Mugihe abakiriya b’iburayi n’abanyamerika bahangayikishijwe nubwiza bwibicuruzwa, kuki bakeneye kugenzura imikorere yumusaruro nigikorwa rusange cyuruganda?
Mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 20 muri Amerika, umubare munini w'ibicuruzwa bihendutse cyane bikoresha abakozi kandi bifite ubushobozi bwo guhangana ku rwego mpuzamahanga bivuye mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere byinjiye ku masoko y'ibihugu byateye imbere, byagize ingaruka zikomeye ku masoko yo mu gihugu y'ibihugu byateye imbere. Abakozi mu nganda zijyanye nabyo bari abashomeri cyangwa umushahara wabo wagabanutse. Hamwe no guhamagarira gukumira ibicuruzwa, Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika ndetse n’ibindi bihugu byateye imbere barushijeho kunenga no kunenga imikorere n’imiterere y’ibihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere hagamijwe kurinda amasoko y’imbere mu gihugu no kugabanya igitutu cya politiki. Ijambo "ibyuya" byaturutse kuri ibi.
Ni yo mpamvu, mu 1997, hashyizweho akanama gashinzwe kwemeza ubukungu bw’abanyamerika (CEPAA), gashiraho uburyo bw’imibereho SA8000 y’ubuziranenge n’impamyabumenyi, hongerwaho uburenganzira bwa muntu n’ibindi bintu icyarimwe, kandi bushiraho “Social Accountability International (SAI)” . Muri kiriya gihe, ubuyobozi bwa Clinton nabwo Ku nkunga nini ya SAI, havutse gahunda ya SA8000 y "imibereho myiza". Ubu ni bumwe muri sisitemu yibanze kubakiriya b’abanyaburayi n’abanyamerika kugenzura inganda.
Igenzura rero ry’uruganda ntabwo ari ukugira ngo ryizere gusa ubuziranenge, ryabaye inzira ya politiki ku bihugu byateye imbere kurinda isoko ry’imbere mu gihugu no kugabanya igitutu cya politiki, kandi ni imwe mu nzitizi z’ubucuruzi zashyizweho n’ibihugu byateye imbere mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere.
Ubugenzuzi bwuruganda bushobora kugabanywamo ibyiciro bitatu mubijyanye nibirimo, aribyo kugenzura imibereho myiza yabaturage (ES), sisitemu yubuziranenge nubugenzuzi bwubushobozi bwumusaruro (FCCA) hamwe nubugenzuzi bwo kurwanya iterabwoba (GSV). Ubugenzuzi; ubugenzuzi bwa sisitemu yubuziranenge ni ugusubiramo uburyo bwo kugenzura ubuziranenge no gusuzuma ubushobozi bw’umusaruro; kurwanya iterabwoba ni uko kuva “911 ″ bibaye muri Amerika, Amerika yashyize mu bikorwa ingamba zo kurwanya iterabwoba ku isi hose kuva ku nyanja, ku butaka no mu kirere.
Kurinda gasutamo no kurinda imipaka muri Amerika bishishikariza ibigo bitumiza mu mahanga n’inganda mpuzamahanga z’ibikoresho byo guteza imbere C-TPAT (Gahunda yo gucunga umutekano w’iterabwoba). Kugeza ubu, gasutamo ya Amerika izi gusa ubugenzuzi bwa ITS bwo kurwanya iterabwoba. Muri rusange, kugenzura uruganda rugoye cyane ni ubugenzuzi bwimibereho, kuko ahanini ni ubugenzuzi bwuburenganzira bwa muntu. Amasaha y'akazi n'umushahara no kubahiriza amabwiriza agenga umurimo waho rwose ni kure gato yimiterere yigihugu cyibihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere, ariko kugirango Mugihe Iyo utanze itegeko, buriwese azagerageza kubishakira igisubizo. Hama hariho uburyo bwinshi kuruta ibibazo. Igihe cyose ubuyobozi bwuruganda bwitondeye bihagije kandi bukora imirimo yihariye yo kunoza, igipimo cyatsinze igenzura ryuruganda ni kinini.
Mu igenzura ryambere ryuruganda, umukiriya ubusanzwe yohereje abagenzuzi ba sosiyete kugenzura uruganda. Icyakora, kubera ko abatanga amasosiyete azwi cyane ku isi bagiye bagaragazwa n’itangazamakuru inshuro nyinshi ku bibazo by’uburenganzira bwa muntu, izina ryabo n’icyizere cy’ibicuruzwa byagabanutse cyane. Kubera iyo mpamvu, amasosiyete menshi yo mu Burayi no muri Amerika azaha ibigo bya noteri wa gatatu gukora ubugenzuzi mu izina ryabo. Ibigo bizwi cyane bya noteri birimo: SGS Standard Technical Services Co., Ltd. (SGS), Biro Veritas (BV), na Intertek Group (ITS) na CSCC nibindi.
Nkumujyanama wubugenzuzi bwuruganda, nkunze kubona ko amasosiyete menshi yubucuruzi bwamahanga afite ubwumvikane buke kubijyanye no kugenzura uruganda rwabakiriya. Ibisobanuro birambuye ni ibi bikurikira:
1. Tekereza ko abakiriya ari beza.
Ibigo byinshi bimaze guhura nuru ruganda kunshuro yambere byumva ko bitumvikana rwose. Niba uguze ibicuruzwa kuri njye, nkeneye gusa kubagezaho ibicuruzwa byujuje ibisabwa mugihe cyagenwe. Kuki nakagombye kwita kuburyo sosiyete yanjye icungwa. Izi nganda ntizumva ibyo abakiriya b’amahanga basabwa na gato, kandi imyumvire yabo irarenze. Ibi nibigaragaza itandukaniro rinini hagati yubuyobozi bwubushinwa nu mahanga. Kurugero, ubuziranenge nubuhanga bugenzurwa nuru ruganda, nta sisitemu nziza yo kuyobora no gutunganya, biragoye kwemeza ubuziranenge no gutanga ibicuruzwa. Inzira itanga ibisubizo. Biragoye ko isosiyete ifite imiyoborere idahwitse yemeza abakiriya ko ishobora gutanga umusaruro uringaniye kandi ikanatanga serivisi.
Igenzura ry’uruganda rushinzwe imibereho iterwa n’igitutu cy’imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta mu gihugu ndetse n’ibitekerezo rusange, kandi igenzura ry’uruganda rirasabwa kwirinda ingaruka. Igenzura ry’uruganda rwo kurwanya iterabwoba riyobowe n’abakiriya b’abanyamerika naryo riterwa n’igitutu cya gasutamo yo mu gihugu na guverinoma yo kurwanya iterabwoba. Mugereranije, igenzura ryubuziranenge nikoranabuhanga nibyo abakiriya bita cyane. Ufashe intera inyuma, kubera ko ari amategeko yumukino washyizweho nabakiriya, nkumushinga, ntushobora guhindura amategeko yumukino, bityo rero ushobora guhuza gusa nibisabwa nabakiriya, bitabaye ibyo uzareka kohereza hanze gahunda;
2. Tekereza ko kugenzura uruganda atari isano.
Benshi mu bafite ubucuruzi bazi neza uburyo bwo gukora ibintu mu Bushinwa, kandi batekereza ko kugenzura uruganda ari ikibazo cyo kunyura mu nzira zo gukemura umubano. Ibi kandi ni ukutumva gukomeye. Mubyukuri, ubugenzuzi bwuruganda busabwa nabakiriya bugomba gusaba iterambere ryikigo. Umugenzuzi w'imari ntabwo afite ubushobozi bwo gusobanura uruganda rwangiritse nk'indabyo. Nyuma ya byose, umugenzuzi agomba gufata amafoto, gukoporora inyandiko nibindi bimenyetso kugirango agarure ahazaza. Ku rundi ruhande, ibigo byinshi by’ubugenzuzi na byo ni amasosiyete y’amahanga, hamwe n’ubuyobozi bukomeye, bushimangira cyane no gushyira mu bikorwa politiki ya leta isukuye, kandi abagenzuzi bakurikiranwa cyane kandi bakagenzurwa neza. Ubu muri rusange ikirere cyubugenzuzi kiracyari cyiza cyane, byanze bikunze, abagenzuzi kugiti cyabo ntibatanzwe. Niba hari inganda zitinyuka gushyira ubutunzi bwazo mubucuti butarinze gutera imbere, ndizera ko bishoboka cyane ko bazakubitwa. Kugira ngo dutsinde ubugenzuzi bwuruganda, tugomba kunonosora bihagije.
3. Niba utekereza ko ibyuma byawe ari byiza, uzashobora gutsinda ubugenzuzi bwuruganda.
Ibigo byinshi bikunze kuvuga ko niba isosiyete ituranye irushije kubarusha, niba ishobora gutsinda, noneho azatsinda. Izi nganda ntizumva amategeko n'ibirimo kugenzura uruganda rwose. Igenzura ryuruganda ririmo ibintu byinshi, ibyuma nibice bimwe gusa, kandi hariho ibintu byinshi bya software bidashobora kugaragara, bigena ibisubizo byanyuma byo kugenzura uruganda.
4. Niba utekereza ko inzu yawe itari nziza bihagije, ntugomba kuyigerageza.
Izi nganda nazo zakoze amakosa yavuzwe haruguru. Igihe cyose ibyuma byikigo bifite amakosa, kurugero, dortoir nu mahugurwa biri munzu imwe y'uruganda, inzu irashaje cyane kandi hashobora guhungabanya umutekano, kandi ibisubizo byinzu bifite ibibazo bikomeye. Ndetse ibigo bifite ibyuma bibi nabyo birashobora gutsinda ubugenzuzi bwuruganda.
5. Tekereza ko gutsinda igenzura ryuruganda bidashoboka kuri njye.
Ibigo byinshi byubucuruzi bwamahanga byaturutse mumahugurwa yumuryango, kandi imiyoborere yabo ni akajagari. Nubwo bimukiye mu mahugurwa, bumva ko imicungire yabo ari akajagari. Mubyukuri, ibyo bigo ntibikeneye kwanga cyane ubugenzuzi bwuruganda. Nyuma yimiterere yibikoresho byujujwe, mugihe cyose ubuyobozi bufite icyemezo gihagije cyo kubona ikigo gikwiye cyo kugisha inama hanze, barashobora guhindura rwose imiterere yimicungire yikigo mugihe gito, kunoza imiyoborere, hanyuma amaherezo bakoresheje ubugenzuzi butandukanye bwabakiriya bo mucyiciro. . Mubakiriya twagize inama, hariho ibibazo byinshi nkibi. Ibigo byinshi binubira ko ikiguzi atari kinini kandi igihe ntabwo ari kirekire, ariko ibigo byabo byumva ko bigeze kumurongo. Nka shobuja, bizeye cyane kuyobora abacuruzi babo kandi abakiriya b’abanyamahanga basura imishinga yabo.
6. Gutekereza ko igenzura ryuruganda riteye ikibazo cyane kuburyo wanga icyifuzo cyo kugenzura uruganda.
Mubyukuri, kuri ubu, ibigo byohereza ibicuruzwa ku isoko ry’iburayi n’Amerika ahanini bigomba kuvugana n’uruganda kugira ngo bigenzurwe. Ku rugero runaka, kwanga kugenzura uruganda bisobanura kwanga ibicuruzwa no kwanga inyungu nziza. Amasosiyete menshi yaje iwacu avuga ko igihe cyose abacuruzi n’abakiriya b’abanyamahanga basabye ubugenzuzi bw’uruganda, bahoraga banga. Ariko, nyuma yimyaka mike, nasanze ibyo natumije byagabanutse kandi inyungu ziragabanuka, kandi ibigo bikikije byahoze kurwego rumwe byateye imbere byihuse mumyaka mike ishize kubera ubugenzuzi bwakorewe muruganda. Ibigo bimwe na bimwe byavuze ko bimaze imyaka myinshi bikora ubucuruzi bw’amahanga kandi ko bitigeze bigenzura uruganda. Nubwo yumva afite umugisha, twumva tumubabaje. Kuberako uko imyaka yagiye ihita, inyungu ze zagiye zikoreshwa muburyo butandukanye kandi ntibishobora gukomeza.
Isosiyete itigeze igenzura uruganda igomba kuba yarabonye amabwiriza yagiranye rwihishwa nandi masosiyete agenzura uruganda. Ibigo byabo bimeze nkubwato, ntabwo bigeze bigaragara kuruhande rwabakiriya, kandi umukiriya wanyuma ntabwo yigeze amenya iyi sosiyete. kubaho k'ubucuruzi. Umwanya wo guturamo wibigo nkibi bizagenda biba bito kandi bito, kubera ko abakiriya benshi binini babuza rwose amasezerano yo gukora amasezerano atabifitiye uburenganzira, bityo ntibakunze kubona ibicuruzwa. Kuva amasezerano asezerana, inyungu zisanzwe zizaba nkeya. Byongeye kandi, amabwiriza nkaya ntahungabana cyane, kandi urugo rwabanje rushobora kubona uruganda rufite igiciro cyiza kandi rugasimburwa igihe icyo aricyo cyose.
Hano hari intambwe eshatu gusa mugenzura ryabakiriya:
Gusubiramo inyandiko, sura ahakorerwa, kandi ukore ibibazo byabakozi, tegura rero ibintu bitatu byavuzwe haruguru: tegura inyandiko, byaba byiza sisitemu; gutunganya urubuga, cyane cyane witondere kurinda umuriro, ubwishingizi bw'abakozi, nibindi.; Kandi izindi ngingo zamahugurwa, tugomba kwemeza ko ibisubizo byabakozi bihuye nibyanditswe byanditse kubashyitsi.
Ukurikije ubwoko butandukanye bwubugenzuzi bwuruganda (uburenganzira bwikiremwamuntu no kugenzura inshingano zabaturage, kugenzura kurwanya iterabwoba, kugenzura no kugenzura ubuziranenge, kugenzura ibidukikije, nibindi), imyiteguro isabwa iratandukanye.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kanama-11-2022