Iplastiki yintlaka yokwenziwa, eyenziwe ngepetroleum kwaye iye yanconywa “njengenye yezona zinto ziye zayilwa ngabantu kule nkulungwane yama-20”. Ukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kolu “yilwe likhulu” kuye kwazisa uncedo olukhulu ebantwini, kodwa ukulahlwa kwenkunkuma yeplastiki kuye kwaba yingxaki enkulu kulo lonke uluntu. Ngokwezibalo, yi-9% kuphela yeetoni ezingaphezulu kwe-10 yeebhiliyoni zenkunkuma eziveliswa kwihlabathi jikelele ukusukela ngeminyaka yoo-1950 ezinokuphinda zisetyenziswe. Ukuthatha ukupakishwa kweplastiki njengomzekelo, ukuba akukho zithintelo zibekwe, ubunzima benkunkuma yeplastiki elwandle buya kudlula intlanzi ngo-2050, kubalwa ngokobuninzi benkunkuma yangoku. Uqoqosho lokurisayikilishwa kweplastiki yindlela ebalulekileyo yokufikelela kwincopho yekhabhoni kunye nokungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni, kwaye ikwayintsingiselo engundoqo yokukhawulezisa ukuguqulwa kohlaza kwendlela yophuhliso, ukukhawulezisa ukwakhiwa kwenkqubo yokuphinda kusetyenziswe inkunkuma, kunye nokukhuthaza ukubekwa phambili kwendalo, ukonga kunye nokunzulu, okuluhlaza nokuphantsi. -uphuhliso lwekhabhoni olucetywayo kwingxelo ye-20th CPC National Congress. Eli nqaku lithatha ukuba uqonde imeko esisiseko yenkunkuma yeplastiki yokuphinda isetyenziswe ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe.
Ukubaluleka kokukhawulezisa ukwakhiwa kwenkunkuma yeplastiki yokurisayikilisha inkqubo
Ukuphucula izibonelelo zoqoqosho
Ngokoqikelelo olulondolozayo lweNkqubo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo zokusiNgqongileyo, iindleko zokusingqongileyo zomjikelezo ongasebenziyo wokupakishwa kweplastiki emhlabeni jikelele malunga ne-$ 40 yezigidigidi, kwaye malunga ne-95% yexabiso lezinto zokupakisha zeplastiki zichithwa ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwexesha elilodwa, nto leyo eya kubangela ilahleko yezoqoqosho ngokuthe ngqo ye-80 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi ukuya kwi-120 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi ngonyaka.
2. Ukunciphisa ungcoliseko olumhlophe
Ungcoliseko lwenkunkuma yeplastiki alungcolisi nje indalo esingqongileyo, kodwa luphinde lwenzakalisa impilo yabantu neyezilwanyana. Uphando lwamva nje lubonisa ukuba amasuntswana eplastiki afumaneka kwimithambo yegazi yabantu kunye ne-placenta yabasetyhini abakhulelweyo. Ngokwengxelo ekhutshwe yiWorld Wide Fund for Nature ngo-2019, umntu oqhelekileyo kwihlabathi lonke utya iigram ezi-5 zeplastiki ngeveki, elingana nobunzima bekhadi letyala.
3. Ukunciphisa ungcoliseko lwekhabhoni
Ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni kumjikelezo wobomi be-1 yetoni yenkunkuma yeplastiki ukusuka kwimveliso ukuya ekutshatyalalisweni kokugqibela kumalunga neetoni eziyi-6.8, ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni iyonke kwinqanaba ngalinye lomjikelo wenkunkuma yeplastiki ziitoni eziyi-2.9, kunye nokuncitshiswa kwekhabhoni iyonke yezinto ezibonakalayo. umjikelo malunga neetoni ezi-3.9; Ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni yekhonkco nganye yomjikelezo weekhemikhali yi-5.2 yeetoni, kunye nokunciphisa ikhabhoni malunga neetoni ze-1.6.
4. Ukugcina imithombo yeoli
Ngenkqubela phambili eqhubekayo yobugcisa bokurisayikilisha, kulindeleke ukuba izinga lokurisayikilishwa kweeplastiki liya kunyuka ukusuka kwi-30% ukuya ngaphezulu kwe-60% ngo-2060, lisindise i-200 yezigidi zeetoni zemithombo ye-oyile, eya kuba nefuthe elinzulu kwipatheni yokucoca. ishishini.
5. Ukuphucula ukhuphiswano lweshishini
Irhafu yokupakisha ye-EU kunye nerhafu yomda wekhabhoni iya kutsalwa kungekudala. Kuqikelelwa ukuba inani leemveliso zeplastiki ezihlawuliswa e-China ziya kufikelela kwi-70 yeebhiliyoni ze-yuan kwi-2030, ngelixa inzuzo yamashishini okuvelisa i-resin e-China kulindeleke ukuba ibe yi-96 yebhiliyoni ye-yuan ngo-2030, kwaye irhafu yerhafu iya kufikelela kwi-3/4. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba amashishini ongeza umlinganiselo othile wezinto ezisetyenzisiweyo kwimveliso yeplastiki, kuya kwenzeka ukunciphisa okanye ukukhulula irhafu, ngaloo ndlela kuphuculwe ukukhuphisana kunye nefuthe lophawu lwamashishini.
Ukurisayikilishwa kweeplastiki zenkunkuma eTshayina
I-China lelona lizwe likhulu ehlabathini elenza iplastiki, isetyenziswayo kunye nelizwe elithumela ngaphandle. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ngokuphuculwa okuqhubekayo kwemigangatho yokuphila kwabantu, imveliso yeeplastiki zenkunkuma iye yanda unyaka nonyaka. Ngo-2021, iiplastiki ziya kwenza i-12% yenkunkuma eqinileyo yaseTshayina. Kwangaxeshanye, njengoko ulwazi lwabantu ngokhuseleko lokusingqongileyo luye lwanda ngokuthe ngcembe, umlinganiselo wokurisayikilishwa kweplastiki nawo unyuke ngokuthe ngcembe. Ngokwengxelo ye-OECD ka-2020, kulindeleke ukuba izinga lokuphinda lisetyenziswe kweeplastiki zenkunkuma kumjikelo wobomi bonke liya kunyuka ukusuka kwi-8% ngo-2019 ukuya kwi-14% ngo-2060.
Izigebenga ezininzi ziyadibana kwindawo yokuphinda kusetyenziswe iikhemikhali zeplastiki ezilahlwayo
I-Nexus: Kucetywa ukuba ubuncinane kubekho iifektri ezinkulu ezili-12 kwiminyaka emihlanu ukuze kusetyenziswe inkunkuma yefilim kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo ngeendlela zekhemikhali.
I-BASF: I-BASF ityale i-20 yezigidi ze-euro kwi-Quantafuel, inkampani yaseNorway, ukuqhubela phambili ukuphuhlisa nokuphucula inkqubo yokusebenzisa inkunkuma yeplastiki edibeneyo ukuvelisa ioli ye-pyrolysis.
I-SABIC: Intsebenziswano yamaqela amaninzi ejolise ekwandiseni ukuveliswa kweepholima zebhayisikile eziqinisekisiweyo ezifunyenwe kwiiplastiki zenkunkuma kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kwiprojekthi yokubuyisela imichiza yeplastiki yaselwandle.
Amandla apheleleyo: atyikitye isivumelwano sexesha elide kunye neVanheede Environment Group ukubonelela nge-post-consumer recycling (PCR) imathiriyeli ekrwada.
I-ExxonMobil: Emva kokwandiswa kweplanti eTexas, iya kuba yenye yezona ndawo zikhulu zokuphinda zisetyenziswe inkunkuma yeplastiki eMntla Melika.
UMura: Itekhnoloji yobunini iHydroPRS inokunqanda ukuvelisa “ikhabhoni” kwaye yandise ukuveliswa kweemveliso zehydrocarbon.
I-Dow: Ifuna ngenkuthalo ukuseka amaqabane oshishino kunye nabathengi ukwandisa isikali sobuchwephesha bokubuyisela imichiza ngokukhawuleza.
I-Braskem (eyona mvelisi inkulu kwi-polyolefin eMelika): Kuyaqinisekiswa ukuba ukuveliswa kweziphakathi ezixabisekileyo ezifana ne-aromatics kunye ne-monomers kuphezulu.
Umbono weNgcali
Umjikelo wePlastiki unyusa inguqu eluhlaza yendlela yophuhliso
UFu Xiangsheng, uSekela Mongameli we-China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Federation
Ukususela ekuzalweni kwayo, iiplastiki zenze igalelo elibalulekileyo kwinkqubela phambili yempucuko yabantu, ngakumbi ekutshintsheni intsimbi kunye neenkuni, ukugcinwa kwamandla kunye nokunciphisa ukukhutshwa. Kodwa ngoku, iye yaba yimvumelwano yehlabathi jikelele yokulawula ungcoliseko lweplastiki. Uqoqosho lokurisayikilishwa kweplastiki linyathelo elibalulekileyo lokunciphisa ungcoliseko lokusingqongileyo lweplastiki.
Uqoqosho lokurisayikilishwa kweplastiki lohlulwe kumjikelo womzimba kunye nomjikelo wekhemikhali. Ukurisayikilishwa okuphathekayo yindlela esebenzayo yokuphinda kusetyenziswe inkunkuma yeplastiki kwi-cascade. Ukurisayikilisha kweekhemikhali kunokuqonda ixabiso eliphezulu lokuphinda kusetyenziswe iiplastiki ezilahlwayo, kwaye amashishini amaninzi asekhaya nakwamanye amazwe enze impumelelo ebalulekileyo.
Abanye basebenzisa i-depolymerization okanye iindlela zokubola ukunciphisa inkunkuma yeplastiki kwii-monomers kwaye iphinde i-polymerize ukuqonda umjikelo weekhemikhali. Kuyaqondwa ukuba eyona DuPont kunye noHuntsman kwiminyaka yakutshanje baye bafunda "itekhnoloji yokubola kwemethanol" yokubola iibhotile zesiselo se-polyester (PET) kwi-methyl terephthalate kunye ne-ethylene glycol monomers, kwaye emva koko baphinde bahlanganise i-resin entsha ye-PET, ukuqonda i-value- umjikelo wekhemikhali loop.
Ezinye kukufakwa kwegesi kwenkunkuma yeplastiki kwi-syngas okanye kwi-pyrolysis kwiimveliso zeoyile, ukuphinda kuhlanganiswe iikhemikhali kunye neepolymers. Ngokomzekelo, i-BASF iphuhlisa inkqubo ye-thermal cracking eguqula iiplastiki zenkunkuma kwi-syngas okanye iimveliso zeoli, kwaye isebenzisa le mveliso eluhlaza ukuvelisa iikhemikhali ezahlukeneyo okanye iipolymers kwisiseko esidibeneyo saseLudwigshafen, kunye nomgangatho wokufikelela kwibakala lokutya; U-Eastman uqaphela ukubuyiswa kweekhemikhali zoluhlu lwenkunkuma yeplastiki ye-polyester ngokusebenzisa iteknoloji yokuvuselela i-polyester, enokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi ye-greenhouse ngama-20% ~ 30% xa kuthelekiswa neenkqubo zemveli; Le projekthi icwangciswe ukuba iqalise ukusebenza ngoSeptemba ka-2023 ngokusebenzisa i-gasifier yebhedi emanzi ukugalela inkunkuma yeplastiki ngokucoceka okuphantsi kwaye akukho lula ukuyihlaziya kunye nokuvelisa i-methanol kwi-syngas efunyenweyo. Le ndlela inokunciphisa ngokupheleleyo ukukhutshwa kwekharbon diokside ngeetoni eziyi-100000 ngeetoni ezingama-60000 zenkunkuma yeplastiki. I-China Petrochemical Academy yeSayensi, iNzululwazi ye-Aerospace kunye neShishini kunye namanye amashishini nawo aphumeze iziphumo zezigaba zokwenziwa ngokutsha kweplastiki.
Umjikelo weMichiza awuyona ingxaki enzima ukusuka kumbono wezobugcisa, kuba uninzi lweekhemikhali eziphendulwayo zibuyiselwa umva: ziyakwazi ukubola ukuba ziyakwazi ukuhlanganiswa, kwaye ziyakwazi ukuchithwa ukuba ziyakwazi ukupolymerized. Okwangoku, owona mqobo mkhulu kuqoqosho. Lixabiso kunye nexabiso. Ngoko ke, izisombululo zobugcisa zizodwa azanele, kodwa zifuna ukukhuthazwa komgaqo-nkqubo, kunye nokuvumelana kwabantu kunye nesenzo sehlabathi.
Ukukhawulezisa usetyenziso kunye nokuthandwa kobuchwephesha bokubuyisela imichiza
Li Mingfeng, uMongameli weSinopec Research Institute of Petroleum and Chemical Technology
Ukurisayikilishwa kweekhemikhali kwiiplastiki ezilahlwayo kubonwa njengendlela enekhabhoni ephantsi, ecocekileyo nezinzileyo ekhaya nakumazwe angaphandle. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, izigebenga zemichiza yezizwe ngezizwe ziye zakhawulezisa uyilo lwazo kwicandelo lokurisayikilishwa kweplastiki. I-LG, iSaudi Basic Industry Corporation, iBP kunye namanye amashishini aziwayo kumazwe ngamazwe aqhube uphando ngokwenziwa ngokutsha kweeplastiki. Phakathi kwabo, ukubuyiswa kweekhemikhali kubaluleke kakhulu. Ngenxa yokuba ukubuyiswa kweekhemikhali kusebenza kwiiplastiki zenkunkuma exubeneyo kunye nomxholo ophezulu wokungcola kwaye azikwazi ukufunyanwa ngokwasemzimbeni, kuthathwa njengokhokelo lophuhliso lobugcisa bexesha elizayo lishishini. Okwangoku, kuphela i-12% yeeplastiki zenkunkuma e-China ziphinda zisetyenziswe ngeendlela zomzimba, kwaye akukho phantse indlela yekhemikhali, ngoko kusekho indawo enkulu yophuhliso.
Ukukhuthazwa kokubuyiswa kweekhemikhali kunyanzelekile ukuba kuxhaswe ngeteknoloji. Itekhnoloji yePlasitiki yenkunkuma ye-pyrolysis yeyona teknoloji ingundoqo enokuthi isetyenziswe phantse ngawo onke amashishini. Noko ke, uphuhliso inkunkuma iiplastiki pyrolysis ubuchwepheshe kunzima kakhulu, kuba kukho ngaphezu 200 iintlobo zeplastiki ekrwada ebandakanyekayo, kuquka iiplastiki jikelele, iiplastiki ezikhethekileyo kunye neeplastiki zobunjineli, nto leyo eyenza iimfuno zobugcisa ezahlukeneyo zokusulungekisa kunye namashishini imichiza nzima kakhulu. Okwangoku, nangona iteknoloji yokubuyisela imichiza yeeplastiki zenkunkuma e-China iphumelele uphuhliso olukhawulezayo, isekho kwinqanaba lokwandisa ukusuka kwinqanaba elincinci ukuya kwi-pilot okanye umboniso wezoshishino. Ukuqondwa ngokukhawuleza kweempumelelo zetekhnoloji kufuna uphando olukhulu lwetekhnoloji kunye nophuhliso kunye nentsebenziswano ebanzi.
Kwi-2021, ekhokelwa yi-Academy of Petroleum Sciences, iiyunithi ze-11, kuquka i-Joint Engineering Construction Company, i-Yanshan Petrochemical, i-Yangzi Petrochemical, i-Maoming Petrochemical, i-China Academy of Environmental Sciences, i-Beijing Institute of Petroleum kunye ne-Chemical Technology, iYunivesithi yaseTongji, i-Zhejiang Yangtze River I-Delta Institute of Circular Economy and Technology, yafaka isicelo “seZiko leTekhnoloji yoBuchule beShicilelo lokuRisayikilishwa kweMichiza ye Inkunkuma yePlastiki” yePetrochemical Federation kwaye iphumelele ilayisenisi. Kwinqanaba elilandelayo, i-CAS iya kuthembela kwiziko ukwenza imveliso-iyunivesithi-uphando-uphando oluyintshayo lwentsebenziswano, izame ukwenza iqonga lophando kunye nophuhliso lwexabiso eliphezulu lokusetyenziswa kwetekhnoloji yenkunkuma yeeplastiki ezifanelekileyo kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zeplastiki kunye nemithombo eyahlukeneyo, ukuphuhlisa. itekhnoloji yokuguqula inkunkuma yeplastiki, yenza uphuhliso kunye nophando lwesicelo semizi-mveliso yeplastiki entsha yenkqubo yokubuyiswa kweekhemikhali kunye neenkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokudibanisa itekhnoloji, kwaye wenze inkunkuma yeplastiki iphinde isetyenziswe kwikhemikhali. ubuchwepheshe bufikelela kwinqanaba eliphambili lamazwe ngamazwe.
Yenza inkunkuma yeplastiki iphinde isetyenziswe
UGuo Zifang, uSekela Mongameli weSinopec Beijing Chemical Research Institute
Ukuze sincede ukufezekisa injongo "yekhabhoni ephindwe kabini", siye sasebenza nzima kwi "recyclable and useable", kwaye sihlakulele ngokunzulu kwintsimi ye-polymer recycling.
Ngokubhekiselele kwi "recyclable", ininzi yeeplastiki zokupakisha kwiimarike ziyi-multi-layer. Ezi plastiki azikho iipolyolefins kuphela, kodwa amacandelo ahlukeneyo ongeza ubunzima obuninzi ekusetyenzisweni kwakhona. Ukufezekisa "i-recyclable", inyathelo elibaluleke kakhulu kukukhetha into enye eluhlaza ukuvelisa ukupakishwa kweplastiki, i-BOPE (i-biaxial tensile polyethylene) ngummeli. Olu lwakhiwo lokupakisha lwento enye luthelekiswa nolwakhiwo lwemveli lokupakisha lwezixhobo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo, Lunceda ngakumbi ukuphinda kusetyenziswe iiplastiki.
Ngokuphathelele "ukusetyenziswa", ukubuyiswa komzimba kunye nokubuyiswa kweekhemikhali zezona ndlela zimbini zokuphinda kusetyenziswe iiplastiki zenkunkuma. Sihlala sithobela umgaqo "wokuhamba emilenzeni emibini" kwaye siphuhlise iindlela ezahlukeneyo zobugcisa ukuqinisekisa ukuba izinto ezihlaziyiweyo zinokusetyenziswa. Ngokumalunga nokuchacha emzimbeni, siye sasebenzisana neeyunivesithi ezaziwayo-kakuhle zasekhaya kunye namashishini ukujongana neengxaki eziphambili kwiinkalo zokuqhubekeka nokuphinda kusetyenziswe ifilimu yeplastiki esetyenzisiweyo, iteknoloji yokubuyisela iiplastiki zemoto, kunye neziphumo zokuqala. Kwintsimi yokubuyisela imichiza, siye saqulunqa ngokuzimeleyo iteknoloji ye-microwave plasma pyrolysis, sisebenzisa inkunkuma yepolymer njengento ekrwada yokuqhekeka, kwaye isivuno se-triethylene silingana nenkqubo yokuqhekeka komphunga we-naphtha. Kwangaxeshanye, siye sawukhawulezisa umsebenzi wophando kunye nophuhliso kwinkalo ye-catalytic cracking, kwaye sijolise ekufezekiseni ukubuyiswa kweekhemikhali ezisebenzayo kwiiplastiki ezahlukeneyo zenkunkuma. Siye savelisa isinyibilikisi esinezigaba ezininzi, esinokungeniswa kwiiplastiki ezisetyenzisiweyo ukuze kuphuculwe ukukwazi ukubophelela kwiipolymers ezahlukeneyo, izinto zokwenza izinto ezinomgangatho ophezulu wokusebenza kunye nokuzinza, kwaye kulindeleke ukuba siqonde ukusetyenziswa kwakhona kwe-non-degradation yeeplastiki ezixubileyo. zisetyenziswe kwizixhobo zendlu, ulwakhiwo, ezothutho kunye neminye imimandla.
Ukurisayikilishwa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwakhona kwenkunkuma yepolima yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yoshishino lwepolymer ekusekeni nasekuphuculeni inkqubo yoqoqosho yophuhliso lwesetyhula eluhlaza enekhabhoni ephantsi. Kwixesha elizayo, iZiko laseBeijing leTekhnoloji yeMichiza liya kuqhubeka lijolise ekuphuhliseni, ekusetyenzisweni, ekusetyenzisweni nasekusetyenzisweni ngokutsha kwezinto ezintsha, umsebenzi wokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nomgangatho wokuphinda usebenziseke ngokwasemzimbeni, ukukhuthaza uphando kunye nophuhliso kunye noshishino lwetekhnoloji entsha yokuhlaziya imichiza, nceda ukwakha imodeli entsha yoqoqosho lokurisayikilisha iplastiki, kunye nokwakha ikhonkco loshishino oluluhlaza oluvaliweyo lwezoqoqosho.
Ukuphuhlisa ngokuqhubekayo izinto ezihlaza kunye nezokusingqongileyo ezonakalisekayo
U-Li Renhai, umlawuli wemveliso yokhuseleko yeNkampani ye-Yizheng Chemical Fiber kunye nentloko yophando kunye neqela lophuhliso lweprojekthi yezinto eziphathekayo.
Okwangoku, uphuhliso lweplastiki enokubola ngebhayoloji isajongene nemingeni emininzi. Kutshanje, iNgxelo yoPhando kuVavanyo lweMpembelelo yokusiNgqongileyo kunye neNkxaso yoMgaqo-nkqubo wePlastiki eDrizekayo, ephandwe ngokudibeneyo yiSinopec kunye neYunivesithi yaseTsinghua, yakhululwa ngokusemthethweni. Ngophando oluneenkcukacha kunye nohlalutyo, ingxelo yophando indulule okokuqala inkqubo yesalathiso sovavanyo lweeplastiki ezinokonakala njengondoqo xa kuthelekiswa neeplastiki zemveli, kwaye yahlalutya indlela enokwenzeka yokusetyenziswa kweeplastiki ezinokonakala ukusuka kwimilinganiselo yentlalo nezoqoqosho. Sikholelwa ukuba le ngxelo yophando luluvo olukhokelayo lokukhokela uphuhliso olukumgangatho ophezulu weshishini leplastiki elinokonakala. Ingxelo yophando ibeka phambili iingxaki ezifana nokuchasana kolwakhiwo ekusetyenzisweni kweemveliso zeplastiki ezinokubola kunye neendleko ezingentle zokusebenzisa iimveliso zeplastiki ezinokubola kwinkalo yemithombo yokuphila ngokubanzi.
I-Sinopec ngoyena mvelisi mkhulu we-synthetic resin emhlabeni. Ihlala ikhuthaza ukuphuhliswa kohlaza kwaye ifaka ukubaluleka kuphando, uphuhliso kunye nokusetyenziswa kweeplastiki ezinokonakala. Lishishini elililungu lokuqala kwi-Mainland yaseTshayina. I-Yizheng Chemical Fiber iyaqhubeka nokuphanda kunye nokuphuhlisa uluhlu lwezinto eziluhlaza, ezihambelana nokusingqongileyo, ezinokuphinda zisetyenziswe, ezinokuphinda zisetyenziswe kwaye zihlaziywe izinto zepolymer ngophando oludibeneyo kunye nemveliso, ukomeleza uphando lobugcisa, ukuphucula umthamo wemveliso, kunye nokuzama ukwandisa ifilimu yezolimo kunye nezinye iimarike, ukufikelela phezulu. umgangatho kunye nophuhliso oluzinzileyo olusebenzayo ngakumbi, kwaye uqhubeke nokuphucula impembelelo yemveliso yeSinopec's biodegradable material element brand, "Ecorigin", Ukuqhubela phambili ukukhuthaza ukutsiba kwemathiriyeli enokubola ukusuka "imveliso" ukuya "kumgangatho" kwaye ukusuka "kwimveliso" ukuya kwi "brand", kwaye udale ikhadi elitsha leshishini eliluhlaza nelicocekileyo leSinopec.
Ixesha lokuposa: Mar-08-2023