasutamo. Abakiriya bagomba kwemeza ko amakuru yose ku nzira, harimo uburemere, ari ukuri.
Ururimi 04
Ururimi rwemewe rwa Vietnam ni Vietnam. Byongeye, Igifaransa nacyo kirazwi cyane. Abacuruzi bo muri Vietnam muri rusange bafite icyongereza gike.
05 Imiyoboro Niba ushaka gukora ubucuruzi muri Vietnam, urashobora gushora imari mumarangamutima hamwe nabagenzi bawe, ni ukuvuga, kugira imibonano myinshi nabafata ibyemezo kugirango wubake umubano nubucuti. Ubucuruzi muri Vietnam bushimangira cyane umubano bwite. Kubanya Vietnam, kuba "umwe mubacu" cyangwa gufatwa nk "umwe muri twe" bifite inyungu zuzuye, ndetse birashobora kuvugwa ko ari urufunguzo rwo gutsinda cyangwa gutsindwa. Ntabwo bisaba amamiriyoni cyangwa kuba icyamamare kuba umwe muri Vietnam. Kora ubucuruzi banza uvuge ibyiyumvo. Abanya Viyetinamu bishimiye guhura n'abantu bashya, ariko ntibigera bakora ubucuruzi n'abantu batazi. Iyo ukora ubucuruzi muri Vietnam, umubano wabantu ni ngombwa cyane, kandi biragoye gutera imbere utabifite. Ubusanzwe abanya Vietnam ntibakora ubucuruzi nabantu batazi. Buri gihe bakorana nabantu bamwe. Mubucuruzi buciriritse cyane, abantu bose baraziranye, kandi benshi muribo ni abavandimwe kubwamaraso cyangwa kurongora. Abanya Viyetinamu bitondera cyane ikinyabupfura. Yaba ishami rya leta, umufatanyabikorwa, cyangwa umugabuzi ufite umubano wingenzi nisosiyete yawe, ugomba kubifata nkinshuti, kandi ugomba kuzenguruka iminsi mikuru yose.
06 Gufata ibyemezo biratinda
Vietnam ikurikiza icyitegererezo gakondo cyo muri Aziya cyo gufata ibyemezo hamwe. Abacuruzi bo muri Vietnam baha agaciro ubwumvikane bwitsinda, kandi abanyamahanga mubusanzwe ntibazi amakimbirane hagati yabafatanyabikorwa ba Vietnam, kandi amakuru yimbere yabo ni gake cyane abamenyesha hanze. Muri Vietnam, sisitemu yose yibigo ishimangira guhuzagurika. Urebye ku muco, Vietnam ikurikiza icyitegererezo gakondo cyo muri Aziya cyo gufata ibyemezo. Abacuruzi bo muri Vietnam baha agaciro ubwumvikane bwitsinda, kandi abanyamahanga mubusanzwe ntibazi amakimbirane hagati yabafatanyabikorwa ba Vietnam, kandi amakuru yimbere yabo ni gake cyane abamenyesha hanze. Muri Vietnam, sisitemu yose yibigo ishimangira guhuzagurika.
07 Ntukite kuri gahunda, kora vuba
Mugihe abanyaburengerazuba benshi bakunda gukora gahunda no kuyishyira mubikorwa, abanya Vietnam barahitamo kureka ibidukikije bikagenda kandi bakareba uko bigenda. Bashima uburyo bwiza bwabanyaburengerazuba, ariko ntabwo bafite umugambi wo kubigana. Abacuruzi b'abanyamahanga bakora ubucuruzi muri Vietnam, ibuka gukomeza imyitwarire ituje no kwihangana gutuje. Abacuruzi b'inararibonye bemeza ko niba 75% by'urugendo rwo muri Vietnam rushobora gukorwa nk'uko byari byateganijwe, bizafatwa nk'ubutsinzi.
Gasutamo
Abanya Viyetinamu bakunda umutuku cyane, kandi bafata umutuku nkibara ryiza kandi ryiminsi mikuru. Nkunda imbwa cyane kandi ntekereza ko imbwa ari inyangamugayo, zizewe kandi zintwari. Nkunda uburabyo bw'amashaza, ngatekereza ko indabyo z'amashaza ari nziza kandi nziza, kandi ni indabyo nziza, kandi nkabyita indabyo z'igihugu.
Barinze gukubitwa ku rutugu cyangwa kubataka n'intoki zabo, zifatwa nk'ikinyabupfura;
3. Ibyiza nibishoboka byiterambere
Vietnam ifite imiterere karemano, ifite inkombe zirenga kilometero 3,200 (uwa kabiri nyuma ya Indoneziya na Filipine mu majyepfo y’amajyepfo ya Aziya), uruzi rutukura (rukomoka mu Ntara ya Yunnan) mu majyaruguru, n’umugezi wa Mekong (watangiriye mu Ntara ya Qinghai; ) delta mu majyepfo. Yageze ku ndangamurage 7 z'isi (iza ku mwanya wa mbere muri Aziya y'Amajyepfo y'Uburasirazuba). Vietnam kuri ubu iri ku ntera nziza mu mateka y "imiterere yabaturage ba zahabu". 70% by'Abanya Viyetinamu bari munsi y’imyaka 35, itanga umutekano w’umurimo mu iterambere ry’ubukungu bwa Vietnam, kandi muri icyo gihe, kubera umubare muto w’abaturage bageze mu zabukuru, binagabanya umutwaro ku iterambere ry’imibereho ya Vietnam. Byongeye kandi, Vietnam yo mu mijyi iri hasi cyane, kandi ibyinshi mu bisabwa umushahara w'abakozi biri hasi cyane (amadorari 400 y'Abanyamerika arashobora guha akazi abakozi bo mu rwego rwo hejuru), bikwiranye cyane no guteza imbere inganda zikora inganda. Kimwe n'Ubushinwa, Vietnam ishyira mu bikorwa gahunda y'ubukungu bw'isoko rya gisosiyalisiti. Ifite imashini ihamye kandi ikomeye yimicungire yimibereho ishobora gushira imbaraga mubikorwa byingenzi.Hari amoko 54 muri Vietnam, ariko amoko yose arashobora kubana neza. Abanya Viyetinamu bafite umudendezo wo kwizera mu idini, kandi nta ntambara ishingiye ku idini iri mu burasirazuba bwo hagati. Ishyaka rya gikomunisiti rya Vietnam naryo ryatangije ivugurura rya politiki ryemerera imitwe itandukanye kujya impaka zikomeye za politiki n’ubukungu. Guverinoma ya Vietnam yakiriye neza isoko ryisi. Yinjiye mu ishyirahamwe ry’ibihugu byo mu majyepfo y’iburasirazuba bwa Aziya (ASEAN) mu 1995 n’umuryango w’ubucuruzi ku isi (WTO) mu 2006. Inama y’ubufatanye mu bukungu bwa Aziya-Pasifika 2017 (APEC) yabereye i Da Nang, muri Vietnam. Abanyaburengerazuba bose bafite icyizere cyo kumenya iterambere rya Vietnam. Banki y'isi yavuze ko “Vietnam ari urugero rusanzwe rw'iterambere ryatsinze”, naho ikinyamakuru “The Economist” kivuga ko “Vietnam izahinduka indi ngwe yo muri Aziya”. Ikigo cya Peterson gishinzwe ubukungu mpuzamahanga giteganya ko ubukungu bwa Vietnam buzagera ku 10% mu 2025. Kubivuga mu nteruro imwe: Vietnam uyu munsi ni Ubushinwa mu myaka irenga icumi ishize. Inzego zose z'ubuzima ziri mu rwego rwo guturika, kandi ni isoko rishimishije muri Aziya.
4. Kazoza ka “Byakozwe muri Vietnam
Nyuma yuko Vietnam yinjiye muri RCEP, ibifashijwemo n’Amerika, Ubuyapani ndetse n’ibindi bihugu byateye imbere, ibihugu byinshi byo mu majyepfo y’iburasirazuba bwa Aziya birahiga “guhiga” inganda z’Abashinwa binyuze mu ngamba zitandukanye nk’ubucuruzi, imisoro ndetse n’ubushake bw’ubutaka. Muri iki gihe, ntabwo amasosiyete y'Abayapani yongereye ishoramari muri Vietnam, ahubwo amasosiyete menshi yo mu Bushinwa nayo yimura ubushobozi bw’umusaruro muri Vietnam. Inyungu nini ya Vietnam iri mu bakozi bahendutse. Byongeye kandi, abaturage ba Vietnam baracyari bake. Abageze mu zabukuru barengeje imyaka 65 bangana na 6% byabaturage bose, mugihe umubare mubushinwa na koreya yepfo ari 10% na 13%. Birumvikana ko inganda za Vietnam zikora ubu ziracyari cyane cyane mu nganda zo hasi cyane, nk'imyenda, imyenda, ibikoresho byo mu nzu n'ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki. Ariko, ibi bintu birashobora guhinduka mugihe kizaza mugihe ibigo bikomeye byongera ishoramari, kuzamura urwego rwamahugurwa, no guhindura ubushakashatsi ningamba ziterambere. Amakimbirane y'abakozi ni ingaruka z'inganda zikora inganda za Vietnam. Uburyo bwo guhangana n’umubano n’umurimo n’ikibazo ni ikibazo kigomba gukemurwa mu gihe cyo kuzamuka kw’inganda zikora inganda za Vietnam.
5. Vietnam izashyira imbere iterambere ryinganda zikurikira
1. nyuma ya 2025, shyira imbere iterambere ryubwubatsi bwubwato, ibyuma bidafite fer, nibikoresho bishya.
2. nyuma ya 2025, shyira imbere iterambere ryinganda zimiti yimiti.
3. Kwemeza amahame mpuzamahanga mubikorwa no gutunganya kugirango yubake ikirango no guhatanira ibikomoka ku buhinzi bwa Vietnam.
4. Inganda z’imyenda n’inkweto Kugeza mu 2025, shyira imbere iterambere ry’ibikoresho fatizo by’imyenda n’ibirenge byo gukora mu gihugu no kohereza ibicuruzwa hanze; nyuma ya 2025, shyira imbere iterambere ryimyambarire yo murwego rwohejuru ninkweto.
5. Mu nganda zikoresha itumanaho rya elegitoronike, mu 2025, shyira imbere iterambere rya mudasobwa, terefone n’ibice by’ibicuruzwa; nyuma ya 2025, shyira imbere iterambere rya software, serivisi za digitale, serivisi zikoranabuhanga mu itumanaho hamwe nubuvuzi bwa elegitoroniki. 6. Ingufu nshya n’ingufu zishobora kongera ingufu Mu 2025, guteza imbere ingufu n’ingufu nshya n’ingufu zishobora kuvugururwa, nk’ingufu z’umuyaga, ingufu z’izuba, n’ubushobozi bwa biyomasi; nyuma ya 2025, guteza imbere cyane ingufu za kirimbuzi, ingufu za geothermal, ningufu zamazi.
6. Amabwiriza mashya kuri "Yakozwe muri Vietnam" (inkomoko)
Muri Kanama 2019, Minisiteri y’inganda n’ubucuruzi muri Vietnam yatanze amahame mashya ya “Made in Vietnam” (inkomoko). Byakozwe muri Vietnam birashobora kuba: ibikomoka ku buhinzi n’umutungo ukomoka muri Vietnam; ibicuruzwa byarangiye muri Vietnam bigomba kuba byibuze byibuze 30% byagaciro kiyongereye muri Vietnam ukurikije amahame mpuzamahanga ya HS. Mu yandi magambo, ibikoresho fatizo 100% bitumizwa mu mahanga bigomba kongerera agaciro 30% muri Vietnam mbere yuko byoherezwa hamwe na label Made in Vietnam.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gashyantare-10-2023