Certification, kubvumidzwa, kuongorora uye kuyedzwa ndiyo yakakosha sisitimu yekusimbisa kunaka manejimendi uye kuvandudza kushanda kwemusika pasi pemamiriro ehupfumi hwemusika, uye chikamu chakakosha chekutariswa kwemusika. Hunhu hwayo hwakakosha "kuunza kuvimba uye kushumira budiriro", iyo ine hunhu hwakakurumbira hwekushambadzira uye kutengeserana kwenyika. Iyo inozivikanwa se "chitupa chekurapa" chekutonga kwemhando, "tsamba yechikwereti" yehupfumi hwemusika, uye "pass" yekutengeserana kwenyika.
1. Pfungwa uye chirevo
1). Pfungwa yeNational Quality Infrastructure (NQI) yakatanga kutaurwa neUnited Nations Trade Development Organisation (UNCTAD) neWorld Trade Organisation (WTO) muna 2005. Muna 2006, United Nations Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO) neInternational Organisation for Standardization (ISO) yakaisa pamberi pfungwa yerudzi rwemhando yezvivakwa, uye inodaidzwa kuyerwa, kuenzanisa, uye kuenderana ongororo (chitupa uye kubvumidzwa, kuongorora uye kuyedzwa sezviri mukati) sembiru nhatu dzemhando yenyika. Izvi zvitatu zvinoumba cheni yakakwana yehunyanzvi, inova hurumende nemabhizinesi ekuvandudza kugadzirwa, kuchengetedza hupenyu uye hutano, kuchengetedza kodzero dzevatengi, uye kuchengetedza zvakatipoteredza. Yakakosha tekinoroji nzira yekuchengetedza chengetedzo nekuvandudza mhando inogona kutsigira zvinobudirira hutano hwemagariro, kutengeserana kwenyika uye. budiriro inogoneka. Kusvika pari zvino, pfungwa yezvivakwa zvemhando yenyika yakagamuchirwa zvakanyanya nenharaunda dzepasirese. Muna 2017, mushure mekudzidza kwakabatana kwakaitwa nemasangano gumi akakodzera epasirese ane basa rekutonga kwemhando, kusimudzira maindasitiri, kusimudzira kutengeserana uye kudyidzana kwemitemo, tsananguro nyowani yemhando yezvivakwa yakatsanangurwa mubhuku "Quality Policy - Technical Guidelines" yakapihwa neUnited Nations Industrial. Development Organization (UNIDO) muna 2018. Tsanangudzo itsva inoratidza kuti hutano hwehutano igadziriro inoumbwa nemasangano (vehurumende uye ega ega) nemitemo, mitemo yakakosha yepamutemo uye yemitemo uye maitiro anodiwa kutsigira nekuvandudza kunaka, kuchengetedzwa uye kuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza. zvigadzirwa, masevhisi uye maitiro. Panguva imwecheteyo, inoratidzwa kuti hutano hwehutano hwehutano hunosanganisira vatengi, mabhizinesi, hutano hwehutano hwehutano, hutano hwehutano hwemasangano ehurumende, uye hurumende yehurumende; Inosimbiswawo kuti hurongwa hwezvivakwa zvemhando yepamusoro hunoenderana nekuyerwa, zviyero, kubvumidzwa (kwakanyorwa zvakaparadzana kubva kuconformity assessment), conformity ongororo uye kutariswa kwemusika.
2).Pfungwa yekuongorora kuenderana inotsanangurwa muyero yepasi rose ISO/IEC17000 "Vocabulary and General Principles of Conformity Assessment". Conformity assessment inoreva "kusimbisa kuti zvakatemwa zvinodikanwa zvine chekuita nezvigadzirwa, maitiro, masisitimu, vashandi kana masangano asangana". Zvinoenderana ne "Building Trust in Conformity Assessment" yakabatanidzwa pamwe neInternational Organisation for Standardization neUnited Nations Industrial Development Organisation, vatengi vekutengesa, vatengi, vashandisi uye vakuru vakuru vehurumende vane tarisiro yemhando, kuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza, chengetedzo, hupfumi, kuvimbika, kugarisana, kushanda, kushanda nesimba uye kushanda kwezvigadzirwa nemasevhisi. Maitiro ekuratidza kuti aya maitiro anosangana nezvinodiwa zvezviyero, mirau uye zvimwe zvinotsanangurwa zvinodaidzwa kuti conformity assessment. Conformity ongororo inopa nzira yekuzadzisa kana zvigadzirwa nemasevhisi akakodzera achizadzisa izvi zvinotarisirwa zvinoenderana neakakodzera zviyero, mirau uye zvimwe zvakatemwa. Inobatsira kuve nechokwadi chekuti zvigadzirwa nemasevhisi zvinoendeswa zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa kana zvisungo. Mune mamwe mazwi, kumisikidzwa kwekuvimba mukuenderana kwekuongorora kunogona kusangana nezvinodiwa zvemusika hupfumi masangano uye kukurudzira kusimudzira kwakanaka kwehupfumi hwemusika.
Kune vatengi, vatengi vanogona kubatsirwa kubva mukuenderana ongororo, nekuti conformity ongororo inopa hwaro hwevatengi kusarudza zvigadzirwa kana masevhisi. Kune mabhizinesi, vagadziri uye vanopa masevhisi vanofanirwa kuona kana zvigadzirwa zvavo nemasevhisi achizadzisa zvinodiwa nemitemo, mirau, zviyero uye zvakatemwa uye nekuzvipa zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa nevatengi, kuitira kudzivirira kurasikirwa mumusika nekuda kwekutadza kwechigadzirwa. Kune zviremera zvinotonga, vanogona kubatsirwa kubva mukuenderana nekuongorora nekuti inovapa nzira dzekuita mitemo nemirau uye kuzadzisa zvinangwa zveruzhinji.
3). Mhando huru dzekuongorora kuenderana Kuongorora kwekuenderana kunonyanya kusanganisira marudzi mana: kuona, kuongorora, certification uye kubvumidzwa. Zvinoenderana netsanangudzo mune yepasi rose chiyero ISO/IEC17000 "Conformity assessment vocabulary and general principles":
①Kuyedza "chiito chekuona chimwe kana mamwe maitiro echinhu chekuenderana chekuongorora zvinoenderana nemaitirwo". Kazhinji kutaura, ibasa rekushandisa zviridzwa uye zvishandiso kuongorora zvinoenderana nehunyanzvi mazinga uye zvakatemwa, uye mhedzisiro yekuongorora idata rebvunzo. ② Kuongorora "chiito chekuongorora dhizaini yechigadzirwa, chigadzirwa, magadzirirwo kana kuisirwa uye kuona kutevedza kwacho nezvinodiwa, kana kuona kutevedza kwayo nezvinodiwa zvinoenderana nekutonga kwehunyanzvi". Kazhinji kutaura, ndeyekuona kana ichienderana nemirau yakakodzera nekuvimba neruzivo rwevanhu uye ruzivo, uchishandisa bvunzo data kana rumwe ruzivo rwekuongorora. ③ Certification "chitupa chechitatu chine chekuita nezvigadzirwa, maitiro, masisitimu kana vashandi". Kazhinji kutaura, inoreva kuenderana kwekuongorora zviitiko zvezvigadzirwa, masevhisi, manejimendi masisitimu uye vashandi zvinoenderana neakakodzera zviyero uye tekinoroji maratidziro, ayo anosimbiswa nesangano retifiketi ane chimiro chemunhu wechitatu. ④Kubvumidzwa "chitupa chechitatu chinoratidza zviri pamutemo kuti iyo conformity yekuongorora institution inokwanisa kuita rakanangana basa rekuongorora". Kazhinji kutaura, zvinoreva kuenderana kwekuongorora chiitiko icho iyo accreditation institution inosimbisa kugona kwehunyanzvi hweiyo certification institution, inspection institution uye laboratori.
Zvinogona kuoneka kubva pane tsananguro iri pamusoro kuti zvinhu zvekuongorora, kuona uye chitupa zvigadzirwa, masevhisi uye masangano emabhizinesi (akatarisana nemusika); Chinhu chekucherechedzwa masangano anoita zvekuongorora, kuyedza uye chitupa (zvisina kunanga kumusika).
4. Hunhu hwekuenderana kwekuongorora zviitiko zvinogona kukamurwa muzvikamu zvitatu: wekutanga bato, wechipiri bato uye wechitatu bato zvichienderana nehunhu hwekuenderana kwekuongorora zviitiko:
Bato rekutanga rinoreva ongororo yekuenderana inoitwa nevagadziri, vanopa masevhisi uye vamwe vatengesi, sekuzviongorora uye kuongorora kwemukati kunoitwa nevagadziri kuti vasangane neyavo yekutsvagisa nekusimudzira, dhizaini nekugadzira zvinodiwa. Bato rechipiri rinoreva kuongororwa kwekuenderana kunoitwa nemushandisi, mutengi kana mutengi nevamwe vanoda, sekutarisisa uye kuongororwa kwezvinhu zvakatengwa nemutengi. Bato rechitatu rinoreva kuongororwa kwekuenderana kunoitwa nesangano rechitatu rakazvimirira kubva kumutengesi uye mutengesi, senge chigadzirwa chitupa, manejimendi system certification, akasiyana mabasa ekuzivikanwa, nezvimwe. Sosaiti yese ndeyechitatu-bato rekuenzanisa ongororo.
Kuenzaniswa nekuongorora kwekuenderana kwebato rekutanga uye rechipiri bato, yechitatu bato kuenderana ongororo ine hukuru hwepamusoro uye kuvimbika kuburikidza nekuitwa kwechinzvimbo chakazvimirira uye kugona kwehunyanzvi kwemasangano akanyatso kuenderana nemitemo yenyika kana yepasirese uye tekinoroji yakatarwa, uye nokudaro yakakunda kucherechedzwa kwepasirese kwemapato ese ari pamusika. Haikwanise chete kunyatso vimbisa kunaka uye kuchengetedza zvido zvemapato ese, asi zvakare inosimudzira kuvimba kwemusika uye kukurudzira kufambisa kutengeserana.
6. Embodiment of conformity assessment zvabuda Mhedzisiro yeconformity assessment inowanzoshambadzirwa kuruzhinji nenzira yakanyorwa sezvitupa, maripoti nezviratidzo. Kuburikidza nehumbowo uhu hweveruzhinji, tinogona kugadzirisa dambudziko reruzivo asymmetry uye kuwana kuvimba kwakawanda kwemapato akakodzera uye veruzhinji. Mafomu makuru ndeaya:
Chitupa chetifiketi, chiratidzo chechiratidzo chechiratidzo, chitupa chekuongorora chiratidzo uye mushumo webvunzo
2、 Mavambo uye kukura
1). Kuongorora uye kucherechedzwa kwekuongorora uye kuona kwave kuchiperekedzwa nekugadzirwa kwevanhu, hupenyu, tsvakiridzo yesainzi uye zvimwe zviitiko. Nekuda kwekugadzira uye kutengeserana zviitiko zvehutongi hwemhando yezvigadzirwa, yakamisikidzwa, maitiro-yakavakirwa uye yakamisikidzwa yekuongorora uye yekuyedza zviitiko zviri kuwedzera kukura. Muchikamu chekupedzisira cheshanduko yeindasitiri, tekinoroji yekuongorora uye yekuona uye zviridzwa nemidziyo zvakabatanidzwa zvakanyanya uye zvakaomarara, uye masangano ekuongorora uye ekuona ane hunyanzvi mukuyedza, kuenzanisa uye kuongorora zvakabuda zvishoma nezvishoma. Kuongorora uye kuzviona kwave kuita indasitiri iri kusimukira. Nekuvandudzwa kwekutengeserana, pakave nevechitatu-bato rekuongorora uye masangano ekuyedza ane hunyanzvi mukupa masevhisi emhando yakadai sekuyedzwa kwekuchengetedzwa kwechigadzirwa uye kuzivikanwa kwezvinhu kunharaunda, senge American Underwriters Laboratory (UL) yakavambwa muna 1894, iyo inotamba yakakosha. basa mukutsinhana kwekutengeserana uye kutarisira misika.
2). Certification Muna 1903, United Kingdom yakatanga kuita certification nekuwedzera “kite” logo kune zvigadzirwa zvenjanji zvinoenderana nemayero akagadzirwa neBritish Engineering Standards Institute (BSI), ikava hurongwa hwekutanga pasirese hwechigadzirwa. Pakazosvika makore ekuma1930, nyika dzemaindasitiri dzakaita seEurope, America neJapan dzakange dzakatevedzana dzadzo dzezvitupa uye masisitimu emvumo, kunyanya kune zvigadzirwa zvine mhando yepamusoro uye njodzi dzekuchengetedza, uye dzakateedzera masisitimu etifiketi achitevedzana. Nekuvandudzwa kwekutengeserana nedzimwe nyika, kuitira kudzivirira kudhindwa kwechitupa uye kufambisa kutengeserana, zvakakosha kuti nyika dzitore zviyero zvakabatana uye mitemo uye maitiro ekuita zvitupa, kuitira kuti vaone kucherechedzwa kwechitupa mhedzisiro pachikonzero ichi. Pakazosvika ma1970s, pamusoro pekushandiswa kwezvitupa munyika dzadzo, nyika dzeEurope neAmerica dzakatanga kuita kucherechedzwa kwemasisitimu ezvitupa pakati penyika, uye ndokuzogadziridzwa kuita masisitimu edunhu zvichienderana nemitemo yedunhu nemirau. Iyo yakajairika yedunhu certification system ndeyeEuropean Union's CENELEC (European Electrotechnical Standardization Commission) yemagetsi chigadzirwa chitupa, ichiteverwa nekuvandudzwa kweEU CE Directive. Nekuwedzera kuri kuita kudyidzana kwepasirese kwekutengeserana nedzimwe nyika, itsika isingadzivisiki kutanga hurongwa hwekupa zvitupa pasi rese. Pakazosvika makore ekuma1980, nyika dzepasi rose dzakatanga kushandisa hurongwa hwekupa zvitupa pasi rose zvichibva pazviyero nemirau yepasi rose pazvigadzirwa zvakasiyana. Kubva ipapo, yakawedzera zvishoma nezvishoma kubva kumunda wechigadzirwa certification kuenda kumunda wemanejimendi system uye chitupa chevashandi, senge ISO9001 yepasi rose yemhando management system inosimudzirwa neInternational Organisation for Standardization (ISO) uye zviitiko zvetifiketi zvinoitwa zvinoenderana neizvi. standard.
3). Kucherechedzwa Nekuvandudzwa kwekuongorora, kuyedzwa, chitupa uye zvimwe zviitiko zvekuongorora zvinoenderana, marudzi akasiyana-siyana emasangano ekuongorora zvinoenderana anoita mabasa ekuongorora, kuyedza uye etifiketi akabuda mushure meimwe. Izvo zvakanaka nezvakaipa zvakasangana, zvichiita kuti vashandisi vasave nesarudzo, uye kunyange mamwe masangano akakuvadza zvido zvevanofarira, zvichikonzera kudana kuti hurumende itonge maitiro emasangano ezvitupa uye masangano ekuongorora uye ekuyedza. Kuti ive nechokwadi chechiremera uye kusarerekera kwechitupa nekuongorora, zviitiko zvekubvumidzwa zvakavapo. Muna 1947, sangano rekutanga renyika rekupa mvumo, Australia NATA, rakavambwa kuti ritange rabvumidza marabhoritari. Pakazosvika ma1980, nyika dzakasimukira dzakabudirira dzakanga dzatanga masangano adzo ekupa mvumo. Mushure memakore ekuma1990, dzimwe nyika dzichiri kusimukira dzakagadzirawo masangano ekupa mvumo achitevedzana. Nemabviro uye nekuvandudzwa kweiyo certification system, yakawedzera zvishoma nezvishoma kubva pachigadzirwa certification kuenda kune manejimendi system certification, setifiketi sevhisi, chitupa chevashandi uye mamwe marudzi; Nemabviro uye nekuvandudzwa kweiyo accreditation system, yakawedzera zvishoma nezvishoma kubva pakubvumidzwa murabhoritari kuenda kune certification body accreditation, yekuongorora body accreditation nedzimwe mhando.
3. Basa uye basa
Chikonzero nei certification, kubvumidzwa, kuongorora uye kuyedzwa iri musimboti wehupfumi hwemusika unogona kupfupikiswa se "chimwe chinhu chakakosha hunhu, maviri akajairika maficha, matatu akakosha mabasa uye mana ane mukurumbira mabasa".
Humwe hunhu hwakakosha uye humwe hwakakosha hunhu: kutamisa kuvimba uye kusimudzira sevhisi.
Kuendesa kuvimba uye kushandira kusimudzira kwehupfumi hwemusika ndiko hupfumi hwechikwereti. Zvese zvekutengesa pamusika isarudzo yakajairika yevatori vechikamu pamusika zvichienderana nekuvimbana. Nekuwedzera kuri kuita kuomarara kwekupatsanurwa kwemagariro evashandi uye mhando uye chengetedzo nyaya, chinangwa uye kwakaringana kuongororwa uye kusimbiswa kwemusika wekutengesa chinhu (chigadzirwa, sevhisi kana bhizinesi sangano) nemunhu wechitatu ane hunyanzvi kugona chave chinodiwa chinongedzo mumusika wehupfumi. mabasa. Kuwana chitupa uye kucherechedzwa kubva kune wechitatu bato kunogona kuwedzera zvakanyanya kuvimba kwemapato ese mumusika, nekudaro kugadzirisa dambudziko reruzivo asymmetry mumusika uye nekudzikisa zvinobudirira njodzi yekutengesa musika. Mushure mekuzvarwa kweiyo certification uye accreditation system, yakashandiswa nekukurumidza uye zvakanyanya mumabasa ezvehupfumi nekutengeserana mudzimba nekunze kuendesa kuvimba kune vatengi, mabhizinesi, hurumende, nzanga nepasirese. Mukuita kwekuenderera mberi kwekuvandudzwa kweiyo musika system uye musika wehupfumi system, hunhu hwechitupa uye kuzivikanwa "kuunza kuvimba uye kushumira budiriro" huchawedzera kuoneka.
Maviri akajairika maitiro Maviri akajairika maitiro: kushambadzira uye kutengeserana kwenyika.
Kutendeseka kwakanangana nemusika uye kuzivikanwa kunobva kumusika, kushandira musika, kukura mumusika, uye kunowanikwa zvakanyanya mumisika yekutengesa zviitiko senge zvigadzirwa nemasevhisi. Inogona kuendesa ruzivo rwechokwadi uye rwakavimbika mumusika, kumisa nzira yekuvimba nemusika, uye kutungamira musika kuti urarame zvakanyanya. Masangano emusika anogona kuwana kuvimbana nekuzivikanwa, kutyora musika uye zvipingamupinyi zveindasitiri, kukurudzira kufambisa kutengeserana, uye kuderedza mitengo yekutengeserana nekutora nzira dzechokwadi uye dzekuzivikanwa; Dhipatimendi rekutarisa musika rinogona kusimbisa kunaka uye kutariswa kwekuchengetedza, kukwidziridza kuwanikwa kwemusika uye mukuita uye kutariswa kwemashure-chiitiko, kumisikidza kurongeka kwemusika uye kuderedza mutengo wekutarisa nekutora nzira yechokwadi uye yekuzivikanwa. Chitupa chepasi rose uye kucherechedzwa ndiyo mitemo iripo pasi rose yehupfumi nekutengeserana pasi pehurongwa hweWorld Trade Organisation (WTO). Nharaunda dzepasi rose dzinowanzo tora zvitupa uye kucherechedzwa senzira yakajairika yekudzora musika uye kufambisa kutengeserana, uye kumisa zviyero zvakabatana, maitiro uye masisitimu. Chekutanga, masangano ekudyidzana nedzimwe nyika akaumbwa muzvikamu zvakawanda, seInternational Organisation for Standardization (ISO), International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), International Accreditation Forum (IAF), uye International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation Organisation (ILAC). Chinangwa chavo ndechekumisa chiyero chepasirese chakabatana uye chitupa uye certification system kuti iwane "yekuongorora kumwe, bvunzo imwe, chitupa chimwe, kuzivikanwa kumwe uye kutenderera kwepasirese". Chechipiri, nharaunda dzepasirese dzakagadzira yakazara chitupa uye miitiro yekubvumidza uye nhungamiro, izvo zvakapihwa nemasangano epasi rose akadai seInternational Organisation for Standardization (ISO) neInternational Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). Parizvino, makumi matatu nematanhatu epasirese mwero wekuongorora kuenderana akapihwa, ayo anogamuchirwa zvakanyanya nenyika dzese dzepasi. Panguva imwecheteyo, Chibvumirano cheTechnical Barriers to Trade (WTO/TBT) cheWorld Trade Organisation chinotongawo mitemo yenyika, mirau yetekinoroji uye maitiro ekuongorora, uye inomisa zvinangwa zvine musoro, kukonzeresa kushoma pakutengeserana, pachena, kurapwa kwenyika, pasi rose. zviyero uye misimboti yekuzivana kuti uderedze kukanganisa kwekutengeserana. Chechitatu, chitupa uye nzira dzekubvumidzwa dzinoshandiswa zvakanyanya pasi rose, kune rumwe rutivi, sematanho ekuwana musika kuona kuti zvigadzirwa nemasevhisi zvinosangana nezvinodiwa nemirairo uye zviyero, seEU CE Directive, Japan PSE certification, China CCC certification nezvimwe. zvinomanikidzirwa zvitupa masisitimu; Mamwe masisitimu ekutengwa kwemusika wepasirese, akadai seGlobal Food Safety Initiative (GFSI), anoshandisawo chitupa uye kubvumidzwa semamiriro ekutenga kana maitiro ekuongorora. Nekune rimwe divi, seyero yekufambisa kutengeserana, inodzivirira kuyedzwa kudzokororwa uye kupihwa chitupa kuburikidza nemativi maviri uye emarudzi akawanda kuwirirana. Semuyenzaniso, hurongwa hwekucherechedzwa hwakadai seyekuyedza uye certification system yezvigadzirwa zvemagetsi nemagetsi (IECEE) uye yemhando yekuongorora yemhando yezvigadzirwa zvemagetsi (IECQ) yakavambwa neInternational Electrotechnical Commission inovhara zvinopfuura makumi mapfumbamwe muzana ehupfumi hwenyika. kufambisa zvikuru kutengeserana kwenyika.
Mabasa matatu akakosha Mabasa matatu akakosha: manejimendi emhando "chitupa chekurapa", hupfumi hwemusika "tsamba yechikwereti", uye kutengeserana kwenyika "pasi". Certification uye kuzivikanwa, sekureva kwazvinoreva, ndeye kuongorora kuenderana kwezvigadzirwa, masevhisi uye masangano emabhizinesi avo uye kupa zvitupa zveveruzhinji kunharaunda kuti isangane nezvinodiwa zvemusika masangano emhando dzakasiyana siyana. Nemadhipatimendi ehurumende ari kudzikisa "chitupa" chezvirambidzo zvekupinda, basa re "chitupa" kusimudzira kuvimbana uye kureruka pakati pemakambani emusika riri kuwedzera kudikanwa.
Chitupa che "physical bvunzo" chitupa uye kubvumidzwa kwehutongi hwemhando inzira yekuongorora nekuvandudza kana kugadzirwa uye mashandiro emabhizinesi anoenderana nezviyero uye zvakatemwa nekushandisa dzakasiyana siyana nzira dzekutarisira hunhu zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa zvemazinga nemirau. chishandiso chinoshanda chekusimbisa hutongi hwese hwemhando. Zviitiko uye zvitupa zvekubvumidzwa zvinogona kubatsira mabhizinesi kuona zvakakosha zvinongedzo uye njodzi zvinhu zvehutongi hwemhando, kuenderera mberi nekuvandudza hutongi hwemhando, uye kuenderera mberi nekuvandudza mhando yezvigadzirwa nemasevhisi. Kuti uwane chitupa, mabhizinesi anofanirwa kuenda kuburikidza neakawanda ekuongorora malink akadai sekuongorora kwemukati, ongororo manejimendi, kuongorora fekitori, kuyerwa kwechiyero, bvunzo yemhando yechigadzirwa, nezvimwewo. Mushure mekuwana chitupa, vanofanirwawo kuita nguva dzose post-certification supervision, zvinoreva kuti. kuti seti yakazara ye "kuongorora kwemuviri" inogona kuramba ichivimbisa kushanda kwakanaka kweiyo manejimendi system, uye zvinobudirira kusimbisa kunaka kwehutongi. Izvo zvakakosha zvehupfumi hwemusika hupfumi hwechikwereti. Certification, kubvumidzwa, kuongorora uye kuyedza kuendesa ruzivo rwechokwadi uye rwakavimbika mumusika, izvo zvinobatsira kumisikidza nzira yekuvimba nemusika, kuvandudza kushanda kwemusika, uye kutungamira kupona kweakanyanya kusimba mumusika. Kuwana chechitatu-bato remvumo certification mutakuri wechikwereti anoratidza kuti sangano rebhizinesi rine qualification yekutora chikamu muzviitiko zvehupfumi hwemusika uye kuti zvinhu kana masevhisi aanopa anozadzisa zvinodiwa. Semuyenzaniso, ISO9001 quality management system certification ndiyo mamiriro ekutanga ekubhidha kwemumba nekune dzimwe nyika uye kutenga hurumende kumisa mabhizinesi kuti atore chikamu mukubhidha. Kune izvo zvinosanganisira zvakati zvinodiwa senge nharaunda uye chengetedzo yeruzivo, ISO14001 Environmental Management System certification uye ISO27001 information security management system certification ichashandiswawo semamiriro ekufanirwa; Kutenga kwehurumende zvigadzirwa zvekuchengetedza simba uye chirongwa chenyika che "Golden Sun" chinotora chitupa chezvigadzirwa zvekuchengetedza simba uye chitupa chitsva chesimba semamiriro ekupinda. Zvinogona kutaurwa kuti certification uye kugamuchirwa kuongorora uye kuona zvinopa iyo musika nyaya nechitupa chechikwereti, kugadzirisa dambudziko reruzivo asymmetry, uye kuita basa risingadzokerike mukufambisa kuvimba kwezviitiko zvehupfumi hwemusika. Nekuda kwehunhu hwekudyidzana nedzimwe nyika, chitupa che "pasa" uye kucherechedzwa kwekutengeserana kwepasirese kunotsigirwa nenyika dzese se "kuongorora uye kuyedza kumwe, chitupa chimwe uye kuzivikanwa, uye kucherechedzwa kwepasirese", izvo zvinogona kubatsira mabhizinesi uye zvigadzirwa kupinda mumusika wepasirese. zvakanaka, uye kuita basa rakakosha mukubatanidza kuwanikwa kwemusika wepasi rose, kusimudzira kufambiswa kwekutengeserana uye mamwe mabasa akakosha muhurongwa hwekutengesa pasi rose. Hurongwa hwemasangano kusimudzira kuvhurwa kwemusika mumubatanidzwa wemativi mazhinji uye maviri ekutengeserana system. Mundima yemarudzi akawanda, kupihwa zvitupa uye kubvumidzwa haisiriyo chete mitemo yepasirese yekusimudzira kutengeserana kwezvinhu pasi peWorld Trade Organisation (WTO), asiwo mamiriro ekuwana mamwe masisitimu ekutenga epasi rose seFood Safety Initiative uye Telecommunication. Union; Mundima yebilateral, chitupa uye kubvumidzwa hachisi chishandiso chakanakira kubvisa zvipingamupinyi zvekutengeserana pasi pehurongwa hweFree Trade Area (FTA), asiwo nyaya yakakosha yenhaurirano dzekutengeserana pakati pehurumende pakuwana musika, chiyero chekutengeserana uye dzimwe nhaurirano dzekutengeserana. . Muzviitiko zvakawanda zvekutengeserana kwenyika dzakawanda, zvitupa zvetifiketi kana mishumo yebvunzo yakapihwa nemasangano ane mukurumbira pasi rose anoonekwa sechinhu chinodiwa pakutenga kwekutengesa uye hwaro hunodiwa hwekugadzirisa kutengeserana; Kwete izvozvo zvoga, nhaurirano dzenyika dzakawanda dzekuwana misika dzakasanganisira zvitupa, kucherechedzwa, kuongororwa uye kuyedzwa sechinhu chakakosha muzvibvumirano zvekutengeserana.
Mabasa mana akatanhamara: kuvandudza kuwanikwa kwemusika, kushandira kutarisa kwemusika, kugadzirisa nharaunda yemusika, uye kukurudzira kuvhurwa kwemusika.
Kutungamira kuvandudzwa uye kukwidziridzwa kwemhando uye kuwedzera kugovera kunoshanda kwemusika, certification uye accreditation system yakaitwa zvizere muzvikamu zvese zvehupfumi hwenyika uye munzvimbo dzese dzenharaunda, uye marudzi akasiyana echitupa uye kubvumidzwa akaumbwa. inovhara zvigadzirwa, masevhisi, manejimendi masisitimu, vashandi, nezvimwewo, izvo zvinogona kuzadzisa zvinodiwa nemuridzi wemusika uye zviremera zvinotonga mumativi ese. Kuburikidza nekuita uye mhinduro basa retifiketi uye kucherechedzwa, kutungamira mashandisiro uye kutenga, gadzira inoshanda yemusika nzira yekusarudza, uye kumanikidza vagadziri kuti vavandudze nhanho yekutarisira, chigadzirwa uye sevhisi mhando, uye kuwedzera kunoshanda kwemusika. Mumakore achangopfuura, maererano nezvinodiwa zvekugadzirisa-side structural reform, Certification and Accreditation Commission yakaita basa rekuona "pazasi mutsara wekuchengetedza" uye kudhonza "mutsetse wepamusoro wemhando", ikaita kusimudzira. yemhando yekutonga kwemhando mumabhizinesi akasimbiswa, uye ikaita yemhando yepamusoro-yekupedzisira certification muminda yechikafu, zvinhu zvevatengi uye masevhisi, izvo zvakamutsa kufarira kwemasangano emusika kuti azvimirire kuvandudza mhando. Kutarisana nemadhipatimendi ehurumende kutsigira manejimendi ekutonga uye kuvandudza kushanda kwekutarisa kwemusika, musika unowanzo kukamurwa kuita zvikamu zviviri: iyo pre-musika (isati yatengeswa) uye post-musika (mushure mekutengesa). Mune zvese kuwana kune yaichimbova musika uye post-musika manejimendi, certification uye accreditation zvinogona kusimudzira madhipatimendi ehurumende kuti achinje mabasa awo, uye kuderedza kupindira kwakananga mumusika kuburikidza zvisina kunanga kutungamirirwa nemunhu wechitatu. Mune yaimbove musika wekupinda link, madhipatimendi ehurumende anoisa manejimendi ekuwana minda inosanganisira hutano hwemunhu uye chengetedzo uye chengetedzo yeveruzhinji kuburikidza nekumanikidza certification, inosunga masimba zvinodiwa uye dzimwe nzira; Mukutariswa kwemusika, madhipatimendi ehurumende anofanirwa kuita zvehunyanzvi zvakanakira masangano echitatu mukutariswa kwemusika, uye kutora zvitupa zvevatatu sechikonzero chekutarisira kuona kwesainzi uye nekutonga kwakanaka. Panyaya yekupa mutambo wakazara pabasa rekupihwa zvitupa uye kubvumidzwa, zviremera zvinotonga hazvifanirwe kutarisa nezvekutarisa kwakazara kwemazana emamiriyoni emabhizinesi madiki uye zvigadzirwa, asi zvinofanirwa kutarisa pamusoro pekutariswa kwehuwandu hushoma hwechitupa uye kubvumidzwa. , masangano ekuongorora uye ekuedza, nerubatsiro rwemasangano aya kuendesa zvinodiwa zvekutonga kumabhizinesi, kuitira kuti uwane mhedzisiro ye "kuchinja huremu hwemaviri kusvika mana". Kukurudzira kuvakwa kwekuvimbika kwezvikamu zvese zvenharaunda uye kugadzira musika wakanaka nharaunda, madhipatimendi ehurumende anogona kutora ruzivo rwechitupa rwemabhizinesi uye zvigadzirwa zvavo nemasevhisi sehwaro hwakakosha hwekuwongorora kuvimbika uye manejimendi echikwereti, kuvandudza nzira yekuvimba kwemusika, uye gadzirisa nzvimbo yekuwana musika, nharaunda yemakwikwi uye nharaunda yekushandisa. Panyaya yekukwirisa nharaunda yekuwana musika, ita shuwa kuti mabhizinesi nezvigadzirwa zvavo uye masevhisi anopinda mumusika anosangana nezvinodiwa zveakakodzera zviyero uye mitemo nemirau nenzira yechitupa uye kucherechedzwa, uye kuita basa rekutonga sosi uye kucheneswa kwemusika; Panyaya yekukwenenzvera nharaunda yemakwikwi emusika, chitupa uye kubvumidzwa kunopa musika ruzivo rwakazvimiririra, rusaruro, rwehunyanzvi uye rwakavimbika rwekuongorora, inodzivirira kusawirirana kwezviwanikwa kunokonzerwa neruzivo asymmetry, inoumba nharaunda yemakwikwi uye yakajeka, uye inoita basa mukumisa musika. kurongeka uye kutungamira kupona kwevakanyanya kusimba mumusika; Panyaya yekukwenenzvera nharaunda yekushandiswa kwemusika, basa rakananga retifiketi uye kuzivikanwa ndere kutungamira kushandiswa, kubatsira vatengi kuona zvakanakira nekuipira, kudzivirira kutyorwa nezvigadzirwa zvisina kukodzera, uye kutungamira mabhizinesi kushanda mukutenda kwakanaka, kuvandudza zvigadzirwa nemasevhisi, uye kuita basa rekuchengetedza kodzero dzevatengi nekuvandudza kunaka kwezvinhu zvevatengi. Chibvumirano cheWTO pamusoro peTechnical Barriers to Trade (TBT) chinotarisa kuongorora kwekuenderana senzira yekutengeserana yehunyanzvi inowanzoshandiswa nenhengo dzese, inoda kuti mapato ese aone kuti nhanho dzekuongorora dzekuenderana hadziunze zvipingamupinyi zvisina kufanira pakutengeserana, uye inokurudzira kugamuchirwa kwemitemo inogamuchirwa pasi rose. maitiro ekuongorora. China payakapinda muWTO, yakaita chisungo chekubatanidza maitiro ekuongorora kuenderana kwemusika uye kupa kurapwa kwenyika kumabhizinesi epamba nekunze uye zvigadzirwa. Kugamuchirwa kwehuchokwadi hunozivikanwa pasi rose uye kubvumidzwa kunogona kudzivirira kusagadzikana uye kudzokorora kwekutarisa kwemukati nekunze, kuvandudza kushanda uye pachena kwekutarisa kwemusika, kubatsira kugadzira nharaunda yebhizinesi repasi rose, nekupa mamiriro ari nyore kuti hupfumi hweChina "hubude" uye " pinza”. Nekuwedzera kwekuvakwa kwe "Belt uye Road" uye Yemahara Trade Zone, basa retifiketi uye kubvumidzwa rave kuoneka. MuChiratidzo uye Chiito chekusimudzira Kuvakwa Kwekubatana kweSilk Road Economic Belt uye 21st Century Maritime Silk Road yakapihwa neChina, chitupa uye kubvumidzwa zvinoonekwa sechinhu chakakosha chekusimudzira kutengeserana kwakanaka uye kutonga kwekubatana. Mumakore achangopfuura, China neASEAN, New Zealand, South Korea nedzimwe nyika dzakagadzira hurongwa hwekucherechedzwa mukupihwa zvitupa uye kubvumidzwa.
Nguva yekutumira: Mar-16-2023