Ngokudityaniswa koqoqosho lwehlabathi, ukuhamba kwemithombo yamazwe ngamazwe kukhululekile kwaye rhoqo. Ukuze kwandiswe ukukhuphisana konikezelo lwamashishini, sele ingumba ekufuneka sijongane nawo ngombono wehlabathi kunye nokuthengwa kwempahla yehlabathi.
Xa kuthelekiswa nokuthengwa kwempahla yangaphakathi, zeziphi iikhonsepthi ekufuneka ziqondwe ekuthengeni urhwebo lwangaphandle?
Okokuqala, i-FOB, i-CFR kunye ne-CIF
FOB(Mahala kwiBhodi）Isimahla ebhodini (ilandelwa lizibuko lothutho), ithetha ukuba umthengisi uhambisa iimpahla ngokulayisha iimpahla kwinqanawa echongwe ngumthengi kwizibuko elichongiweyo lokuthunyelwa okanye ngokufumana iimpahla ezithe zasiwa enqanaweni, ngokuqhelekileyo. eyaziwa ngokuba yi "FOB".
CFR(Iindleko kunye noThutho）Iindleko kunye nomthwalo (ulandelwa lizibuko lendawo) lithetha ukuba umthengisi uhambisa ngenqanawa okanye ngokuthatha iimpahla ezizisiweyo.
CIF(I-Inshurensi yeendleko kunye neFrigh）Iindleko, i-inshurensi kunye nomthwalo (ilandelwa lizibuko lendawo ekuyiwa kuyo), okuthetha ukuba umthengisi ugqibezela ukuhanjiswa xa iimpahla zidlula umzila kaloliwe wenqanawa kwizibuko lokuthunyelwa. Ixabiso le-CIF = ixabiso le-FOB + I-premium ye-inshurensi + imithwalo ye-F, eyaziwa ngokuba "yixabiso le-CIF".
Ixabiso le-CFR lixabiso le-FOB kunye neendleko ezinxulumene nokuthumela, kwaye ixabiso le-CIF lixabiso le-CFR kunye neprimiyamu ye-inshurensi.
Okwesibini, ukuchithwa kunye nokuthunyelwa
Kwiqela leenqanawa zohambo, elona xesha lokothula (iLaytime) lomthwalo omninzi liqala ukusuka kwi-12 okanye kwiiyure ezingama-24 emva kokuba inqanawa ingenise “iSaziso sokuLungiselela ukuLayishwa nokuThuthulwa” (NOR) de kugqitywe uphando oluyilwayo lokugqibela emva kokukothula (Okokugqibela). Uvavanyo loyilo) de.
Ikhontrakthi yekhareji ichaza ixesha lokulayishwa kunye nokukhulula. Ukuba i-Laytime end point isemva kwexesha lokukhulula elichazwe kwikhontrakthi, i-demurrage iya kwenziwa, oko kukuthi, imithwalo ayikwazi ukuthululwa ngokupheleleyo ngexesha elichaziweyo, okukhokelela ekubeni inqanawa iqhubeke nokumisa kwizibuko kwaye ibangele umnini-nqanawa ukuba indawo yokulala. Intlawulo ekuvunyelwene ngayo iza kuhlawulwa ngumqeshi kumnini nqanawa ngeendleko ezongezelelekileyo zasezibukweni kunye nelahleko yeshedyuli yokuhamba ngeenqanawa.
Ukuba i-Laytime end point ingaphambili kunexesha lokulayisha kunye nokukhulula okuvunyelwene ngalo kwikhontrakthi, intlawulo yokuthumela (i-Despatch) iya kwenziwa, oko kukuthi, ukuthuthwa kwempahla kugqitywe kwangaphambili ngexesha elichaziweyo, elinciphisa umjikelo wobomi. yenqanawa, kwaye umnini nqanawa ubuyisela intlawulo ekuvunyelwene ngayo kumqeshisi.
Okwesithathu, intlawulo yokuhlolwa kwemveliso
Isibhengezo sokuhlolwa kunye nokuvalelwa kuya kukhokelela kwimirhumo yokuhlolwa, imirhumo yococeko, imirhumo yokubulala iintsholongwane, imirhumo yokupakisha, imirhumo yolawulo, njl. njl., ezibizwa ngokudibeneyo njengemirhumo yokuhlola imveliso.
Umrhumo wokuhlolwa kwempahla yorhwebo uhlawulwa kwiziko lokuhlola imveliso yengingqi. Ngokuqhelekileyo ihlawuliswa ngokwe-1.5 ‰ yexabiso lempahla. Ngokukodwa, kumiselwa ngokwexabiso le-invoyisi kuxwebhu lwempahla yokuhlolwa kwempahla. Inombolo yerhafu yempahla yorhwebo yahlukile, kwaye umrhumo wokuhlola imveliso nawo yahlukile. Kufuneka uyazi inombolo yerhafu yempahla yorhwebo kunye nesixa esikuxwebhu ukuze wazi umrhumo othile.
Okwesine, amaxabiso
Uluhlu lweerhafu (iRhafu yeRhafu, iRhafu), oko kukuthi, irhafu yokungenisa elizweni, yirhafu erhafiswa ngokwezithethe ezibekwe ngurhulumente kumthengisi ongenisa ngaphandle xa impahla yorhwebo ethunyelwa kumazwe angaphandle idlula kummandla werhafu yelizwe.
Ifomula esisiseko yerhafu kunye neerhafu yile:
Isixa-mali somrhumo ovela kumazwe angaphandle = ixabiso elinokuhlawuleka × umyinge werhafu evela kumazwe angaphandle
Ngokwembono yelizwe, ukuqokelelwa kwamaxabiso kunokunyusa ingeniso yemali. Kwangaxeshanye, ilizwe likwahlengahlengisa urhwebo lokungenisa elizweni kunye nokuthengisa kumazwe angaphandle ngokumisela iirhafu ezahlukeneyo kunye nezixa zerhafu, ngaloo ndlela zichaphazela ubume boqoqosho lwangaphakathi kunye nomkhombandlela wophuhliso.
Iimveliso zorhwebo ezahlukeneyo zinemirhumo eyahlukeneyo, ephunyezwa ngokuhambelana “neMimiselo yeRhafu”.
Okwesihlanu, intlawulo yedemurrage kunye nentlawulo yokugcina
Umrhumo wokuvalelwa (okwaziwa nangokuthi “umrhumo olindelweyo”) ubhekisa kumrhumo osele ulindelwe (ushiywe lixesha) kwisingxobo esiphantsi kolawulo lomthumeli, oko kukuthi, umthumeli uphakamisa isikhongozeli ngaphandle kweyadi okanye isitishi emva kokukhutshwa kwempahla kwaye asilele ukuthobela imimiselo. Iveliswe ngokubuyisela iibhokisi ezingenanto ngaphakathi kwexesha. Ixesha lexesha libandakanya ixesha apho ibhokisi ithathwa kwi-dock de ubuyisele ibhokisi kwindawo yezibuko. Ngaphandle kweli xesha, inkampani yokuthumela inqanawa iya kufuna ukukucela ukuba uqokelele imali.
Imali yokugcina (iSitora, esaziwa nangokuthi "umrhumo ogqithisiweyo"), uluhlu lwexesha lubandakanya ixesha lebhokisi liqala xa liwela kwi-dock, kwaye kude kube sekupheleni kokubhengezwa kwamasiko kunye ne-dock. Ukwahluke kwi-demurrage (i-Demurrage), umrhumo wokugcina uhlawuliswa ngummandla we-port, kungekhona inkampani yokuthumela.
Okwesithandathu, iindlela zokuhlawula i-L / C, i-T / T, i-D / P kunye ne-D / A
L/C (Ileta yeTyala) Isishunqulelo sibhekiselele kwisatifikethi esibhaliweyo esikhutshwe yibhanki kumthengisi ngaphandle (umthengisi) ngesicelo somthengi (umthengi) ukuqinisekisa uxanduva lokuhlawula iimpahla.
T/T (Udluliselo lweTelegraphic kwaPhambili)Isishunqulelo sibhekisa kutshintshiselwano ngetelegram. Udluliselo lweTelegraphic yindlela yokuhlawula apho umhlawuli adipozitha isixa-mali esithile kwibhanki yokuthunyelwa kwemali, kwaye ibhanki ethumela imali iyidlulisela kwisebe ekusingise kulo okanye ibhanki ethunyelwayo (ibhanki yokuthunyelwa kwemali) ngetelegram okanye ngomnxeba, iyalela ibhanki engaphakathi ukuba ihlawule. imali ethile kumntu ohlawulwayo.
D/P(Amaxwebhu achasene neNtlawulo） Isifinyezo se "Bill of Lading" sithunyelwa ngokubanzi ebhankini emva kokuthunyelwa, kwaye ibhanki iya kuthumela i-bill of lading kunye namanye amaxwebhu kumngenisi kumazwe angaphandle kwi-custos clearance emva kokuba umthengisi ehlawule iimpahla. Ngenxa yokuba i-bill of lading iluxwebhu oluxabisekileyo, ngokwemigaqo ye-layman, ihlawulwa ngesandla esinye kwaye ihanjiswe ngesandla sokuqala. Kukho imingcipheko ethile kubathumeli ngaphandle.
D/A (Amaxwebhu achasene noKwamkelwa)Isifinyezo sithetha ukuba umthengisi ukhupha idrafti yangaphambili emva kokuba iimpahla zithunyelwe, kwaye kunye namaxwebhu orhwebo (impahla), inikezelwa kumthengi ongenisa ngaphandle ngebhanki yokuqokelela.
Okwesixhenxe, iyunithi yomlinganiselo
Amazwe ahlukeneyo aneendlela ezahlukeneyo zokulinganisa kunye neeyunithi zeemveliso, ezinokuchaphazela ubuninzi bokwenene (umthamo okanye ubunzima) bemveliso. Ingqwalasela ekhethekileyo kunye nemvumelwano kufuneka ihlawulwe kwangaphambili.
Umzekelo, ekuthengeni iilogi, ngokweenkcukacha-manani ezingaphelelanga, kuMntla Merika kuphela, kukho malunga neentlobo ezili-100 zeendlela zokuhlola iilogi, kwaye zininzi kangange-185 iintlobo zamagama. Emantla Melika, umlinganiselo weenkuni usekwe kwiwaka lebhodi ye-MBF, ngelixa umbusi waseJapan uJAS usetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwilizwe lam. Umthamo uya kwahluka kakhulu.
Ixesha lokuposa: Sep-01-2022