Nekubatanidzwa kwehupfumi hwenyika, kuyerera kwepasirese kwezviwanikwa kune mahara uye kazhinji. Kuti tikwidziridze kukwikwidza kwemabhizinesi ekutengesa, yatova nyaya yatinofanira kutarisana nayo nemaonero epasi rose uye kutenga kwepasirese.
Zvichienzaniswa nekutenga kwepamba, ndeapi pfungwa dzinoda kunzwisiswa mukutenga kwekutengesa kunze kwenyika?
Kutanga, FOB, CFR uye CIF
FOB(Yemahara paBhodhi）Kusununguka pabhodhi (kunoteverwa nechiteshi chekutakura), zvinoreva kuti mutengesi anoendesa zvinhu kuburikidza nekutakura zvinhu muchikepe chakasarudzwa nemutengi panzvimbo yakatarwa yekutakura kana nekuwana zvinhu zvinenge zvaendeswa kuchikepe, kazhinji. inozivikanwa se "FOB".
CFR(Mutengo uye Kutakura）Mutengo uye kutakura zvinhu (zvinotevedzwa nechiteshi chezvikepe) zvinoreva kuti mutengesi anounza muchikepe kana nekutora kutakura zvinhu zvaunzwa.
CIF(Mutengo Inishuwarenzi uye Freigh）Mutengo, inishuwarenzi uye kutakura zvinhu (kunoteverwa nechiteshi chengarava), zvinoreva kuti mutengesi anopedzisa kuendesa kana zvinhu zvapfuura njanji yechikepe pachiteshi chekutakura. CIF mutengo = FOB mutengo + I inishuwarenzi premium + F kutakura, inowanzozivikanwa se "CIF mutengo".
Mutengo weCFR ndiwo mutengo weFOB pamwe nemitengo ine chekuita nekutumira, uye mutengo weCIF ndiwo mutengo weCFR pamwe neprimiyamu yeinishuwarenzi.
Chechipiri, demurrage uye kutumira
Muchikamu chechata cherwendo, nguva chaiyo yekuturunura (Laytime) yezvinhu zvakawanda zvinowanzotanga kubva pamaawa gumi nemaviri kana makumi maviri nemana mushure mekunge ngarava yaendesa "Chiziviso cheKutakura uye Kuburitsa Kugadzirira" (NOR) kusvika iyo yekupedzisira ongororo yapera mushure mekuburutsa (Yekupedzisira. Draft Survey) kusvika.
Kondirakiti yengoro inotaura nguva yekutakura uye yekuburitsa. Kana nguva yekupedzisira yeLaytime yapera kupfuura nguva yekuburitsa yakatarwa muchibvumirano, demurrage ichaitwa, kureva kuti, kutakura hakugone kuburitswa zvizere mukati menguva yakatarwa, zvichikonzera kuti ngarava irambe ichimira muchiteshi uye zvichiita kuti muridzi wechikepe aende. berth. Mari yakabvumiranwa kuti ibhadharwe nemuchaja kumuridzi wengarava kuti awedzere mari yekupinda muchiteshi uye kurasikirwa nehurongwa hwekufamba nechikepe.
Kana iyo Laytime yekupedzisira poindi isati yatanga kurodha uye yekuburitsa nguva yakabvumiranwa muchibvumirano, mari yekutumira (Despatch) ichaitwa, ndiko kuti, kuburitsa zvinhu kunopedzwa kumberi mukati menguva yakatarwa, iyo inopfupisa kutenderera kwehupenyu. chechikepe, uye muridzi wechikepe anodzorera muripo wavakabvumirana kumuridzi wechikepe.
Chechitatu, mari yekuongorora zvinhu
Chiziviso chekuongorora uye kuvharirwa chinozokonzera mari yekuongorora, mari yehutsanana, mubhadharo wekuuraya hutachiona, mubhadharo wekurongedza, mubhadharo wekutonga, nezvimwe, izvo zvinozivikanwa pamwe chete semari yekuongorora zvinhu.
Mari yekuongorora zvinhu inobhadharwa kuhofisi yekuongorora zvinhu. Kazhinji inobhadhariswa maererano ne1.5 ‰ yekukosha kwezvinhu. Kunyanya, inotarwa zvichienderana nehuwandu hweinvoice pane commodity inspection goods document. Nhamba yemutero wekutengesa yakasiyana, uye mari yekuongorora zvinhu yakasiyanawo. Iwe unofanirwa kuziva iyo chaiyo yemutero nhamba yemutero uye mari iri pagwaro kuti uzive muripo chaiwo.
Chechina, tariffs
Tariff (Customs Duties, Tariff), kureva, mutero wekunze, mutero unobvisirwa netsika dzakatarwa nehurumende kune anotenga kunze kwenyika kana zvinhu zvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika zvichipfuura nepanzvimbo yetsika yenyika.
Iyo yakakosha fomula yemitengo yekunze uye mutero ndeiyi:
Kupinza mutero wemari = inobatika kukosha × chiyero chemutero wekupinda
Kubva pakuona kwenyika, kuunganidzwa kwemitero kunogona kuwedzera mari yemari. Panguva imwecheteyo, nyika inogadzirisawo kutengeserana kwekunze uye kunze kwenyika nekuisa mitero yakasiyana-siyana uye huwandu hwemitero, zvichizokanganisa chimiro chehupfumi hwepamba uye gwara rekusimudzira.
Zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvine mitero yakasiyana-siyana, iyo inoshandiswa maererano ne "Tariff Regulations".
Chechishanu, muripo wedemurrage uye muripo wekuchengetedza
Mari yekuvharirwa (inozivikanwawo se "mubhadharo wapfuura") inoreva kunonoka (kupfuura) mubhadharo wekushandisa pamudziyo uri pasi pekutonga kwemutumwa, kureva kuti, mutakuri anosimudza mudziyo kubva pachivanze kana pachiteshi mushure mekubvumidzwa kwetsika uye otadza tevedzera mitemo. Yakagadzirwa nekudzorera mabhokisi asina chinhu mukati menguva. Nguva yenguva inosanganisira nguva iyo bhokisi rinotorwa kubva pachiteshi kusvikira wadzorera bhokisi kunzvimbo yechiteshi. Kupfuura iyi nguva yakatarwa, kambani yekutumira inoda kukukumbira kuti utore mari.
Mari yekuchengetedza (Kuchengetedza, inozivikanwawo se "mubhadharo wepamusoro-soro"), nguva yenguva inosanganisira nguva iyo bhokisi rinotanga parinodonhedzwa pachiteshi, uye kusvika pakuguma kwechiziviso chetsika uye doko. Yakasiyana nedemurrage (Demurrage), mari yekuchengetedza inobhadharwa nenzvimbo yechiteshi, kwete kambani yekutumira.
Yechitanhatu, nzira dzekubhadhara L/C, T/T, D/P uye D/A
L/C (Tsamba Yechikwereti) Chidimbu ichi chinoreva chitupa chakanyorwa chakapihwa nebhangi kune mutengesi (mutengesi) nekukumbira kweanopinza (mutengi) kuvimbisa basa rekubhadhara zvinhu.
T/T (Telegraphic Transfer in Advance)Chidimburiko chinoreva kuchinjanisa kuburikidza neteregiramu. Telegraphic transfer inzira yekubhadhara iyo mubhadhari anoisa imwe mari kubhangi remarita, uye bhangi remari rinoendesa kubazi rekuenda kana bhangi rekutumira (remittance bank) neteregiramu kana runhare, kuraira bhanga remukati kuti ribhadhare. imwe mari kune anobhadharwa.
D/P(Documents against Payment） Dudziro ye "Bill of Lading" inowanzotumirwa kubhangi mushure mekutumira, uye bhangi rinotumira bhiri rekutakura uye mamwe magwaro kune anotora kunze kwenyika kuti apihwe mvumo yetsika mushure mekunge mutengesi abhadhara zvinhu. Nekuti bhiri rekutakura igwaro rakakosha, mumashoko emunhu wese, rinobhadharwa neruoko rumwe uye rinounzwa neruoko rwekutanga. Kune dzimwe njodzi kune vanotengesa kunze.
D/A (Zvinyorwa zvinopesana neKugamuchirwa)Kudimburirwa kunoreva kuti mutengesi anoburitsa gwaro remberi mushure mekunge zvinhu zvatumirwa, uye pamwe chete nemagwaro ekutengesa (kutakura zvinhu), zvinounzwa kumutengesi kuburikidza nebhangi rinotora.
Yechinomwe, chikamu chekuyera
Nyika dzakasiyana dzine nzira dzekuyera dzakasiyana uye mayuniti ezvigadzirwa, izvo zvinogona kukanganisa huwandu chaihwo (huwandu kana huremu) hwechigadzirwa. Kunyatsotarisirwa uye chibvumirano chinofanira kubhadharwa mberi.
Semuyenzaniso, mukutenga matanda, maererano nenhamba dzisina kukwana, muNorth America chete, kune marudzi anoda kusvika zana enzira dzekuongorora matanda, uye kune akawanda anosvika 185 marudzi emazita. MuNorth America, kuyerwa kwematanda kunoenderana nechuru chebhodhi mutongi MBF, nepo mutongi weJapan JAS anowanzoshandiswa munyika yangu. Inzwi richasiyana zvikuru.
Nguva yekutumira: Sep-01-2022