Ngokutsho kwe-CNN, inani lamaxhoba omlilo wendlu yaseBronx kwiMeya yeSixeko saseNew York u-Eric Adams ngoJanuwari 9, ixesha lendawo, laliyi-17, kuquka nabantu abadala be-9. kunye nabantwana be-8 babika ukuba ngokusekelwe kubungqina kwindawo yesiganeko kunye nobungqina bokuzibonela, ekuqaleni kwagqitywa ukuba umlilo ubangelwa ngumhlali osebenzisa "ukungasebenzi" kwesifudumezi sendawo kwigumbi lokulala.
Umgangatho osinyanzelo welizwe lethu kwiimfuno ezikhethekileyo zokhuseleko kwizifudumezi zangaphakathi zendlu kunye neenjongo ezifanayo zilingana ne-IEC 60335-2-30: 2004, eyenza iimfuno ezihambelanayo zokufudumala kombane.
Ukuhlolwa kwesifudumezi sombane
1. Ukukhuselwa ngokuchasene nokunxibelelana namalungu aphilayo
2. Amandla okufaka kunye nangoku
3. Umkhuhlane
4. Ukuvuza kwangoku kunye namandla ombane kwiqondo lokushisa lokusebenza
5. Ukugqithisa okudlulayo
6. Ukumelana nokufuma
7. Ukuvuza kwangoku kunye namandla ombane
8. Ukukhuselwa kokugqithiswa kwee-transformers kunye neesekethe ezinxulumene nazo
9. Uzinzo kunye neengozi zoomatshini
10. Amandla omatshini
11. Iingcingo zangaphakathi
12. Amanyathelo omhlaba
13. Ukucoca, imigama eqhekekileyo kunye nokugquma okuqinileyo
14. Ukumelana nobushushu kunye nedangatye
1.Ukhuseleko ngokuchasene nokunxibelelana namalungu aphilayo
Ulwakhiwo kunye nokuvaleka kwesixhobo kuya kubonelela ngokhuseleko olwaneleyo ekudibaneni ngengozi kunye neendawo eziphilayo.
2.Amandla okufaka kunye nangoku
Ukuba isixhobo siphawulwe ngegalelo lamandla okalisiweyo, igalelo lamandla esixhobo aliyi kushenxa kwigalelo lombane elilinganisiweyo ngokutenxa ngaphezu kokutenxa kuboniswe kwitheyibhile engezantsi kubushushu obuqhelekileyo bokusebenza.
Ukuba isixhobo siphawulwe ngomsinga olinganisiweyo, umsinga kwiqondo lobushushu eliqhelekileyo aliyi kuphambuka kumbane olinganisiweyo ngaphezu kwexabiso elihambelanayo lokutenxa elinikwe kwitheyibhile engezantsi.
3. Umkhuhlane
Ngethuba lokusetyenziswa okuqhelekileyo, isixhobo kunye nendawo engqongileyo akufanele ifikelele kumaqondo okushisa aphezulu.
4. Ukuvuza kwangoku kunye namandla ombane kwiqondo lokushisa lokusebenza
4.1 Kwiqondo lokushisa lokusebenza, ukuvuza kwangoku kwesixhobo akufanele kudlulele, kwaye amandla ayo ombane kufuneka ahlangabezane neemfuno ezichaziweyo. Izixhobo zokufudumeza zombane zisebenza ngamaxesha e-1.15 amandla okufaka alinganisiweyo. Izixhobo zombane kunye nezixhobo ezidityanisiweyo zinikwa amandla ngamaxesha angama-1.06 ombane olinganisiweyo. Imiyalelo yofakelo icacisa ukuba izixhobo zombane ezinamanqanaba amathathu ukusuka kunikezelo lwesigaba esinye nazo zingasetyenziswa kwaye iisekethe ezithathu eziqhagamshelwe ngaxeshanye zinokuvavanywa njengezixhobo zesigaba esinye. Nxibelela i-impedance ekhuselayo kunye nesihluzo sokuphazamiseka kwerediyo phambi kokuba wenze olu vavanyo.
Emva kokuba isixhobo siqhubeka nokusebenza ixesha elide elihambelana nezona meko zimbi kakhulu kusetyenziso oluqhelekileyo, ukuvuza kwangoku akusayi kudlula la maxabiso alandelayo:
- 0.25 mA yezixhobo zeClass II
－0.5mA yeKlasi 0, i-OI kunye nezixhobo zombane
- 0.75 mA yezixhobo eziphathekayo zeClass I
- 3.5mA yezixhobo zombane ezingasebenziyo zeKlasi I
- Kwi-Class I yezixhobo zokufudumeza zombane ezimileyo, 0.75mA okanye 0.75 mA/kW (amandla egalelo alinganisiweyo esixhobo), nokuba yeyiphi enkulu, kodwa eyona iphezulu yi-5mA
Kwizixhobo ezidityanisiweyo, ukuvuza okupheleleyo kwangoku kungaphakathi kwemida echazwe kwizixhobo zokufudumeza zombane okanye izixhobo zombane, nokuba yeyiphi na enkulu, kodwa imida emibini ayinakongezwa.
5.I-overvoltage edlulayo
Isixhobo siya kukwazi ukumelana nombane ogqithileyo odlulayo esinokuthi sifakwe kuwo. Qinisekisa ukuba ngaba ifanelekile ngokwenza uvavanyo lwe-pulse voltage kwi-gap nganye encinci kunexabiso elichazwe kwitheyibhile engezantsi.
6. Ukumelana nokufuma
Iindawo ezivaliweyo zezixhobo ziya kubonelela ngenqanaba elifanelekileyo lokuthintela amanzi.
7. Ukuvuza kwangoku kunye namandla ombane
Ukuvuza kwangoku kwesixhobo akufanele kugqithise, kwaye amandla ayo ombane kufuneka ahlangabezane neemfuno ezichaziweyo.
I-voltage yovavanyo lwe-AC isetyenziswa phakathi kwamalungu aphilayo kunye neenxalenye zetsimbi ezifikelelekayo eziqhagamshelwe kwifoyile yesinyithi. Ummandla we-foil yensimbi edibeneyo ayidluli i-20cmx10cm, kwaye idibene nomgangatho ofikelelekayo wezinto zokukhusela.
Uvavanyo lombane:
- Kwizixhobo zesigaba esisodwa, amaxesha e-1.06 i-voltage elinganisiweyo;
- Kwizixhobo zesigaba sesithathu, amaxesha e-1.06 i-voltage elinganisiweyo eyahlulwe ngu /3.
Kwimizuzwana emi-5 emva kokusebenzisa i-voltage yovavanyo, linganisa ukuvuza kwangoku.
Ukuvuza kwangoku akufuneki kudlule kula maxabiso alandelayo:
- Kwizixhobo zeClass II: 0.25 mA
- KwiKlasi 0, iKlasi 0I kunye nezixhobo zeKlasi yeSichuan: 0.5mA
- Kwiklasi yezixhobo eziphathekayo: 0.75mA
- Kwiklasi yezixhobo zombane ezimileyo: 3.5mA
- KwiKlasi yoku-I yezixhobo zokufudumeza zombane ezimileyo: 0.75mA okanye 0.75mA/kW (amandla egalelo alinganisiweyo esixhobo), nokuba yeyiphi na enkulu,
Kodwa ubukhulu becala yi-5mA.
Ukuba bonke abalawuli banendawo evulekileyo kuzo zonke izibonda, ixabiso elichazwe ngasentla kumda wangoku wokuvuza liphindwe kabini. Umda wangoku wokuvuza oxelwe ngasentla nawo uya kuphindwa kabini ukuba:
- Kukho kuphela i-thermal circuit breaker kwi-appliance kwaye akukho ezinye izilawuli, okanye
- Zonke i-thermostats, izithinteli zobushushu kunye nabalawuli bamandla abanayo indawo yokucima, okanye
-Isixhobo sixhotyiswe ngesihluzo sokuphazamiseka kwerediyo. Kule meko, ukuvuza kwangoku xa uqhawula isihluzi akufanele kudlule umda ochaziweyo.
Kwizixhobo ezidityanisiweyo, ukuvuza okupheleleyo kwangoku kunokuthi kube phakathi kwemida yezixhobo zokufudumeza zombane okanye izixhobo zombane, nokuba yeyiphi na umda omkhulu, kodwa imida emibini ayinakongezwa kunye.
Ngokukhawuleza emva kolu vavanyo lungentla, ukugquma kuxhomekeke kumbane we-wave ye-sinusoidal wave kunye ne-frequency ye-50 Hz okanye i-60 Hz ye-1 min.
Amaxabiso ombane wovavanyo asebenzayo kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokugquma anikwe. Iindawo ezifikelelekayo zezinto zokugquma kufuneka zigqunywe ngentsimbi yentsimbi.
8. Ukukhuselwa kokugqithiswa kwee-transformers kunye neesekethe ezinxulumene nazo
Izixhobo zombane ezineseyile eqhutywa yi-transformer ziya kwakhiwa ngendlela yokuba amaqondo obushushu agqithisileyo angenzeki kwi-transformer okanye kwiisekethe ezinxulumene ne-transformer xa isiphaluka esifutshane sinokuthi senzeke ngexesha lokusetyenziswa okuqhelekileyo.
Ukuthotyelwa kwemigaqo kumiselwa ngokusetyenziswa kweyona meko imbi kakhulu okanye iimeko zokugcwala okunokwenzeka kusetyenziso lwesiqhelo. I-voltage yokubonelela ngesixhobo ngamaxesha e-1.06 okanye i-0.94 amaxesha ombane olinganisiweyo, nayiphi na into engathandekiyo. Ixabiso lokunyuka kweqondo lobushushu lomaleko wokugquma weingcingo kukhuseleko kwiisekethe zombane wamandla asezantsi angaphezulu akufuneki lidlule kwi-15K yexabiso elichaziweyo kwiTheyibhile yesi-3.
9. Uzinzo kunye neengozi zoomatshini
Izifudumezi eziphathekayo kufuneka zizinze ngokwaneleyo. Izifudumezi ezineesokethi zesixhobo kufuneka zixhotyiswe ngendibano yentambo. Beka i-heater kwi-angle ye-15 ° ukuya kwindawo ethe tye kwindawo engathandekiyo yokusetyenziswa okuqhelekileyo. Isifudumezi akufuneki sigqithise.
I-heater enobunzima obudlula i-5 kg ibekwe kwindawo ethe tye kwaye i-force ye-5N + - i-0.1N isetyenziswe phezulu kwi-heater kwi-horizontal direction engathandekiyo kakhulu. Isifudumezi sombane akufuneki sigqithe.
10. Amandla omatshini
Izixhobo zombane ziya kuba namandla aneleyo omatshini kwaye ziya kwakhiwa ukuba zimelane nonyango olurhabaxa kunye nokuphathwa okunokwenzeka kusetyenziso lwesiqhelo. Sebenzisa i-spring impactor ukwenza uvavanyo lwempembelelo kwisixhobo. Isixhobo sixhaswa ngokungqongqo kwaye amandla empembelelo eyi-0.5J achaphazeleka kathathu kwindawo nganye ebuthathaka enokubakho yeqokobhe lesixhobo.
Kwizifudumezi ezinezinto zokufudumeza ezihambelana ngokuthe ngqo kunye nepaneli yeglasi, i-spring impactor kufuneka isetyenziswe ukuchaphazela ipaneli, kunye nefuthe lamandla yi-2 J.
Izifudumezi ezikhazimlayo ezibonakalayo ezikhuphayo, ngaphandle kwezo zifakwe kwiindawo eziphezulu, kufuneka zibekwe ukuze indawo esembindini yesigqubuthelo somlilo ibekwe kwindawo ethe tye. Beka ubunzima obuphantsi kwe-flat-bottom kunye nobunzima be-5 kg kunye nobubanzi be-100 mm phakathi kwendawo yokukhusela umlilo kwi-1 min. Emva kovavanyo, isigqubuthelo sokukhusela umlilo asiyi kubonisa ukuguqulwa okubalulekileyo okusisigxina.
11. Iingcingo zangaphakathi
Iindlela zokuhamba kufuneka zibe mpuluswa kwaye zingabi namacala abukhali. I-wiring kufuneka ikhuselwe ukuze ingadibanisi ne-burrs, ii-fins zokupholisa okanye imiphetho efanayo enokubangela umonakalo kwi-insulation. Imingxuma yesinyithi ekudlula kuyo iingcingo ezigqunyiweyo kufuneka ibe nomphezulu osicaba, ongqukuva okanye umkhono wokugquma. I-wiring kufuneka ithintelwe ngokufanelekileyo ekudibaneni neendawo ezihambayo, kwaye ukufaneleka kwayo kufuneka kugqitywe ngokuhlola okubonakalayo.
- Amaso okugquma kunye nezigqumatheli zeceramic ezifanayo kwiikhondakhtha eziphilayo ziya kumiswa okanye zixhaswe ukuze zingakwazi ukutshintsha indawo okanye ziphumle kwiikona ezibukhali. Ukuba amaso okukhusela akwi-conduit yensimbi eguquguqukayo, aya kufakwa kwi-sleeve ye-insulating ngaphandle kokuba i-conduit ayikwazi ukuhamba ngexesha lokusetyenziswa okuqhelekileyo. Ukuthotyelwa kugqitywa ngokuhlolwa kunye novavanyo lwezandla.
- Izahlulo ezahlukeneyo zesixhobo esikwaziyo ukuhamba ngokubhekiselele komnye nomnye ngexesha lokusetyenziswa okuqhelekileyo okanye ukugcinwa komsebenzisi akuyi kubangela uxinzelelo olungafanelekanga kuqhagamshelo lombane kunye nee-conductor zangaphakathi, kubandakanywa ii-conductors ezibonelela ngokuqhubekayo komhlaba. Iingqungquthela zetsimbi eziguquguqukayo aziyi kubangela umonakalo kwi-insulation yabaqhubi abaqulethwe ngaphakathi kwabo. Imithombo yekhoyili evulekileyo ayinakusetyenziswa ukukhusela abaqhubi. Ukuba i-coil spring enemibhobho yokudibanisa isetyenziselwa ukukhusela umqhubi, i-insulating lining efanelekileyo kufuneka yongezwe kwi-insulation ye-conductor.
- Ukuba ukugoba kwenzeka ngexesha lokusetyenziswa okuqhelekileyo, beka isixhobo kwindawo yaso yesiqhelo ukuze sisetyenziswe kwaye usinike amandla ombane alinganisiweyo phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo zokusebenza. Amacandelo ahambayo ahamba phambili kwaye abuyele ngasemva ukugoba ucingo ngaphakathi kwe-angle ephezulu evunyelwe yisakhiwo. Izinga lokugoba ngamaxesha angama-30 / min. Inani lokugoba li:
Kwiingcingo eziya kugoba ngexesha lokusebenza okuqhelekileyo, amaxesha angama-10,000;
Amaxesha angama-100 kwiingcingo ezigobileyo ngexesha lokugcinwa komsebenzisi.
- Iingcingo zangaphakathi eziveziweyo ziya kuba ngqongqo kwaye ziya kukhuselwa ukuze kusetyenziso oluqhelekileyo lwe-creepage kunye nemigama yokucoca ayinakuncitshiswa ngaphantsi kwamaxabiso achaziweyo.
-I-insulation ye-wiring yangaphakathi kufuneka ikwazi ukumelana noxinzelelo lombane olunokuthi lwenzeke ngexesha lokusetyenziswa okuqhelekileyo. Ukusebenza kombane we-insulation basic kufuneka kulingane nokufakelwa okusisiseko kweengcingo eziguquguqukayo ezichazwe kwi-GB 5023.1 okanye kwi-GB 5013.1, okanye zihambelane nolu vavanyo lwamandla ombane lulandelayo.
- Faka i-voltage ye-2000V phakathi kocingo kunye ne-foil yesinyithi esongelwe ngaphandle kwe-insulation layer imizuzu eyi-15. Akufuneki kubekho ukuqhekeka.
-Xa i-bushing isetyenziswe njenge-insulation eyongezelelweyo kwi-wiring yangaphakathi, iya kubanjwa ngendlela ethembekileyo.
Ukuthotyelwa kuhlolwa ngokuhlolwa kunye novavanyo lwezandla.
- Ikhondaktha etyheli/eluhlaza ephawulwe ngemibala emibini kufuneka isetyenziswe kuphela njengesixhobo sokubeka phantsi. Ukuthotyelwa kwemigaqo kugqitywa ngokuhlolwa.
12. Amanyathelo omhlaba
- Iindawo zentsimbi ezifikelelekayo zeKlasi ye-OI kunye nezixhobo zoKlasi I ezinokuthi zisebenze kwimeko yokusilela kokugquma ziya kuqhagamshelwa ngokusisigxina nangokuthembekileyo kwitheminali yomhlaba ngaphakathi kwesixhobo sombane, okanye kuqhagamshelwano lomhlaba kwisokethi yokufakelwa kwesixhobo.
-I-terminal yomhlaba kunye noqhagamshelwano lomhlaba akufanele luxhunywe kwi-terminal engathathi hlangothi.
Udidi 0, Udidi II kunye nezixhobo zeSichuan aziyi kuba nemilinganiselo yokumisa. Iisekethe zamandla ombane angaphezulu-asezantsi akufuneki ziqhagamshelwe emhlabeni ngaphandle kokuba zikhusela amandla ombane angaphaya-phantsi. Ukuthotyelwa kwemigaqo kugqitywa ngokuhlolwa.
-Isixhobo sokubambelela kwitheminali ephantsi kufuneka sikhuseleke ngokwaneleyo ukuthintela ukukhululeka ngempazamo.
Kwezinye izakhiwo, amanyathelo akhethekileyo anokufuneka, njengokusetyenziswa kwecandelo elingenako ukuchithwa ngokungakhathali ngengozi.
Amaziko asetyenziselwa ukudibanisa abaqhubi be-equipotential bangaphandle baya kuvumela ukudityaniswa kwee-conductor kunye nommandla we-cross-sectional ukusuka kwi-2.5 mm2 ukuya kwi-6 mm2, kwaye ayiyi kusetyenziselwa ukubonelela ngokuqhubekayo komhlaba phakathi kweendawo ezahlukeneyo zesixhobo. Akufanele kwenzeke ukukhulula ezi ngcingo ngaphandle koncedo lwezixhobo. Ukuthotyelwa kugqitywa ngokuhlolwa kunye novavanyo lwezandla.
- Ukuba inxalenye enokuchithwa kunye noqhagamshelo lomhlaba ifakwe kwenye indawo yesixhobo, uxhulumaniso lwalo lomhlaba luya kwenziwa phambi koxhumo oluphetheyo lwangoku kwaye xa inxalenye ihoxisiwe, uxhulumaniso lomhlaba luya kwaphulwa emva kokuba uxhulumaniso oluphethe ngoku. iqhawulwe.
Kwizixhobo zombane ezinentambo yombane, ubude bekhondakta phakathi kwetheminali okanye intambo yolimiyo kunye netheminali buya kuba ngohlobo lokuba, ukuba intambo ithe yaphuncuka kwintambo yombane, umqhubi ophethe umsinga uya kukrazuka phambi komqhubi osezantsi. Ukuthotyelwa kugqitywa ngokuhlolwa kunye novavanyo lwezandla.
- Zonke iindawo zeetheminali zomhlaba ezilungiselelwe ukudityaniswa kwii-conductor zangaphandle aziyi kukhululeka kuwo nawuphi na umngcipheko wokubola ovela ekudibaneni nobhedu lomqhubi womhlaba, okanye ekudibaneni nezinye iintsimbi.
Izahlulo ezisetyenziselwa ukubonelela ngokuqhubekeka komhlaba ziya kuba yintsimbi yokumelana nokuthotywa okwaneleyo, ngaphandle kwesakhelo sesinyithi okanye iindawo ezivalelekileyo. Ukuba ezi nxalenye zenziwe ngentsimbi, ubukhulu be-plating ubuncinane be-5 μm buya kubonelelwa ebusweni bomzimba. Iinxalenye zentsimbi ezigqunywe okanye ezingafakwanga ezijoliswe kuphela ukubonelela okanye ukuhambisa uxinzelelo loqhagamshelwano ziya kukhuselwa ngokufanelekileyo kwirusi.
Ukuba umzimba wetheminali yomhlaba uyinxalenye yesakhelo okanye indawo ebiyelweyo eyenziwe nge-aluminiyam okanye i-alloys ye-aluminiyam, kufuneka kuthatyathwe amanyathelo okuthintela umngcipheko wokubola ovela kukudibana kobhedu kunye ne-aluminiyam okanye i-alloys ye-aluminium. Ukuthotyelwa kugqitywa ngokuhlolwa kunye nokulinganisa.
- Ukudibanisa phakathi kwe-terminal yomhlaba okanye ukudibanisa komhlaba kunye nenxalenye yentsimbi ephantsi iya kuba nexabiso eliphantsi lokumelana.
Le mfuneko ayisebenzi kwizixhobo eziqhagamshelayo ezibonelela ngokuqhubekeka komhlaba kwiisekethe zamandla ombane angaphezulu-phantsi ukuba ucocilelo lokugqunywa kwesiseko kwiisekethe zombane ophantsi okhuselweyo ongaphezulu zichaziwe ngokusekelwe kumbane olinganiselweyo wesixhobo.
-Imikhondo eprintiweyo kwiibhodi zeesekethe eziprintiweyo kwizixhobo ezibanjwe ngesandla aziyi kusetyenziselwa ukubonelela ngokuqhubekayo komhlaba. Ukuqhubekeka komhlaba kunokubonelelwa kwezinye izixhobo ukuba le miqathango ilandelayo ihlangatyeziwe:
- Kukho ubuncinci imigca emibini enamalungu azimeleyo e-solder, kwaye iimfuno ze-27.5 kufuneka zifezekiswe kwisixhobo sesekethe ngasinye;
-Izinto eziphathekayo zebhodi yesekethe eprintiweyo ihambelana neemfuno ze-IEC 60249-2-4 okanye i-IEC 60249-2-5.
Ukuthotyelwa kugqitywa ngokuhlolwa kunye novavanyo olufanelekileyo.
13. Ukucoca, imigama eqhekekileyo kunye nokugquma okuqinileyo
Izixhobo zombane ziya kwakhiwa ngendlela yokuba ucoceko, imigama emide kunye nokugquma okuqinileyo kwanele ukumelana noxinzelelo lombane esinokuthi sithotyelwe phantsi kulo.
Ukuba iingubo zisetyenziselwa kwiibhodi zeesekethe eziprintiweyo ukukhusela i-microenvironment (i-Class A coatings) okanye ukubonelela ngesiseko esisisiseko (i-Class B coatings), iSihlomelo J siyasebenza. Ungcoliseko lweNqanaba loku-1 lufakwe kwi-microenvironments usebenzisa iingubo ze-Class A. Xa usebenzisa i-Coating Class B, akukho mfuneko yokukhutshwa kombane kunye nemigama ye-creepage.
- Uthathela ingqalelo iivoltage ezilinganisiweyo ze-impulse yeendidi zombane ogqithisiweyo kwiThebhile 15, ucocilelo aluyi kuba ngaphantsi kwamaxabiso achazwe kwiThebhile 16, ngaphandle kokuba ucocilelo phakathi kokugqunyelelwa okusisiseko kunye nokugqunyelelwa okusebenzayo kuyahlangabezana novavanyo lombane we-impulse yeSahluko se-14. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba umgama kwisakhiwo uchaphazelekayo ngokugqoka, ukuguqulwa, ukunyakaza kwecandelo okanye indibano, ukucaciswa kombane okuhambelanayo kufuneka kwandiswe ngu-0.5mm xa kulinganisiwe. I-pulse voltage yi-1500V okanye ngaphezulu, kwaye uvavanyo lwe-pulse voltage alusebenzi.
14. Ukumelana nobushushu kunye nedangatye
Kumalungu angaphandle enziwe ngezinto ezingezizo ezentsimbi, iinxalenye zezinto ezigqumayo ezisetyenziselwa ukuxhasa iindawo eziphilayo (kubandakanywa uqhagamshelo), kunye neenxalenye zezinto ezinobushushu obunobushushu obunika i-accessory insulation okanye i-insured insulation,
I-United States, iKhanada, i-European Union kunye ne-Australia zonke zinemigangatho yazo yokhuseleko kwiimveliso ezinjalo. Ngokukodwa izikhululo ezi-3 zeAmazon zineemfuno ezizodwa.
Umgangatho waseMelika: UL 1278
Umgangatho waseKhanada: CSA C22.2 No.46
Umgangatho we-EU: EN 60335-2-30
Umgangatho waseBritani: BS EN 60335-2-30
Umgangatho wamazwe ngamazwe: IEC 60335-2-3
Umgangatho wase-Australia: AS/NZS 60335.2.30
Ixesha lokuposa: Dec-29-2023