Imakethi yoMbindi Mpuma ibhekisa kwingingqi ikakhulu eNtshona Asia kwaye ithatha iYurophu, iAsia kunye neAfrika, kubandakanya iIran, Kuwait, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Egypt kunye namanye amazwe. Bebonke bebonke bazizigidi ezingama-490. Umyinge weminyaka yobudala yabemi kulo mmandla wonke uneminyaka engama-25 ubudala. Ngaphezu kwesiqingatha sabantu kuMbindi Mpuma ngabantu abancinci, kwaye aba bantu batsha ngabona qela liphambili labathengi be-e-commerce ewela imida, ngakumbi i-e-commerce ephathwayo.
Ngenxa yokuthembela kakhulu kurhwebo oluthunyelwa ngaphandle, amazwe akuMbindi Mpuma ngokubanzi anesiseko esibuthathaka semizi-mveliso, isakhiwo semizi-mveliso esinye, kunye nokwanda kwemfuno yabathengi kunye neemveliso zoshishino. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, urhwebo phakathi kweTshayina noMbindi Mpuma belusondele.
Zeziphi iziqinisekiso eziphambili kuMbindi Mpuma?
1.Isiqinisekiso seSaber saber:
Isiqinisekiso se-Saber yinkqubo entsha yesicelo se-intanethi eyasungulwa yi-SASO. I-Saber ngokwenene sisixhobo sothungelwano esisetyenziselwa ukubhaliswa kwemveliso, ukukhutshwa kunye nokufumana iziqinisekiso zokuthobela i-COC. Into ebizwa ngokuba yi-Saber sisixhobo senkqubo yenethiwekhi ye-intanethi eyasungulwa yi-Saudi Bureau of Standards. Yinkqubo epheleleyo yeofisi engenamaphepha yokubhaliswa kwemveliso, ukukhutshwa kunye nokufumana iziqinisekiso zokuthobela imvume ye-SC (iSatifikethi sokuThunyelwa). Inkqubo yokuqinisekiswa kokuthotyelwa kwe-SABER yinkqubo ebanzi ebeka imimiselo, iimfuno zobugcisa kunye nemilinganiselo yokulawula. Injongo yalo kukuqinisekisa i-inshurensi yeemveliso zasekhaya kunye neemveliso ezivela kumazwe angaphandle.
Isatifikethi se-SABER sahlulwe sazizatifikethi ezibini, esinye sisiqinisekiso sePC, esi sisiqinisekiso semveliso (iSatifikethi sokuThotyelwa kweMveliso eLawulwayo), kwaye esinye si-SC, esi sisiqinisekiso sothutho (isiqinisekiso sokuHamba ngokuThunyelwa kweemveliso ezivela kumazwe angaphandle).
Isatifikethi sePC sisiqinisekiso sokubhaliswa kwemveliso esifuna ingxelo yovavanyo lwemveliso (abanye abavelisi bemveliso nabo bafuna uhlolo lwasefektri) phambi kokuba babhaliswe kwinkqubo ye-SABER. Isatifikethi sisebenza unyaka omnye.
Zeziphi iindidi zemimiselo yesatifikethi yaseSaudi Saber?
Udidi 1: IsiBhengezo sokuThotyelwa koMboneleli (udidi olungalawulwayo, ingxelo yokuthobela umniki-nkonzo)
Udidi 2: Isatifikethi seCOC OKANYE iSatifikethi seQM (Ulawulo ngokubanzi, isatifikethi seCOC okanye isiqinisekiso seQM)
Udidi 3: Isiqinisekiso se-IECEE (iimveliso ezilawulwa yimigangatho ye-IECEE kwaye kufuneka ufake isicelo se-IECEE)
Udidi 4: Isatifikethi se-GCTS (iimveliso ezixhomekeke kwimigaqo ye-GCC kwaye kufuneka ufake isicelo sesiqinisekiso se-GCC)
Udidi 5: Isatifikethi se-QM (iimveliso ezixhomekeke kwimigaqo ye-GCC kwaye kufuneka ufake isicelo se-QM)
2. Ukuqinisekiswa kwe-GCC kumazwe asixhenxe e-Gulf, isiqinisekiso se-GMARK
Ukuqinisekiswa kwe-GCC, ekwaziwa njengesiqinisekiso se-GMARK, yinkqubo yoqinisekiso esetyenziswa kumazwe angamalungu eBhunga leNtsebenziswano yeGulf (GCC). I-GCC yintlangano yentsebenziswano yezopolitiko nezoqoqosho eyenziwe ngamazwe amathandathu e-Gulf: iSaudi Arabia, i-United Arab Emirates, i-Kuwait, i-Qatar, i-Bahrain ne-Oman. Isiqinisekiso se-GCC sijolise ekuqinisekiseni ukuba iimveliso ezithengiswa kwiimarike zala mazwe zithobela imigangatho yobugcisa engaguqukiyo kunye nemimiselo yokukhuthaza urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe kunye nokuphucula umgangatho wemveliso.
Isatifikethi sesiqinisekiso se-GMark sibhekisa kwisiqinisekiso esisemthethweni esifunyenwe kwiimveliso eziqinisekiswe yi-GCC. Esi satifikethi sibonisa ukuba imveliso iphumelele uluhlu lweemvavanyo kunye nophicotho kwaye ihambelana nemigangatho yobugcisa kunye nemimiselo esekwe ngamazwe angamalungu e-GCC. Isiqinisekiso se-GMark sikholisa ukuba lelinye lamaxwebhu ayimfuneko okungenisa iimveliso kumazwe e-GCC ukuqinisekisa ukuba iimveliso ziyathengiswa kwaye zisetyenziswa ngokusemthethweni.
Zeziphi iimveliso ekufuneka ziqinisekiswe yi-GCC?
Imithetho yobuchwephesha yezixhobo zombane ezine-voltage ephantsi kunye nezibonelelo zigubungela iimveliso zesixhobo sombane ngombane we-AC phakathi kwe-50-1000V kunye nombane we-DC phakathi kwe-75-1500V. Zonke iimveliso kufuneka zincanyathiselwe uphawu lweGC phambi kokuba zisasazwe phakathi kwamazwe angamalungu eGulf Standardization Organisation (GSO); iimveliso ezinophawu lweGC zibonisa ukuba imveliso iyithobele imimiselo yobugcisa ye-GCC.
Phakathi kwazo, i-14 iindidi zeemveliso ezikhethekileyo zibandakanyiwe kwi-scope ye-GCC yesatifikethi esinyanzelekileyo (imveliso elawulwayo), kwaye kufuneka ifumane isatifikethi se-GCC esikhutshwe yi-arhente echongiweyo yokuqinisekisa.
3. Isiqinisekiso se-UAE se-UCAS
I-ECAS ibhekisa kwi-Emirates Conformity Assessment System, eyinkqubo yoqinisekiso lwemveliso egunyaziswe yi-UAE Federal Law No. ESMA) yaseUnited Arab Emirates. Zonke iimveliso ezingaphakathi kobhaliso kunye nesiqinisekiso se-ECAS kufuneka ziphawulwe nge-logo ye-ECAS kunye nenombolo ye-Nonified Body NB emva kokufumana isiqinisekiso. Kufuneka bafake isicelo kwaye bafumane iSatifikethi sokuThotyelwa (CoC) ngaphambi kokuba bangene kwimarike ye-UAE.
Iimveliso ezingeniswa kumazwe e-UAE kufuneka zifumane isatifikethi se-ECAS ngaphambi kokuba zithengiswe ekuhlaleni. I-ECAS sisishunqulelo se-Emirates Conformity Assessment System, ephunyezwa yaze yakhutshwa yi-ESMA UAE Standards Bureau.
4. Isiqinisekiso se-Iran se-COC, isiqinisekiso se-Iran COI
I-COI ye-Iran eqinisekisiweyo yokuthumela ngaphandle (isiqinisekiso sokuhlola), esithetha ukuhlolwa kokuthotyelwa kwe-Chinese, ukuhlolwa okuhambelanayo okufunwa yi-Iran yokuhlola okusemthethweni okusemthethweni. Xa iimveliso ezithunyelwa ngaphandle zingaphakathi koluhlu lwe-COI (isatifiketi sokuhlolwa), umthengisi kufuneka aqhube ukukhutshwa kwempahla ngokomgangatho welizwe lase-Iranian ISIRI kwaye akhuphe isatifikethi. Ukufumana isatifikethi sokuthumela ngaphandle e-Iran, isatifikethi esifanelekileyo kufuneka siqhutywe nge-arhente egunyazisiweyo yomntu wesithathu. Uninzi lweemveliso zemizi-mveliso, izixhobo kunye noomatshini abangeniswa e-Iran baxhomekeke kwiinkqubo zoqinisekiso ezisisinyanzelo ezisekwe yi-ISIRI (Iziko loPhando lweMigangatho yase-Iranian). Imithetho yokungenisa elizweni yase-Iran intsonkothile kwaye ifuna isixa esikhulu samaxwebhu. Ngeenkcukacha, nceda ubhekisele kuLuhlu lweeMveliso eziSinyanzelo zase-Iran ukuze uqonde iimveliso ekufuneka zingene kwinkqubo ye-ISIRI "yoQinisekiso lokuQinisekisa".
5. Isiqinisekiso se-SII sikaSirayeli
I-SII sisishunqulelo seZiko leMigangatho yakwaSirayeli. Nangona i-SII ingumbutho ongekho phantsi kukarhulumente, ilawulwa ngokuthe ngqo ngurhulumente wase-Israel kwaye inoxanduva lokumisa, ukuvavanywa kwemveliso kunye nokuqinisekiswa kwemveliso kwaSirayeli.
I-SII ngumgangatho woqinisekiso olusisinyanzelo kwaSirayeli. Kwiimveliso ezifuna ukungena kwaSirayeli, i-Israel isebenzisa iindlela zokuhlola kunye nokulawula ukuhlolwa ukuqinisekisa ukuba iimveliso zihlangabezana neemfuno ezifanelekileyo zomgangatho. Ngokuqhelekileyo ixesha lokuhlola lide, kodwa ukuba lithengisiwe Ukuba umrhwebi ufumene isatifikethi se-SII ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa, inkqubo yokuhlola izithethe iya kuncitshiswa kakhulu. I-Israel Customs iya kuqinisekisa kuphela ukuhambelana kwempahla kunye nesatifikethi, ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuhlolwa okungahleliwe.
Ngokwe "Standardization Law", u-Israyeli wahlula iimveliso zibe ngamanqanaba ama-4 ngokusekwe kwinqanaba lobungozi abanokuthi babangele kwimpilo yoluntu kunye nokhuseleko, kwaye usebenzisa ulawulo olwahlukileyo:
Udidi I ziimveliso ezibeka owona mngcipheko mkhulu kwimpilo yoluntu kunye nokhuseleko:
Njengezixhobo zasendlini, amathoyizi abantwana, izitya zoxinzelelo, izixhobo zokucima umlilo eziphathwayo, njl.njl.
Udidi II yimveliso eneqondo eliphakathi lengozi enokubakho kwimpilo yoluntu kunye nokhuseleko:
Kubandakanya izibuko zelanga, iibhola ngeenjongo ezahlukeneyo, iipayipi zokufakela, iikhaphethi, iibhotile, izinto zokwakha kunye nokunye.
Udidi III ziimveliso ezibeka umngcipheko ophantsi kwimpilo yoluntu kunye nokhuseleko:
Kubandakanya iithayile ze-ceramic, i-ceramic sanitary ware, njl.
Udidi IV ziimveliso ezisetyenziselwa ushishino kuphela kwaye hayi ngokuthe ngqo kubathengi:
Njengeemveliso ze-elektroniki zemizi-mveliso, njl.
6. Isiqinisekiso seCOC saseKuwait, isiqinisekiso seCOC saseIraq
Kwibhetshi nganye yempahla ethunyelwa eKuwait, kufuneka kungeniswe i-COC (iSatifikethi sokuThobela) imvume yokukhutshwa. Isatifikethi seCOC luxwebhu olungqina ukuba imveliso iyahambelana neenkcukacha zobugcisa kunye nemigangatho yokhuseleko yelizwe elingenisayo. Ikwangomnye wamaxwebhu ayimfuneko elayisensi yokukhutshwa kwempahla kwilizwe elingenisayo. Ukuba iimveliso kwikhathalogu yolawulo zikhulu kwaye zithunyelwa rhoqo, kuyacetyiswa ukuba ufake isicelo sesatifikethi seCOC kwangaphambili. Oku kuthintela ukulibaziseka kunye nokuphazamiseka okubangelwa kukungabikho kwesatifikethi se-COC ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa kwempahla.
Kwinkqubo yokufaka isicelo sesatifikethi se-COC, ingxelo yokuhlolwa kobugcisa bemveliso iyafuneka. Le ngxelo kufuneka ikhutshwe yi-arhente yohlolo eyaziwayo okanye iqumrhu lezatifiketi kwaye ingqina ukuba imveliso iyahambelana neenkcukacha zobugcisa kunye nemigangatho yokhuseleko yelizwe elingenisayo. Umxholo wengxelo yokuhlola kufuneka ubandakanye igama, imodeli, iinkcukacha, iiparitha zobugcisa, iindlela zokuhlola, iziphumo zokuhlola kunye nolunye ulwazi lwemveliso. Kwangaxeshanye, kuyafuneka ukuba unikeze ngolwazi olufanelekileyo olunje ngeesampulu zemveliso okanye iifoto zokuhlola nokuphononongwa ngakumbi.
Ukuhlolwa kobushushu obuphantsi
Ngokwendlela yokuvavanya echazwe kwi-GB / T 2423.1-2008, i-drone ifakwe kwibhokisi yovavanyo lwendalo kwiqondo lokushisa (-25 ± 2) ° C kunye nexesha lokuvavanya iiyure ze-16. Emva kokuba uvavanyo lugqityiwe kwaye lubuyiselwe phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo ze-atmospheric kwiiyure ze-2, i-drone kufuneka ikwazi ukusebenza ngokuqhelekileyo.
Uvavanyo lokungcangcazela
Ngokwendlela yokuhlola echazwe kwi-GB/T2423.10-2008:
Idrone ikwimeko engasebenziyo kwaye ayipakishwanga;
Uluhlu lokuphindaphinda: 10Hz ~ 150Hz;
I-Crossover frequency: 60Hz;
f＜60Hz, i-amplitude eqhubekayo 0.075mm;
f> 60Hz, ukukhawulezisa rhoqo 9.8m/s2 (1g);
Indawo enye yokulawula;
Inani lemijikelo yokuskena nge-axis nganye ngu-l0.
Ukuhlolwa kufuneka kuqhutywe phantsi kwe-drone kwaye ixesha lokuhlola yimizuzu eyi-15. Emva kokuhlolwa, i-drone ayifanele ibe nomonakalo obonakalayo kwaye ikwazi ukusebenza ngokuqhelekileyo.
Uvavanyo lokuwisa
Uvavanyo lokuwisa luvavanyo lwesiqhelo ekufuneka zenziwe uninzi lweemveliso okwangoku. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kukujonga ukuba ukupakishwa kwemveliso ye-drone kunokukhusela imveliso ngokwayo kakuhle ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lokuthutha; kwelinye icala, eneneni ihardware yenqwelomoya. ukuthembeka.
uvavanyo loxinzelelo
Ngaphantsi kobuninzi bokusetyenziswa, i-drone iphantsi kovavanyo loxinzelelo olufana nokuphazamiseka kunye nokuthwala umthwalo. Emva kokuba uvavanyo lugqityiwe, idrone kufuneka ikwazi ukuqhubeka nokusebenza ngokuqhelekileyo.
uvavanyo lwexesha lobomi
Ukuqhuba iimvavanyo zobomi kwi-drone's gimbal, i-radar ebonakalayo, iqhosha lamandla, amaqhosha, njl., kwaye iziphumo zovavanyo kufuneka zihambelane nemimiselo yemveliso.
Ukunxiba uvavanyo lokuxhathisa
Sebenzisa iteyiphu yephepha le-RCA kuvavanyo lokuxhathisa i-abrasion, kwaye iziphumo zovavanyo kufuneka zihambelane neemfuno ze-abrasion eziphawulwe kwimveliso.
Ezinye iimvavanyo zesiqhelo
Okufana nenkangeleko, ukuhlolwa kokupakisha, ukuhlolwa okupheleleyo kwendibano, amacandelo abalulekileyo kunye nokuhlolwa kwangaphakathi, ukuleyibhela, ukumakisha, ukuhlolwa kokuprinta, njl.
Ixesha lokuposa: May-25-2024