Isoko ryo mu burasirazuba bwo hagati ryerekeza ku karere cyane cyane muri Aziya y’iburengerazuba no mu Burayi, Aziya na Afurika, harimo Irani, Koweti, Pakisitani, Arabiya Sawudite, Misiri n'ibindi bihugu. Abaturage bose hamwe ni miliyoni 490. Impuzandengo yimyaka yabaturage mukarere kose ifite imyaka 25. Kurenga kimwe cya kabiri cyabantu muburasirazuba bwo hagati ni urubyiruko, kandi uru rubyiruko nitsinda nyamukuru ryabaguzi ba e-ubucuruzi bwambukiranya imipaka, cyane cyane e-ubucuruzi bugendanwa.
Kubera gushingira cyane ku bicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga, ibihugu byo mu burasirazuba bwo hagati muri rusange bifite ishingiro ry’inganda, imiterere imwe y’inganda, ndetse no kongera ibicuruzwa bikomoka ku nganda n’inganda. Mu myaka yashize, ubucuruzi hagati y'Ubushinwa n'Uburasirazuba bwo hagati bwabaye hafi.
Nibihe byemezo byingenzi muburasirazuba bwo hagati?
1.Icyemezo cya saber cyo muri Arabiya Sawudite:
Icyemezo cya Saber nuburyo bushya bwo gusaba kumurongo bwatangijwe na SASO. Saber mubyukuri nigikoresho cyurusobe rukoreshwa mukwandikisha ibicuruzwa, gutanga no kubona ibyemezo bya COC byubahirizwa. Ibyo bita Saber nigikoresho cya sisitemu yo kumurongo yatangijwe na Biro yubuziranenge ya Arabiya Sawudite. Nibikorwa byuzuye bidafite impapuro zo kwandikisha ibicuruzwa, gutanga no kubona ibyemezo bya SC byemewe (Icyemezo cyo kohereza). Porogaramu yo kwemeza SABER ni gahunda yuzuye ishyiraho amabwiriza, ibisabwa bya tekiniki n'ingamba zo kugenzura. Intego yacyo ni ukureba ubwishingizi bwibicuruzwa byaho nibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga.
Icyemezo cya SABER kigabanyijemo ibyemezo bibiri, kimwe ni icyemezo cya PC, aricyo cyemezo cyibicuruzwa (Icyemezo cyo guhuza ibicuruzwa byagenwe), ikindi ni SC, nicyemezo cyo kohereza (Icyemezo cyo kohereza ibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga).
Icyemezo cya PC nicyemezo cyo kwandikisha ibicuruzwa bisaba raporo yikizamini cyibicuruzwa (bamwe mubakora ibicuruzwa nabo bakeneye ubugenzuzi bwuruganda) mbere yuko byandikwa muri sisitemu ya SABER. Icyemezo gifite agaciro k'umwaka umwe.
Ni ibihe byiciro by'amabwiriza yo kwemeza Arabiya Sawudite?
Icyiciro cya 1: Itangazo ryuzuza ibicuruzwa (icyiciro kitagengwa, itangazo ryabatanga isoko)
Icyiciro cya 2: Icyemezo cya COC CYANGWA QM Icyemezo (Igenzura rusange, icyemezo cya COC cyangwa icyemezo cya QM)
Icyiciro cya 3: Icyemezo cya IECEE (ibicuruzwa bigenzurwa nibipimo bya IECEE kandi bigomba gusaba IECEE)
Icyiciro cya 4: Icyemezo cya GCTS (ibicuruzwa bigengwa n'amabwiriza ya GCC kandi bigomba gusaba icyemezo cya GCC)
Icyiciro cya 5: Icyemezo cya QM (ibicuruzwa bikurikiza amabwiriza ya GCC kandi bigomba gusaba QM)
2. Icyemezo cya GCC cyibihugu birindwi byikigobe, icyemezo cya GMARK
Icyemezo cya GCC, kizwi kandi ku izina rya GMARK, ni uburyo bwo gutanga ibyemezo bukoreshwa mu bihugu bigize akanama k’ubufatanye bw’ikigobe (GCC). Umuryango GCC ni umuryango w’ubufatanye mu bya politiki n’ubukungu ugizwe n’ibihugu bitandatu by’ikigobe: Arabiya Sawudite, Leta zunze ubumwe z’Abarabu, Koweti, Qatar, Bahrein na Oman. Icyemezo cya GCC kigamije kwemeza ko ibicuruzwa bigurishwa ku masoko y’ibi bihugu byubahiriza ibipimo ngenderwaho bya tekiniki bihoraho kugira ngo biteze imbere ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga no kuzamura ireme ry’ibicuruzwa.
Icyemezo cya GMark cyerekana icyemezo cyemewe cyabonetse kubicuruzwa byemejwe na GCC. Iki cyemezo cyerekana ko ibicuruzwa byatsinze urukurikirane rwibizamini nubugenzuzi kandi byubahiriza ibipimo bya tekiniki n’amabwiriza yashyizweho n’ibihugu bigize GCC. Icyemezo cya GMark mubusanzwe nimwe mubyangombwa bikenewe byo gutumiza ibicuruzwa mubihugu bya GCC kugirango ibicuruzwa bigurishwe kandi bikoreshwe byemewe n'amategeko.
Nibihe bicuruzwa bigomba kwemezwa na GCC?
Amabwiriza ya tekiniki kubikoresho byamashanyarazi n’ibikoresho bitanga amashanyarazi bikubiyemo ibikoresho byamashanyarazi hamwe na voltage ya AC hagati ya 50-1000V na DC hagati ya 75-1500V. Ibicuruzwa byose bigomba gushyirwaho ikimenyetso cya GC mbere yuko bikwirakwizwa mu bihugu bigize umuryango w’umuryango w’uburinganire bw’ikigobe (GSO); ibicuruzwa bifite ikimenyetso cya GC byerekana ko ibicuruzwa byubahirije amabwiriza ya tekiniki ya GCC.
Muri byo, ibyiciro 14 byihariye byibicuruzwa bikubiye mubyemezo bya GCC byemewe (ibicuruzwa bigenzurwa), kandi bigomba kubona icyemezo cyicyemezo cya GCC gitangwa nikigo cyabigenewe.
ECAS bivuga Sisitemu yo gusuzuma Isuzuma rya Emirates, ikaba ari gahunda yo kwemeza ibicuruzwa byemewe n’amategeko ya UAE yo ku wa 28 yo mu 2001. Iyi gahunda ishyirwa mu bikorwa na Minisiteri y’inganda n’iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga, MoIAT (icyahoze ari ikigo cya Emirates gishinzwe ubuziranenge & Metrology, ESMA) ya Leta zunze ubumwe z'Abarabu. Ibicuruzwa byose biri murwego rwo kwiyandikisha no gutanga ibyemezo bigomba gushyirwaho ikirangantego cya ECAS hamwe numero yamenyeshejwe NB nimero nyuma yo kubona icyemezo. Bagomba gusaba no kubona Icyemezo cyo guhuza (CoC) mbere yuko binjira ku isoko rya UAE.
Ibicuruzwa byatumijwe muri UAE bigomba kubona icyemezo cya ECAS mbere yuko bigurishwa mu karere. ECAS ni impfunyapfunyo ya Emirates Conformity Assessment Sisitemu, ishyirwa mu bikorwa kandi itangwa na Biro y’ubuziranenge ya ESMA UAE.
4. Icyemezo cya Irani COC, icyemezo cya Irani COI
Irani yemewe yoherezwa mu mahanga COI (icyemezo cy'ubugenzuzi), bivuze ko igenzura ryubahirizwa mu gishinwa, ni ubugenzuzi bujyanye n’ibisabwa na Irani byemewe n'amategeko byinjira mu mahanga. Iyo ibicuruzwa byoherejwe mu mahanga biri mu rwego rwa COI (icyemezo cy'ubugenzuzi), uwatumije mu mahanga agomba gukora gasutamo akurikije ISIRI y'igihugu cya Irani kandi agatanga icyemezo. Kugirango ubone icyemezo cyo kohereza muri Irani, ibyemezo bikwiye bigomba gukorwa binyuze mu kigo cyemewe n’abandi bantu. Ibicuruzwa byinshi mu nganda, ibikoresho n’imashini zitumizwa muri Irani bigengwa n’uburyo bwo gutanga ibyemezo byashyizweho na ISIRI (Ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi bw’inganda cya Irani). Amategeko yo gutumiza muri Irani biragoye kandi bisaba inyandiko nyinshi. Ushaka ibisobanuro birambuye, nyamuneka reba urutonde rwibicuruzwa byemewe bya Irani kugirango wumve ibicuruzwa bigomba gukorerwa inzira ya ISIRI "Kugenzura neza".
5. Icyemezo cya Isiraheli SII
SII ni impfunyapfunyo y'Ikigo gishinzwe ubuziranenge bwa Isiraheli. Nubwo SII ari umuryango utegamiye kuri leta, ucungwa neza na leta ya Isiraheli kandi ishinzwe ubuziranenge, gupima ibicuruzwa no kwemeza ibicuruzwa muri Isiraheli.
SII ni icyemezo cyemewe muri Isiraheli. Ku bicuruzwa bifuza kwinjira muri Isiraheli, Isiraheli ikoresha uburyo bwo kugenzura gasutamo no kugenzura ibicuruzwa kugira ngo ibicuruzwa byuzuze ibisabwa bijyanye. Mubisanzwe igihe cyo kugenzura ni kirekire, ariko niba cyatumijwe hanze Niba umucuruzi yarabonye icyemezo cya SII mbere yo koherezwa, inzira yo kugenzura gasutamo izagabanuka cyane. Gasutamo ya Isiraheli izagenzura gusa ibicuruzwa hamwe nicyemezo gihamye, bitabaye ngombwa ko hagenzurwa.
Dukurikije "Amategeko ngenderwaho", Isiraheli igabanya ibicuruzwa mu nzego 4 zishingiye ku rwego rw’ibyago bishobora guteza ku buzima rusange n’umutekano, kandi bigashyira mu bikorwa ubuyobozi butandukanye:
Icyiciro cya I ni ibicuruzwa byangiza ubuzima rusange n’umutekano rusange:
Nkibikoresho byo murugo, ibikinisho byabana, imiyoboro yumuvuduko, ibyuma bizimya umuriro byoroshye, nibindi.
Icyiciro cya II nigicuruzwa gifite urwego ruciriritse rushobora guhungabanya ubuzima rusange n’umutekano:
Harimo indorerwamo zizuba, imipira kubikorwa bitandukanye, imiyoboro yo kwishyiriraho, itapi, amacupa, ibikoresho byubaka nibindi.
Icyiciro cya III nibicuruzwa bitera ingaruka nke kubuzima rusange n’umutekano:
Harimo amabati yububiko, ibikoresho byisuku yubutaka, nibindi.
Icyiciro cya IV ni ibicuruzwa bikoreshwa mu nganda gusa kandi ntabwo ari kubakoresha:
Nkibikoresho bya elegitoroniki yinganda, nibindi
6. Icyemezo cya Koweti COC, Icyemezo cya COC muri Iraki
Kuri buri cyiciro cyibicuruzwa byoherejwe muri Koweti, hagomba gutangwa inyandiko yemewe ya gasutamo ya COC (Icyemezo cyujuje ubuziranenge). Icyemezo cya COC ni inyandiko yerekana ko ibicuruzwa byujuje ibisobanuro bya tekiniki n’ibipimo by’umutekano by’igihugu gitumizwa mu mahanga. Ninimwe mubyangombwa nkenerwa byimpushya zo gutumiza gasutamo mugihugu gitumiza mu mahanga. Niba ibicuruzwa biri murutonde rwigenzura ari byinshi mubwinshi kandi byoherejwe kenshi, birasabwa gusaba icyemezo cya COC mbere. Ibi birinda gutinda no kutoroherwa no kubura icyemezo cya COC mbere yo kohereza ibicuruzwa.
Muburyo bwo gusaba icyemezo cya COC, harasabwa raporo yubugenzuzi bwibicuruzwa. Iyi raporo igomba gutangwa n’ikigo cyemewe cy’ubugenzuzi cyangwa ikigo cyemeza kandi kigaragaza ko ibicuruzwa byujuje ibisobanuro bya tekiniki n’ibipimo by’umutekano by’igihugu gitumiza mu mahanga. Ibiri muri raporo yubugenzuzi bigomba kuba bikubiyemo izina, icyitegererezo, ibisobanuro, ibipimo bya tekiniki, uburyo bwo kugenzura, ibisubizo byubugenzuzi nandi makuru yibicuruzwa. Muri icyo gihe, birakenewe kandi gutanga amakuru afatika nkurugero rwibicuruzwa cyangwa amafoto kugirango bikurikiranwe kandi bisuzumwe.
Kugenzura ubushyuhe buke
Ukurikije uburyo bwikizamini bwerekanwe muri GB / T 2423.1-2008, drone yashyizwe mu gasanduku k’ibidukikije ku bushyuhe bwa (-25 ± 2) ° C nigihe cyo gukora amasaha 16. Ikizamini kimaze kurangira no kugarurwa mubihe bisanzwe byikirere cyamasaha 2, drone igomba kuba ishobora gukora bisanzwe.
Ikizamini cyo kunyeganyega
Ukurikije uburyo bwo kugenzura bwerekanwe muri GB / T2423.10-2008:
Drone imeze nabi kandi idapakiwe;
Ikirangantego: 10Hz ~ 150Hz;
Inshuro zambukiranya: 60Hz;
f ＜ 60Hz, amplitude ihoraho 0.075mm;
f> 60Hz, kwihuta guhoraho 9.8m / s2 (1g);
Ingingo imwe yo kugenzura;
Umubare wa scan cycle kuri buri murongo ni l0.
Igenzura rigomba gukorwa hepfo ya drone kandi igihe cyo kugenzura ni iminota 15. Nyuma yubugenzuzi, drone ntigomba kugira ibyangiritse bigaragara kandi irashobora gukora mubisanzwe.
Kureka ikizamini
Ikizamini cyo guta nikizamini gisanzwe ibicuruzwa byinshi bigomba gukora ubu. Ku ruhande rumwe, ni ukureba niba gupakira ibicuruzwa bya drone bishobora kurinda ibicuruzwa ubwabyo kugirango umutekano wubwikorezi; kurundi ruhande, mubyukuri nibikoresho byindege. kwiringirwa.
ikizamini
Mugihe kinini cyo gukoresha, drone ikorerwa ibizamini nko kugoreka no kwikorera imitwaro. Ikizamini kimaze kurangira, drone igomba kuba ishobora gukomeza gukora bisanzwe.
ikizamini cyo kubaho
Kora ibizamini byubuzima kuri gimbal ya drone, radar igaragara, buto yingufu, buto, nibindi, kandi ibisubizo byikizamini bigomba kubahiriza amabwiriza yibicuruzwa.
Kwambara ikizamini cyo guhangana
Koresha impapuro za RCA kugirango ugerageze kurwanya abrasion, kandi ibisubizo byikizamini bigomba kubahiriza ibisabwa abrasion byerekanwe kubicuruzwa.
Ibindi bizamini bisanzwe
Nkigaragara, igenzura ryapakiwe, igenzura ryuzuye ryinteko, ibice byingenzi nubugenzuzi bwimbere, kuranga, gushyira akamenyetso, kugenzura icapiro, nibindi.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gicurasi-25-2024