Hamwe noguhuza ubukungu bwisi yose, urujya n'uruza rw'umutungo mpuzamahanga ni ubuntu kandi kenshi. Kugirango tuzamure guhangana kurwego rwo gutanga amasoko yinganda, bimaze kuba ikibazo tugomba guhangana nicyerekezo cyisi yose hamwe namasoko yisi.
Ugereranije n'amasoko yo mu gihugu, ni ibihe bitekerezo bigomba kumvikana mu masoko yo mu mahanga?
Icyambere, FOB, CFR na CIF
FOB（Ubuntu）Ubuntu mubwato (bukurikirwa nicyambu cyoherejwe), bivuze ko umugurisha atanga ibicuruzwa yikoreza ibicuruzwa mubwato bwagenwe numuguzi ku cyambu cyagenwe cyoherejwe cyangwa kubona ibicuruzwa byagejejwe mubwato, mubisanzwe uzwi nka “FOB”.
CFR（Igiciro n'imizigo）Ibiciro n'imizigo (bikurikirwa nicyambu cyerekezo) bivuze ko ugurisha atanga ubwato cyangwa mugutwara ibicuruzwa byatanzwe.
CIF（Ubwishingizi bw'Ibiciro na Freigh）Igiciro, ubwishingizi nubwikorezi (bikurikirwa nicyambu cyerekezo), bivuze ko ugurisha arangije gutanga mugihe ibicuruzwa byanyuze gari ya moshi yubwato ku cyambu cyoherejwe. Igiciro cya CIF = FOB igiciro + I premium premium + F imizigo, ikunze kwitwa "CIF igiciro".
Igiciro cya CFR nigiciro cya FOB hiyongereyeho ibiciro bijyanye no kohereza, naho CIF nigiciro cya CFR hiyongereyeho ubwishingizi.
Icya kabiri, demurrage no kohereza
Mu birori bya charter charter, igihe nyacyo cyo gupakurura (Laytime) yimizigo myinshi muri rusange gitangira guhera mumasaha 12 cyangwa 24 nyuma yubwato butanze "Amatangazo yo gupakira no gupakurura" (NOR) kugeza umushinga wanyuma wubushakashatsi urangiye nyuma yo gupakurura (Final) Inyandiko y'Ubushakashatsi) kugeza.
Amasezerano yo gutwara abantu ateganya igihe cyo gupakira no gupakurura. Niba iherezo rya Laytime ritinze kurenza igihe cyo gupakurura giteganijwe mu masezerano, demurrage izatangwa, ni ukuvuga ko imizigo idashobora gupakururwa byuzuye mugihe cyagenwe, bigatuma ubwato bukomeza guhagarara ku cyambu bigatuma nyirubwato abigana. ikibuga. Ubwishyu bwemejwe bwo kwishyurwa na nyirubwite nyirubwato kugirango yongere amafaranga yo mu cyambu no gutakaza gahunda yo kugenda.
Niba ingingo ya nyuma ya Laytime iruta igihe cyo gupakira no gupakurura byumvikanyweho mumasezerano, amafaranga yo kohereza (Despatch) azakorwa, ni ukuvuga ko gupakurura ibicuruzwa byarangiye hakiri kare mugihe cyagenwe, bigabanya ubuzima bwigihe. y'ubwato, kandi nyir'ubwato asubiza ubwumvikane bwumvikanyweho na charter.
Icya gatatu, amafaranga yo kugenzura ibicuruzwa
Imenyekanisha ryo kugenzura no gushyira mu kato bizavamo amafaranga yo kugenzura, amafaranga y’isuku, amafaranga yo kwanduza, amafaranga yo gupakira, amafaranga y’ubutegetsi, n’ibindi, hamwe hamwe n’amafaranga yo kugenzura ibicuruzwa.
Amafaranga yo kugenzura ibicuruzwa yishyurwa mubiro byaho bigenzura ibicuruzwa. Mubisanzwe byishyurwa ukurikije 1.5 ‰ agaciro k'ibicuruzwa. By'umwihariko, bigenwa hakurikijwe umubare wa fagitire iri ku nyandiko igenzura ibicuruzwa. Umubare wimisoro yibicuruzwa uratandukanye, kandi amafaranga yo kugenzura ibicuruzwa nayo aratandukanye. Ugomba kumenya umubare wimisoro wibicuruzwa byihariye hamwe namafaranga ari ku nyandiko kugirango umenye amafaranga yihariye.
Icya kane, ibiciro
Igiciro (Umusoro wa gasutamo, Igiciro), ni ukuvuga igiciro cyo gutumiza mu mahanga, ni umusoro wakwa na gasutamo yashyizweho na guverinoma ku bicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga iyo ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga biva mu mahanga byanyuze mu karere ka gasutamo y'igihugu.
Inzira shingiro yimisoro n’imisoro ni:
Amafaranga yatumijwe mu mahanga = agaciro gashoboka rate igipimo cyo gutumiza mu mahanga
Ukurikije igihugu, gukusanya imisoro birashobora kongera amafaranga yinjira. Muri icyo gihe, igihugu kandi gihindura ubucuruzi bw’ibicuruzwa n’ibyoherezwa mu mahanga bishyiraho ibiciro bitandukanye by’imisoro n’amafaranga y’imisoro, bityo bikagira ingaruka ku miterere y’ubukungu bw’imbere n’icyerekezo cy’iterambere.
Ibicuruzwa bitandukanye bifite igipimo cy’ibiciro bitandukanye, bishyirwa mu bikorwa hakurikijwe “Amabwiriza agenga ibiciro”.
Icya gatanu, amafaranga ya demurrage n'amafaranga yo kubika
Amafaranga yo gufungwa (nanone azwi ku izina rya "igihe cyarengeje igihe") bivuga amafaranga yo gukoresha igihe cyarenze (igihe cyarenze) cyo gukoresha kuri kontineri iyobowe nuwahawe ibicuruzwa, ni ukuvuga ko uwahawe ibicuruzwa akura kontineri mu gikari cyangwa mu gikari nyuma yo gukuraho gasutamo kandi akananirwa kubahiriza amabwiriza. Yakozwe mugusubiza udusanduku twubusa mugihe. Igihe cyagenwe kirimo igihe agasanduku gakuwe kuri dock kugeza usubije agasanduku kumwanya wicyambu. Kurenga iki gihe ntarengwa, isosiyete itwara ibicuruzwa izakenera kugusaba gukusanya amafaranga.
Amafaranga yo kubika (Ububiko, bizwi kandi nka "amafaranga arenze urugero"), igihe gikubiyemo igihe agasanduku gatangiriraho iyo kamanutse ku kivuko, kandi ni kugeza igihe imenyekanisha rya gasutamo rirangiye. Bitandukanye na demurrage (Demurrage), amafaranga yo kubika yishyurwa n'akarere k'icyambu, ntabwo ari sosiyete itwara ibicuruzwa.
Icya gatandatu, uburyo bwo kwishyura L / C, T / T, D / P na D / A.
L / C (Ibaruwa y'inguzanyo) Amagambo ahinnye yerekana icyemezo cyanditse cyatanzwe na banki kubohereza ibicuruzwa hanze (ugurisha) bisabwe nuwatumije ibicuruzwa (umuguzi) kugirango yishingire inshingano zo kwishyura ibicuruzwa.
T / T (Iyimurwa rya terefegisi imbere)Amagambo ahinnye yerekeza ku guhanahana amakuru binyuze kuri telegaramu. Kohereza itumanaho ni uburyo bwo kwishyura aho uwishyura abitsa amafaranga runaka muri banki yohereza amafaranga, kandi banki yohereza amafaranga ikohereza ku ishami ryayo cyangwa banki y’abanyamakuru (banki yohereza amafaranga) kuri telegaramu cyangwa telefoni, itegeka banki y'imbere kwishyura a umubare runaka ku wishyuwe.
D / P.（Inyandiko zirwanya kwishyura） Amagambo ahinnye ya “Bill of Lading” yoherezwa muri banki nyuma yo koherezwa, kandi banki izohereza fagitire y’imizigo hamwe n’izindi nyandiko ku bicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga kugira ngo byemererwe kuri gasutamo nyuma yuko uwatumije kwishyura ibicuruzwa. Kuberako fagitire yinguzanyo ari inyandiko yingirakamaro, mubisobanuro byabalayiki, yishyurwa mukiganza kimwe kandi igatangwa mukuboko kwambere. Hariho ingaruka zimwe kubohereza ibicuruzwa hanze.
D / A (Inyandiko zirwanya kwemerwa)Amagambo ahinnye asobanura ko ibyoherezwa mu mahanga bitanga umushinga woherejwe mbere yuko ibicuruzwa byoherejwe, hamwe n’inyandiko z’ubucuruzi (imizigo), zishyikirizwa uwatumije ibicuruzwa binyuze muri banki ikusanya.
Icya karindwi, igice cyo gupima
Ibihugu bitandukanye bifite uburyo butandukanye bwo gupima hamwe nibice byibicuruzwa, bishobora kugira ingaruka kumubare nyawo (ingano cyangwa uburemere) bwibicuruzwa. Byitonderwa byumwihariko n'amasezerano bigomba kwitabwaho mbere.
Kurugero, mugutanga ibiti, ukurikije imibare ituzuye, muri Amerika ya ruguru honyine, hari ubwoko bwubwoko 100 bwo kugenzura ibiti, kandi hariho ubwoko bwamazina 185. Muri Amerika ya Ruguru, gupima ibiti bishingiye ku gihumbi cy’umuyobozi w’ubuyobozi MBF, mu gihe umutegetsi w’Ubuyapani JAS akoreshwa mu gihugu cyanjye. Ijwi rizatandukana cyane.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Nzeri-01-2022