Isicwangciso sophuhliso lwemarike yezorhwebo yangaphandle yaseVietnam.
1. Ziziphi iimveliso ezilula ukuthumela eVietnam
Urhwebo lwaseVietnam namazwe angabamelwane luphuhliswe kakhulu, kwaye inobudlelwane obusondeleyo bezoqoqosho neTshayina, uMzantsi Korea, iJapan, iUnited States, iThailand kunye namanye amazwe, kwaye umthamo wayo wonyaka wokungenisa nokuthumela kumazwe angaphandle nawo uyakhula. Ngokweenkcukacha ezikhutshwe yi-General Statistics Office yaseVietnam, ukususela ngoJanuwari ukuya kuJulayi ka-2019, ukuthunyelwa kwe-Vietnam ngaphandle kwe-US $ 145.13 yezigidigidi, ukunyuka konyaka-ngonyaka kwe-7.5%; ukuthengwa kwempahla kumazwe angaphandle kwaba yi-US$143.34 yebhiliyoni, ukunyuka konyaka-ngonyaka nge-8.3%. Ixabiso elipheleleyo lokungeniswa ngaphandle kunye nokuthunyelwa ngaphandle kweenyanga ze-7 kwakuyi-288.47 yeebhiliyoni zeedola zase-US. Ukususela ngoJanuwari ukuya kuJulayi ka-2019, iUnited States yayiyeyona marike inkulu yaseVietnam yokuthumela ngaphandle, kunye ne-32.5 yeebhiliyoni zeedola zaseMelika, ukunyuka konyaka-ngonyaka nge-25.4%; Ukuthunyelwa kwe-Vietnam kwi-EU kwakuyi-24.32 yezigidigidi zeedola zaseMelika, ukunyuka konyaka-ngonyaka nge-0.4%; Ukuthunyelwa kwe-Vietnam e-China bekungama-20 eebhiliyoni zeedola zaseMelika, ukunyuka konyaka-ngonyaka nge-0.1%. ilizwe lam ngowona mthombo mkhulu waseVietnam wokungenisa elizweni. Ukususela ngoJanuwari ukuya kuJulayi, iVietnam ingenise i-US$42 yebhiliyoni evela e-China, ukunyuka konyaka nonyaka nge-16.9%. Ukuthunyelwa kwempahla yaseMzantsi Korea eVietnam yayizibhiliyoni zeedola ezingama-26.6 zeedola, ukwehla konyaka-ngonyaka nge-0.8%; Ukuthunyelwa kwe-ASEAN ukuya eVietnam kwakuyi-US $ 18.8 yezigidigidi, ukunyuka konyaka-ngonyaka we-5.2%.Ukuthengiswa kweVietnam kubandakanya ngokukodwa iindidi ezintathu: iimpahla ezinkulu (i-accounting ye-30% yokungenisa), iimveliso eziphakathi (i-accounting ye-60%) kunye nempahla yabathengi ( Ibalelwa kwi-10%). I-China ngoyena mthengisi mkhulu kunye neemveliso eziphakathi eVietnam. Ukhuphiswano olubuthathaka lwecandelo lemizi-mveliso yasekhaya laseVietnam lunyanzelise iinkampani ezininzi zabucala kunye neenkampani eziphantsi kukarhulumente waseVietnam ukuba zingenise oomatshini kunye nezixhobo ezivela eTshayina. IVietnam ubukhulu becala ingenisa oomatshini, izixhobo zokusebenza, iinxalenye zekhompyuter, amalaphu, imathiriyeli ekrwada yezihlangu zesikhumba, iifowuni kunye nezixhobo zombane, kunye nezithuthi ezisuka eTshayina. Ukongeza kweTshayina, iJapan kunye neSouth Korea zikwayimithombo emibini ephambili yokungeniswa kweVietnam koomatshini, izixhobo, izixhobo kunye nezixhobo.
2. Imiyalelo yokuthumela ngaphandle eVietnam
01 Isiqinisekiso semvelaphi Ukuba sicelwe ngabaxumi baseVietnam, isatifikethi esiqhelekileyo semvelaphi ye-CO okanye i-China-ASEAN isatifikethi semvelaphi IFOMU E ingasetyenziswa, kwaye IFOMU E ingasetyenziswa kuphela kumazwe athile e-China-ASEAN yorhwebo lwasimahla, olufana nokuthumela ngaphandle eBrunei. , Cambodia, Indonesia , Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam Amazwe ali-10 anokonwabela unyango olukhethekileyo lwerhafu ukuba afaka isicelo sesiqinisekiso semvelaphi IFOMU E. Olu hlobo Isiqinisekiso semvelaphi sinokukhutshwa liZiko loHlolo lweMpahla okanye iBhunga laseTshayina lokuPhatha uRhwebo lwaMazwe ngaMazwe, kodwa kufuneka lufakwe efayilini kuqala; ukuba akukho rekhodi, unokufumana kwakhona i-arhente yokuyikhupha, unikeze nje uluhlu lokupakisha kunye ne-invoyisi, kwaye isiqinisekiso siya kukhutshwa malunga nosuku olunye lokusebenza.
Ukongeza, kufuneka ubeke ingqalelo ekwenzeni iFOMU E kutshanje, iimfuno ziya kuba ngqongqo. Ukuba ukhangele i-arhente, ke onke amaxwebhu okukhutshwa kwempahla (i-bill of lading, contract, FE) kufuneka abe nentloko efanayo. Ukuba umthumeli ngaphandle ngumenzi, inkcazo yomthwalo iya kubonisa igama elithi MANUFACTURE, kwaye emva koko wongeze isihloko kunye nedilesi yomthumeli ngaphandle. Ukuba kukho inkampani ye-offshore, inkampani ye-offshore iboniswa phantsi kwenkcazo kwikholamu yesixhenxe, kwaye i-invoyisi ye-13 yeqela lesithathu ifakwe uphawu, kwaye inkampani yaseTshayina inika i-arhente ukuba ikhuphe isatifikethi, kwaye into ye-13 ayikwazi. kuphawulwe. Kungcono ukhethe abathengi baseVietnam abanamandla okucoca amasiko ukunqanda iingxaki ezingeyomfuneko.
02 Indlela yokuhlawula Indlela yokuhlawula edla ngokusetyenziswa ngabathengi baseVietnam yiT/T okanye L/C. Ukuba i-OEM, kungcono ukwenza indibaniselwano ye-T / T kunye ne-L / C, ekhuselekileyo.
Nika ingqalelo kwi-T / T: phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo, i-30% ihlawulwa kwangaphambili, kwaye i-70% ihlawulwe ngaphambi kokulayisha, kodwa abathengi abatsha banethuba eliphezulu lokungavumelani. Xa wenza i-L / C, kufuneka ubeke ingqalelo: Ishedyuli yokuthumela yaseVietnam ifutshane, kwaye ixesha lokuhanjiswa kwe-L / C liya kuba lifutshane, ngoko kufuneka ulawule ixesha lokuhambisa; abanye abathengi baseVietnam baya kwenza ngokungekho mthethweni ukungafani kwileta yekhredithi, ngoko kufuneka ulandele ngokupheleleyo ileta yekhredithi Ulwazi olukwiwebhusayithi lufana ngqo noxwebhu. Musa ukubuza umthengi ukuba ayiguqule njani, landela nje ukuguqulwa.
03 Inkqubo yokucocwa kwezinto
Ngo-Agasti 2017, inqaku lesithathu le-Article 25 ye-Decree No. 8 epapashwe ngurhulumente waseVietnam ichaza ukuba ummemezeli wamasiko kufuneka anike ulwazi olwaneleyo kunye noluchanekileyo lwempahla ukwenzela ukuba iimpahla zisuswe ngexesha. Oku kuthetha ukuba: Inkcazo yempahla yorhwebo engalunganga/engaphelelanga kunye nokuthunyelwa kwempahla engachazwanga kangako kunokwaliwa ngamasiko asekuhlaleni. Ngoko ke, inkcazo epheleleyo yempahla kufuneka inikezelwe kwi-invoyisi, kubandakanywa uphawu, igama lemveliso, imodeli, izinto eziphathekayo, ubuninzi, ixabiso, ixabiso leyunithi kunye nolunye ulwazi. Umthengi kufuneka aqinisekise ukuba ubunzima kwi-waybill buhambelana nobunzima obuchazwe ngumthengi kumasiko. Umahluko phakathi kobunzima obuqikelelweyo (umthengi kwimvelaphi) kunye nobona bunzima bulinganisiweyo bunokubangela ukulibaziseka ekukhutshweni kwerhafu. Abathengi kufuneka baqinisekise ukuba zonke iinkcukacha ezikwi-waybill, kubandakanywa ubunzima, zichanekile.
04 ulwimi
Ulwimi olusemthethweni lwaseVietnam sisiVietnam. Ukongeza, isiFrentshi sikwathandwa kakhulu. Oosomashishini baseVietnam ngokubanzi banesiNgesi esibi.
05 Uthungelwano Ukuba ufuna ukwenza ishishini eVietnam, unokwenza utyalo-mali oluthe chatha ngokweemvakalelo kunye namaqabane akho, oko kukuthi, unxibelelwano olungakumbi nabenzi bezigqibo ukwakha ubudlelwane kunye nokuphelisa ubudlelwane. Ukusebenzelana kweshishini eVietnam kugxininisa kakhulu kubudlelwane bomntu. Kubantu baseVietnam, ukuba "ngomnye wethu" okanye kuthathwa ngokuba "ngomnye wethu" kuneenzuzo ezipheleleyo, kwaye kunokuthiwa isitshixo sempumelelo okanye ukusilela. Ayibizi izigidi okanye udumo ukuba ngomnye weVietnam. Yenza ishishini kuqala uthethe ngeemvakalelo. Abantu baseVietnam bayakuvuyela ukudibana nabantu abatsha, kodwa ungaze wenze ishishini nabantu ongabaziyo. Xa usenza ishishini eVietnam, ubudlelwane phakathi kwabantu bubaluleke kakhulu, kwaye kunzima ukuqhubela phambili ngaphandle kwabo. Abantu baseVietnam abaqhele ukwenza ishishini nabantu abangabaziyo. Bahlala bejongene nabantu abafanayo. Kwisangqa seshishini elimxinwa kakhulu, wonke umntu uyazana, kwaye uninzi lwazo luzalana ngegazi okanye ngomtshato. Abantu baseVietnam bahlawula ingqalelo enkulu kwi-etiquette. Nokuba lisebe likarhulumente, iqabane, okanye umsasazi onobudlelwane obubalulekileyo nenkampani yakho, kufuneka ubaphathe njengabahlobo, kwaye kufuneka ujikeleze yonke iminyhadala.
06 Ukwenza izigqibo kuyacotha
IVietnam ilandela imodeli yemveli yaseAsia yokwenza izigqibo ezidibeneyo. Abasomashishini baseVietnam baxabisa imvisiswano yeqela, kwaye abantu basemzini bahlala bengazi iingxabano phakathi kwamaqabane aseVietnam, kwaye ulwazi lwabo lwangaphakathi alufane luvezwe kubantu bangaphandle. EVietnam, yonke inkqubo yenkampani igxininisa ukuhambelana. Ngokwembono yenkcubeko, iVietnam ilandela imodeli yesithethe yaseAsia yokwenza izigqibo. Abasomashishini baseVietnam baxabisa imvisiswano yeqela, kwaye abantu basemzini bahlala bengazi iingxabano phakathi kwamaqabane aseVietnam, kwaye ulwazi lwabo lwangaphakathi alufane luvezwe kubantu bangaphandle. EVietnam, yonke inkqubo yenkampani igxininisa ukuhambelana.
07 Musa ukuhoya isicwangciso, yenza nje ngokungxama
Ngelixa abaninzi baseNtshona bathanda ukwenza isicwangciso kwaye basebenze kuso, abantu baseVietnam bakhetha ukuvumela indalo ukuba ithathe indlela yayo kwaye ibone ukuba kwenzekani. Bayasixabisa isimbo esihle sabantu baseNtshona, kodwa abananjongo yokubaxelisa. Oosomashishini bamanye amazwe abenza ishishini eVietnam, khumbula ukugcina isimo sengqondo esikhululekile kunye nomonde ozolileyo. Oosomashishini abanamava bakholelwa ukuba ukuba i-75% yohambo oluya eVietnam inokuqhutywa njengoko icwangcisiwe, iya kuthathwa njengempumelelo.
08 Amasiko
Abantu baseVietnam bathanda ubomvu kakhulu, kwaye bajonga ubomvu njengombala omnandi kunye nomthendeleko. Ndiyazithanda izinja kakhulu kwaye ndicinga ukuba izinja zithembekile, zithembekile kwaye zinesibindi. Ndiyazithanda iintyatyambo zeepesika, ndicinga ukuba iintyatyambo zeepesika ziyaqaqamba kwaye zintle, kwaye ziintyatyambo ezintle, kwaye ndizibiza iintyatyambo zesizwe.
Bayakuphepha ukumbambazelwa emagxeni okanye ukubangxolisa ngeminwe yabo, nto leyo egqalwa njengokungabi nambeko;
3. Izinto eziluncedo kunye nesakhono sophuhliso
IVietnam ineemeko ezintle zendalo, kunye nonxweme olungaphezulu kweekhilomitha ze-3,200 (yesibini kuphela ukuya e-Indonesia kunye neePhilippines kwi-Asia-mpuma ye-Asia), i-Red River (evela kwiPhondo laseYunnan) i-delta emantla, kunye noMlambo waseMekong (ovela kwiPhondo laseQinghai ) idelta emazantsi. Ifikelele kwiziza zelifa lemveli ezisi-7 (zibekwe kwindawo yokuqala kuMzantsi-mpuma Asia). IVietnam ngoku ikwelona nqanaba libalaseleyo kwimbali "yesakhiwo segolide sabemi". I-70% yaseVietnam ingaphantsi kweminyaka eyi-35, enika ukhuseleko lwabasebenzi kuphuhliso lwezoqoqosho lwaseVietnam, kwaye ngexesha elifanayo, ngenxa yenani eliphantsi langoku labantu abadala, likwanciphisa umthwalo kuphuhliso lwentlalo yaseVietnam. Ngaphezu koko, inqanaba lokuhlala edolophini laseVietnam liphantsi kakhulu, kwaye uninzi lweemfuno zemivuzo yabasebenzi ziphantsi kakhulu (iidola ezingama-400 zase-US zinokuqesha umsebenzi onezakhono eziphezulu), olulungele kakhulu uphuhliso loshishino lokuvelisa. NjengeTshayina, iVietnam isebenzisa inkqubo yoqoqosho lwentengiso yentlalontle. Inomatshini ozinzileyo kunye nonamandla olawulo lwentlalo enokuthi igxininise imizamo yayo kwimisebenzi emikhulu.Kukho amaqela eentlanga ze-54 eVietnam, kodwa zonke iintlanga ziyakwazi ukuhlala ngokuvisisana. Abantu baseVietnam banenkululeko yokukholelwa kwinkolo, kwaye akukho mfazwe yonqulo kuMbindi Mpuma. Iqela lamaKomanisi laseVietnam liye laqalisa iinguqu kwezopolitiko ezivumela amaqela ahlukeneyo ukuba abandakanyeke kwiingxoxo ezinzulu zezopolitiko nezoqoqosho. Urhulumente waseVietnam wamkela imakethi yehlabathi. Ijoyine i-Association of Southeast Asia Nations (ASEAN) kwi-1995 kunye ne-World Trade Organization (WTO) kwi-2006. Ingqungquthela ye-2017 ye-Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) yayibanjelwe eDa Nang, eVietnam. Abantu baseNtshona banethemba ngamxhelomnye malunga nophuhliso lwaseVietnam. IBhanki yehlabathi yathi "iVietnam ingumzekelo oqhelekileyo wophuhliso oluyimpumelelo", kwaye iphephancwadi elithi "The Economist" lathi "iVietnam iya kuba lelinye ingwe yaseAsia". I-Peterson Institute for International Economics iqikelela ukuba ukukhula koqoqosho lwase-Vietnam kuya kufikelela malunga ne-10% ngo-2025. Ukuyishwankathela ngesivakalisi esinye: I-Vietnam namhlanje yi-China ngaphezu kweminyaka elishumi edlulileyo. Zonke iindlela zobomi zikwinqanaba logqabhuko-dubulo, kwaye yeyona marike inika umdla eAsia.
4. Ikamva "Yenziwe eVietnam
Emva kokuba iVietnam ijoyine i-RCEP, ngoncedo lwe-United States, iJapan kunye namanye amazwe aphuhlileyo, amazwe amaninzi akuMzantsi-mpuma we-Asia asebenza ngokucwangcisiweyo "ukuzingela ngokungekho mthethweni" ukwenziwa kweTshayina ngezicwangciso ezahlukeneyo ezifana norhwebo, irhafu kunye nenkuthazo yomhlaba. Namhlanje, ayizizo iinkampani zaseJapan kuphela ezinyuse utyalo-mali eVietnam, kodwa iinkampani ezininzi zaseTshayina zihambisa amandla azo emveliso eVietnam. Inzuzo enkulu yaseVietnam ilele kubasebenzi bayo abaphantsi. Ukongeza, ubume beVietnam buncinci. Abantu abadala abangaphezu kweminyaka engama-65 ubudala babala kuphela i-6% yabemi bebonke, ngelixa umlinganiselo e-China naseMzantsi Korea yi-10% kunye ne-13% ngokulandelanayo. Ewe kunjalo, umzi-mveliso waseVietnam okwangoku ukwimizi-mveliso ekumgangatho ophantsi, efana nelaphu, impahla, ifenitshala kunye neemveliso zombane. Nangona kunjalo, le meko inokutshintsha kwixesha elizayo njengoko iinkampani ezinkulu zonyusa utyalo-mali, ziphucula amanqanaba oqeqesho, kwaye zitshintshe izicwangciso zophando kunye nophuhliso. Ingxabano yabasebenzi ngumngcipheko weshishini lemveliso yaseVietnam. Indlela yokujongana nobudlelwane bomsebenzi kunye nengxowankulu yingxaki ekufuneka isonjululwe kwinkqubo yokunyuka kweshishini lemveliso yaseVietnam.
5. IVietnam iya kubeka phambili uphuhliso lwala mashishini alandelayo
1. Oomatshini kunye neshishini lesinyithi Ngowama-2025, zinika ingqwalaselo ephambili kuphuhliso loomatshini kunye nezixhobo zemveliso yemizi-mveliso, iimoto kunye neendawo ezisecaleni, kunye nentsimbi; emva 2025, ukunika kuqala kuphuhliso lolwakhiwo lwenqanawa, metal non-ayoni, kunye nezinto ezintsha.
2. Kushishino lweekhemikhali, ngo-2025, zinika ingqwalaselo ephambili kuphuhliso loshishino lweekhemikhali ezisisiseko, ishishini lemichiza ye-oyile nerhasi, iplastiki kunye nezixhobo zerabha ezisecaleni zekhemikhali; emva kowama-2025, nika kuqala kuphuhliso lweshishini lemichiza yamayeza.
3. Ushishino lwezoLimo, lwamahlathi kunye nolwemveliso yasemanzini Ngo-2025, ingqwalaselo ephambili iya kunikezelwa ekwandiseni umlinganiselo wokusetyenzwa kweemveliso ezinkulu zezolimo, iimveliso zasemanzini kunye neemveliso zomthi ngokuhambelana nesikhokelo sohlengahlengiso lwesakhiwo seshishini lezolimo. Yamkela imigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe kwimveliso kunye nokucubungula ukwakha uphawu kunye nokhuphiswano lweemveliso zezolimo zaseVietnam.
4. Umrhwebi weempahla ezilukiweyo nezihlangu Ngo-2025, zinika ingqwalaselo ephambili kuphuhliso lwemathiriyeli ekrwada yamalaphu nezihlangu zemveliso yasekhaya kunye nokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe; emva ko-2025, beka phambili uphuhliso lwefashoni kunye nezihlangu eziphezulu.
5. Kushishino lonxibelelwano lwe-elektroniki, ngo-2025, beka phambili uphuhliso lweekhompyutha, iimfonomfono kunye neendawo ezisecaleni; emva kowama-2025, beka phambili uphuhliso lwesoftware, iinkonzo zedijithali, iinkonzo zobuchwepheshe bonxibelelwano kunye nee-elektroniki zonyango. 6. Amandla amatsha kunye namandla ahlaziyekayo Ngo-2025, aphuhlise ngamandla amandla amatsha kunye namandla ahlaziyekayo, afana namandla omoya, amandla elanga, kunye nomthamo webhayomass; emva kuka-2025, ukuphuhlisa ngamandla amandla enyukliya, amandla e-geothermal, kunye namandla olwandle.
6. Imimiselo emitsha kwimigangatho ethi "Yenziwe eVietnam" (imvelaphi).
Ngo-Agasti ka-2019, iSebe lezoShishino kunye noRhwebo laseVietnam likhuphe imigangatho emitsha “Yenziwe eVietnam” (imvelaphi). Yenziwe eVietnam ingaba: iimveliso zezolimo kunye nezibonelelo ezivela eVietnam; iimveliso ezigqitywe ekugqibeleni eVietnam kufuneka zibandakanye ubuncinane i-30% yexabiso elongezelelweyo lendawo yaseVietnam ngokomgangatho wekhowudi ye-HS yamazwe ngamazwe. Ngamanye amazwi, i-100% yezinto ezithengiswayo ezivela phesheya kufuneka zongeze i-30% yexabiso elongezelelweyo eVietnam ngaphambi kokuba zithunyelwe ngaphandle kweleyibhile Yenziwe eVietnam.
Ixesha lokuposa: Feb-10-2023