Ukuqinisekiswa, ukuvunywa, ukuhlolwa kunye novavanyo yinkqubo esisiseko yokomeleza ulawulo lomgangatho kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kweemarike phantsi kweemeko zoqoqosho lwemarike, kunye nenxalenye ebalulekileyo yolawulo lwemarike. Uphawu lwayo olubalulekileyo "kukunikezela ngentembeko kunye nophuhliso lokukhonza", oluneempawu ezibalaseleyo zokurhweba kunye nokuthengiswa kwamanye amazwe. Kwaziwa ngokuba "isiqinisekiso sonyango" solawulo lomgangatho, "ileta yekhredithi" yoqoqosho lwemarike, kunye "nepasi" yorhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe.
1, Ingqikelelo kunye nentsingiselo
1). Ingqikelelo yeziSeko ezinguNdoqo zoMgangatho weSizwe (i-NQI) yacetywa okokuqala nguMbutho woPhuhliso loRhwebo weZizwe eziManyeneyo (UNCTAD) kunye noMbutho woRhwebo weHlabathi (i-WTO) ngowama-2005. Ukubekwa emgangathweni (ISO) kubeka phambili umgaqo wesiseko somgangatho wesizwe, kwaye ubizwa ngokuba ngumlinganiselo, ukubekwa emgangathweni, kunye novavanyo lokuthotyelwa (isiqinisekiso kunye nokuvunywa, ukuhlolwa kunye novavanyo njenge umxholo ophambili) njengeentsika ezintathu zeziseko ezingundoqo ezisemgangathweni wesizwe. Ezi zintathu zenza ikhonkco lobugcisa elipheleleyo, elingurhulumente kunye namashishini ukuphucula imveliso, ukugcina ubomi kunye nempilo, ukukhusela amalungelo abathengi, kunye nokukhusela okusingqongileyo. Uphuhliso oluphathekayo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ingqikelelo yeziseko ezingundoqo zesizwe yamkelwe ngokubanzi luluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe. Kwi-2017, emva kophando oludibeneyo lwe-10 imibutho yamazwe ngamazwe echaphazelekayo ejongene nokulawula umgangatho, uphuhliso lwamashishini, uphuhliso lwezorhwebo kunye nentsebenziswano yokulawula, inkcazo entsha yeziseko ezisemgangathweni yaphakanyiswa kwincwadi ethi "Quality Policy - Technical Guidelines" ekhutshwe yi-United Nations Industrial Industrial. Umbutho woPhuhliso (i-UNIDO) kwi-2018. Inkcazo entsha ibonisa ukuba iziseko ezisemgangathweni yinkqubo eyenziwe yimibutho (i-public kunye neyobucala) kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo, imimiselo efanelekileyo yomthetho kunye nokulawula kunye nezenzo ezifunekayo ukuxhasa nokuphucula. umgangatho, ukhuseleko kunye nokukhuselwa kokusingqongileyo kweemveliso, iinkonzo kunye neenkqubo. Kwangaxeshanye, kuphawulwe ukuba inkqubo yeziseko ezingundoqo esemgangathweni ibandakanya abathengi, amashishini, iinkonzo zeziseko ezingundoqo ezisemgangathweni, amaziko karhulumente asisiseko asemgangathweni, kunye nolawulo lukarhulumente; Kukwagxininiswa ukuba inkqubo yeziseko zophuhliso ezisemgangathweni ixhomekeke kumlinganiselo, kwimigangatho, kuqinisekiso (oludweliswe ngokwahlukeneyo kuvavanyo lokuthobela), uvavanyo lokuthobela kunye nokongamela imarike.
2) Ingqikelelo yovavanyo lokuthobela ichazwa kumgangatho wehlabathi we-ISO/IEC17000 "Isigama kunye neMigaqo Jikelele yoVavanyo lokuThotyelwa". Uvavanyo lokuthobela lubhekiselele “kuqinisekiso lokuba iimfuno ezichaziweyo ezinxulumene nemveliso, iinkqubo, iinkqubo, abasebenzi okanye amaziko zihlangatyeziwe”. Ngokutsho kwe "Building Trust in Conformity Assessment" epapashwe ngokudibeneyo yi-International Organisation for Standardization kunye neZizwe eziManyeneyo zoPhuhliso lwezoShishino, abathengi bezorhwebo, abathengi, abasebenzisi kunye namagosa karhulumente balindele umgangatho, ukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo, ukhuseleko, uqoqosho, ukuthembeka, ukuhambelana, ukusebenza, impumelelo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kweemveliso kunye neenkonzo. Inkqubo yokuqinisekisa ukuba ezi mpawu ziyahlangabezana neemfuno zemigangatho, imigaqo kunye nezinye iinkcukacha kuthiwa luvavanyo lokuthobela. Uvavanyo lokuthobela lubonelela ngeendlela zokuhlangabezana nokuba iimveliso kunye neenkonzo ezifanelekileyo ziyahlangabezana na nezi kulindelekileyo ngokuhambelana nemigangatho efanelekileyo, imimiselo kunye nezinye iinkcukacha. Kuyanceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba iimveliso kunye neenkonzo zingeniswa ngokweemfuno okanye izibophelelo. Ngamanye amazwi, ukusekwa kwentembeko kuvavanyo lokuthotyelwa kunokuhlangabezana neemfuno zamaqumrhu oqoqosho lwemarike nokukhuthaza uphuhliso oluphilileyo loqoqosho lwemarike.
Kubathengi, abathengi banokuzuza kuvavanyo lokuthobela, kuba uvavanyo lokuthobela lubonelela ngesiseko kubathengi ukuba bakhethe iimveliso okanye iinkonzo. Kumashishini, abavelisi kunye nabanikezeli beenkonzo kufuneka baqinisekise ukuba iimveliso kunye neenkonzo zabo ziyahlangabezana neemfuno zemithetho, imimiselo, imigangatho kunye neenkcukacha kwaye babonelele ngokulindelekileyo kubathengi, ukuze baphephe ilahleko kwimarike ngenxa yokusilela kwemveliso. Kumagunya alawulayo, banokuzuza kuvavanyo lokuthobela kuba lubanika iindlela zokuphumeza imithetho nemimiselo nokuphumeza iinjongo zomgaqo-nkqubo woluntu.
3). Iindidi eziphambili zovavanyo lokuthobela Uvavanyo lokuthobela ikakhulu lubandakanya iindidi ezine: ukufumanisa, ukuhlolwa, ukuqinisekiswa kunye nokuvunywa. Ngokwenkcazelo kumgangatho wamazwe ngamazwe we-ISO/IEC17000 “isigama sovavanyo lokuhambelana nemigaqo jikelele”:
①Uvavanyo “ngumsebenzi wokugqiba uphawu olunye okanye ngaphezulu kwento yovavanyo lokuthobela ngokwenkqubo”. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ngumsebenzi wokusebenzisa izixhobo kunye nezixhobo zokuvavanya ngokwemigangatho yobugcisa kunye neenkcukacha, kwaye iziphumo zovavanyo ziyidatha yovavanyo. ② Ukuhlola “ngumsebenzi wokuphonononga uyilo lwemveliso, imveliso, inkqubo okanye ukufakela nokumisela ukuthotyelwa kwayo neemfuno ezithile, okanye ukumisela ukuthotyelwa kwayo neemfuno ngokubanzi ezisekelwe kwisigwebo sobuchule”. Ngokuqhelekileyo, kukuqinisekisa ukuba ihambelana nemimiselo efanelekileyo ngokuthembela kumava kunye nolwazi lomntu, usebenzisa idatha yovavanyo okanye olunye ulwazi lokuvavanya. ③ Isiqinisekiso “sisiqinisekiso seqela lesithathu elinxulumene neemveliso, iinkqubo, iinkqubo okanye abasebenzi”. Ngokubanzi, ibhekisa kwimisebenzi yovavanyo lokuthobela imveliso, iinkonzo, iinkqubo zolawulo kunye nabasebenzi ngokuhambelana nemigangatho efanelekileyo kunye neenkcukacha zobugcisa, eziqinisekiswa liqumrhu lezatifiketi kunye nobume bomntu wesithathu. ④Isiqinisekiso “sisiqinisekiso seqela lesithathu esibonisa ngokusesikweni ukuba iziko lovavanyo lokuthobela liyakwazi ukwenza umsebenzi wovavanyo lokuthobelana”. Ngokubanzi, ibhekisa kumsebenzi wovavanyo lokuthobela iziko loqinisekiso loqinisekiso lwesakhono sobuchule seziko lesiqinisekiso, iziko lohlolo kunye nelebhu.
Inokubonwa kwinkcazo engentla ukuba izinto zokuhlola, ukufumanisa kunye nokuqinisekiswa yimveliso, iinkonzo kunye nemibutho yezoshishino (ijongene ngqo nemarike); Injongo yokuqondwa ngamaziko abandakanyekayo ekuhloleni, ekuvavanyeni nasekuqiniseni iziqinisekiso (ezijoliswe ngokungangqalanga kwimarike).
4. Iimpawu zemisebenzi yovavanyo lokuthobela zinokwahlulwa zibe ngamacandelo amathathu: iqela lokuqala, iqela lesibini kunye neqela lesithathu ngokweempawu zemisebenzi yovavanyo lokuthobela:
Iqela lokuqala libhekisa kuvavanyo lokuthobela olwenziwa ngabavelisi, ababoneleli ngeenkonzo kunye nabanye ababoneleli, njengokuzihlola kunye nophicotho lwangaphakathi olwenziwa ngabavelisi ukuhlangabezana nolwabo uphando kunye nophuhliso, uyilo kunye neemfuno zemveliso. Iqela lesibini libhekisa kuvavanyo lokuthobela olwenziwa ngumsebenzisi, umthengi okanye umthengi kunye nabanye abafuni, njengokuhlolwa kunye nokuhlolwa kwezinto ezithengiweyo ngumthengi. Iqela lesithathu libhekisa kuvavanyo lokuthobela olwenziwa ngumbutho wesithathu ozimeleyo kumboneleli kunye nomboneleli, njengesiqinisekiso semveliso, isiqinisekiso senkqubo yolawulo, imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo yokuqaphela, njl njl. uluntu lonke luvavanyo lokuthotyelwa komntu wesithathu.
Xa kuthelekiswa novavanyo lokuthotyelwa kweqela lokuqala kunye neqela lesibini, uvavanyo lokuthotyelwa kweqela lesithathu linegunya eliphezulu kunye nokuthembeka ngokuphunyezwa kwemeko ezimeleyo kunye nobuchule bobugcisa bamaziko ngokuhambelana ngokungqongqo nemigangatho yesizwe okanye yamazwe ngamazwe kunye neenkcukacha zobugcisa, kwaye ngaloo ndlela iphumelele ukwamkelwa kwawo onke amaqela kwimarike. Ayinakuqinisekisa kuphela ngokusebenzayo umgangatho kwaye ikhusele umdla wawo onke amaqela, kodwa ikwanyusa intembeko yentengiso kunye nokukhuthaza ukuququzelelwa korhwebo.
6. Ukubonakaliswa kweziphumo zovavanyo lokuthobela Iziphumo zovavanyo lokuthobela zidla ngokupapashwa kuluntu ngeefomu ezibhaliweyo ezifana nezatifikethi, iingxelo kunye neempawu. Ngobu bungqina boluntu, sinokuyicombulula ingxaki ye-asymmetry yolwazi kwaye sifumane ukuthembela ngokubanzi kwamaqela afanelekileyo kunye noluntu. Iifom eziphambili zezi:
Isatifikethi sesatifikethi, isatifikethi sokuqatshelwa kwamanqaku, isatifikethi sokuhlolwa kwamanqaku kunye nengxelo yovavanyo
2, Imvelaphi kunye nophuhliso
1). Ukuhlolwa kunye nokufumanisa ukuhlolwa kunye nokufumanisa kuye kwakhatshwa yimveliso yabantu, ubomi, uphando lwezenzululwazi kunye neminye imisebenzi. Ngemfuno yemveliso kunye nemisebenzi yokurhweba yokulawulwa komgangatho wempahla, umgangatho, usekelwe kwinkqubo kunye nokuhlolwa okusemgangathweni kunye nokuvavanya imisebenzi iya ikhula. Kwinqanaba lokugqibela lokuguqulwa kwamashishini, ukuhlolwa kunye nokufumanisa iteknoloji kunye nezixhobo kunye nezixhobo ziye zahlanganiswa kakhulu kwaye zinzima, kwaye amaziko okuhlola kunye nokufumanisa akhethekileyo ekuvavanyeni, ukulinganisa kunye nokuqinisekiswa kuye kwavela ngokuthe ngcembe. Ukuhlola kunye nokufumanisa kuye kwaba yinkalo yeshishini elikhulayo. Ngophuhliso lwezorhwebo, kukho amaziko okuhlola kunye nokuvavanya umntu wesithathu akhethekileyo ekuboneleleni ngeenkonzo ezisemgangathweni ezifana novavanyo lokhuseleko lwemveliso kunye nokuchongwa kwempahla kuluntu, njenge-American Underwriters Laboratory (UL) esekwe kwi-1894, edlala indima ebalulekileyo. indima kutshintshiselwano lwezorhwebo kunye nokongamela imarike.
2). Ukuqinisekiswa Ngo-1903, i-United Kingdom yaqala ukuphumeza isatifikethi kwaye yongeza i-logo "yekite" kwiimveliso zoololiwe ezifanelekileyo ngokwemigangatho equlunqwe yiBritish Engineering Standards Institute (BSI), yaba yinkqubo yokuqala yoqinisekiso lwemveliso yehlabathi. Ngeminyaka yoo-1930, amazwe amashishini afana neYurophu, iMelika kunye neJapan aye aseka ngokulandelelana iinkqubo zawo zezatifikethi kunye noqinisekiso, ngakumbi kwiimveliso ezithile ezinomgangatho ophezulu kunye nomngcipheko wokhuseleko, kwaye aphumeza iinkqubo ezisisinyanzelo zesiqinisekiso ngokulandelelana. Ngophuhliso lorhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe, ukuze kuthintelwe ukuphinda-phindwa kwezatifikethi kunye nokuququzelela urhwebo, kubalulekile ukuba amazwe amkele imigangatho emanyeneyo kunye nemigaqo kunye neenkqubo zemisebenzi yoqinisekiso, ukuze kuphunyezwe ukuhlonitshwa okufanayo kweziphumo zesiqinisekiso kwesi siseko. Ngeminyaka yoo-1970, ukongeza ekuphunyezweni kweenkqubo zoqinisekiso kumazwe awo, amazwe aseYurophu nawaseMelika aqala ukwenza ukuqondwa kweenkqubo zoqinisekiso phakathi kwamazwe, emva koko aphuhliswa abe ziinkqubo zoqinisekiso zengingqi ezisekelwe kwimigangatho nemimiselo yommandla. Eyona nkqubo iqhelekileyo yezatifikethi zengingqi yi-European Union's CENELEC (European Electrotechnical Standardization Commission) isiqinisekiso semveliso yombane, ilandelwa kukuphuhliswa koMyalelo weCE we-EU. Ngokukhula kwehlabathi jikelele kurhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe, yinto engenakuthintelwa ukuseka inkqubo yoqinisekiso lwehlabathi jikelele. Ngeminyaka yoo-1980, amazwe kwihlabathi jikelele aqalisa ukusebenzisa inkqubo yoqinisekiso lwamazwe ngamazwe esekelwe kwimigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe kunye nemithetho kwiimveliso ezahlukeneyo. Ukusukela ngoko, iye yanda ngokuthe ngcembe ukusuka kwintsimi yokuqinisekiswa kwemveliso ukuya kwicandelo lenkqubo yolawulo kunye nesiqinisekiso sabasebenzi, njenge-ISO9001 inkqubo yolawulo lomgangatho wamazwe ngamazwe ekhuthazwa yi-International Organization for Standardization (ISO) kunye nemisebenzi yokuqinisekisa eyenziwa ngokumalunga noku. umgangatho.
3). Ukwamkelwa Ngophuhliso lohlolo, uvavanyo, isiqinisekiso kunye neminye imisebenzi yovavanyo lokuthotyelwa, iindidi ngeendidi zee-arhente zovavanyo lokuthobela ezithatha inxaxheba ekuhloleni, ekuvavanyeni nasekuqinisekiseni ziye zavela enye emva kwenye. Okulungileyo nokubi kuyadityaniswa, okwenza abasebenzisi bangabi nandlela yokukhetha, kwaye ezinye ii-arhente zonakalise umdla wamaqela anomdla, oko kubangela ukuba urhulumente alawule ukuziphatha kwee-arhente zokuqinisekisa kunye nokuhlola nokuvavanya. Ukuze kuqinisekiswe igunya kunye nokungakhethi cala kwesatifikethi kunye neziphumo zokuhlolwa, imisebenzi yokuvunywa yaba khona. Ngo-1947, iqumrhu lokuqala lesizwe elivunyiweyo, i-Australia i-NATA, yasekwa ukuba iqale iqinisekise iilabhoratri. Ngeminyaka yee-1980, amazwe aphuhlileyo kwimizi-mveliso aye aseka awawo amaziko oqinisekiso. Emva kweminyaka yoo-1990, amanye amazwe asakhasayo nawo aseke amaziko oqinisekiso ngokulandelelana kwawo. Ngemvelaphi kunye nophuhliso lwenkqubo yoqinisekiso, iye yaphuhliswa ngokuthe ngcembe ukusuka kwisiqinisekiso semveliso ukuya kwisatifikethi senkqubo yolawulo, isiqinisekiso senkonzo, isiqinisekiso sabasebenzi kunye nezinye iintlobo; Ngemvelaphi kunye nophuhliso lwenkqubo yoqinisekiso, iye yaphuhliswa ngokuthe chu ukusuka ekuvunyweni kwaselabhoratri ukuya kuqinisekiso lwequmrhu loqinisekiso, ukuvunywa kwequmrhu lohlolo kunye nezinye iintlobo.
3. Umsebenzi kunye nomsebenzi
Isizathu sokuba ukuqinisekiswa, ukuvunywa, ukuhlolwa kunye nokuvavanya kuyinkqubo esisiseko yoqoqosho lwemarike kunokushwankathelwa "njengento enye ebalulekileyo, iimpawu ezimbini eziqhelekileyo, imisebenzi emithathu esisiseko kunye nemisebenzi emine evelele".
Olunye uphawu olubalulekileyo kunye nelinye uphawu olubalulekileyo: ukudluliselwa kwentembeko kunye nophuhliso lwenkonzo.
Ukusasaza intembeko kunye nokusebenzela uphuhliso loqoqosho lwentengiso luqoqosho lwetyala. Zonke iintengiselwano zemarike lukhetho oluqhelekileyo lwabathathi-nxaxheba beemarike ngokusekelwe ekuthembekeni okufanayo. Ngokunyuka kokuntsonkotha kolwahlulo loluntu lwabasebenzi kunye nomgangatho kunye nemiba yokhuseleko, injongo kunye novavanyo olufanelekileyo kunye nokuqinisekiswa kwento yentengiselwano yentengiso (imveliso, inkonzo okanye umbutho weshishini) ngumntu wesithathu onesakhono sobuchule uye waba likhonkco eliyimfuneko kuqoqosho lwentengiso. imisebenzi. Ukufumana isatifikethi kunye nokuvunywa komntu wesithathu kunokunyusa kakhulu ukuthenjwa kwawo onke amaqela kwimarike, ngaloo ndlela kusonjululwe ingxaki yolwazi lwe-asymmetry kwimarike kunye nokunciphisa ngempumelelo umngcipheko wokuthengiselana kweemarike. Emva kokuzalwa kwesatifikethi kunye nenkqubo yokuvunywa, isetyenziswe ngokukhawuleza kwaye isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwimisebenzi yezoqoqosho yasekhaya neyamazwe ngamazwe kunye nezorhwebo ukudlulisa ukuthembana kubathengi, amashishini, oorhulumente, uluntu kunye nehlabathi. Kwinkqubo yokuphuculwa okuqhubekayo kwenkqubo yemarike kunye nenkqubo yoqoqosho lwemarike, iimpawu zezatifikethi kunye nokuqatshelwa "ukunikezelwa kwentembeko kunye nophuhliso lokukhonza" kuya kubonakala ngokucacileyo.
Iimpawu ezimbini eziqhelekileyo Iimpawu ezimbini eziqhelekileyo: ukuthengiswa kunye nokuthengiswa kwamanye amazwe.
Ungqinisiso olusekwe kwintengiso kunye nokuqondwa luvela kwimarike, lusebenzela imarike, luphuhla kwimarike, kwaye lukhona ngokubanzi kwimisebenzi yorhwebo lwemarike efana neemveliso kunye neenkonzo. Inokusasaza ulwazi olugunyazisiweyo noluthembekileyo kwimarike, iseke indlela yokuthembeka kwemarike, kwaye ikhokele imarike ukuze iphile kweyona nto ifanelekileyo. Izigqeba zentengiso zinokuzuza ukuthembana kunye nokuqondwa, ukwaphula imiqobo yentengiso kunye neshishini, ukukhuthaza ukuququzelelwa korhwebo, kunye nokunciphisa iindleko zentengiselwano zeziko ngokwamkela iindlela zokuqinisekisa kunye nokuqondwa; Isebe lokubeka iliso kwimarike linokomeleza umgangatho kunye nolawulo lokhuseleko, liphucule ukufikelela kwimarike kunye nenkqubo kunye nohlolo lwasemva komsitho, lilungelelanise ulungelelwaniso lwemalike kunye nokunciphisa iindleko zokongamela ngokwamkela indlela yokuqinisekisa kunye nokuqondwa. Isiqinisekiso sophawu lwamazwe ngamazwe kunye nokuqondwa yimithetho ekhoyo yezizwe ngezizwe yoqoqosho norhwebo phantsi kwesakhelo soMbutho weHlabathi woRhwebo (WTO). Uluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe luthatha isiqinisekiso kunye nokwamkelwa njengendlela efanayo yokulawula imarike kunye nokuququzelela urhwebo, kwaye iseke imigangatho emanyeneyo, iinkqubo kunye neenkqubo. Okokuqala, imibutho yentsebenziswano yamazwe ngamazwe iye yasekwa kwiinkalo ezininzi, ezifana ne-International Organisation for Standardization (ISO), i-International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), i-International Accreditation Forum (IAF), kunye ne-International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation Organisation (ILAC). Injongo yabo kukuseka umgangatho odityanisiweyo wamazwe ngamazwe kunye nesiqinisekiso kunye nenkqubo yokuvunywa ukuze kuphunyezwe “uhlolo olunye, uvavanyo olunye, isatifikethi esinye, ukuqondwa kunye nokujikeleziswa kwehlabathi”. Okwesibini, uluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe luseke imigangatho ebanzi yokuqinisekisa kunye nemigangatho yokuvunywa kunye nezikhokelo, eziye zakhutshwa yimibutho yamazwe ngamazwe efana ne-International Organization for Standardization (ISO) kunye ne-International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). Okwangoku, imigangatho engama-36 yamazwe ngamazwe yovavanyo lokuthobela ikhutshiwe, eyamkelwa ngokubanzi ngawo onke amazwe ehlabathi. Kwangaxeshanye, iSivumelwano kwiMiqobo yobuGcisa kuRhwebo (i-WTO/TBT) yoMbutho wezoRhwebo weHlabathi ikwalawula imigangatho yelizwe, imimiselo yobugcisa kunye neenkqubo zovavanyo lokuthotyelwa, kwaye imisela iinjongo ezifanelekileyo, impembelelo encinci kurhwebo, ukungafihli, unyango lwesizwe, amazwe ngamazwe. imigangatho kunye nemigaqo yokuqondana ukuze kuncitshiswe impembelelo kurhwebo. Okwesithathu, ukuqinisekiswa kunye neendlela zokuvunywa zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kumazwe ngamazwe, kwelinye icala, njengamanyathelo okufikelela kwiimarike zokuqinisekisa ukuba iimveliso kunye neenkonzo ziyahlangabezana neemfuno zemimiselo kunye nemigangatho, njenge-EU CE Directive, i-Japan PSE certification, i-China CCC certification kunye nezinye. iinkqubo zoqinisekiso olusisinyanzelo; Ezinye iinkqubo zokuthengwa kwempahla kwiimarike zamazwe ngamazwe, ezifana neGlobal Food Safety Initiative (GFSI), nazo zisebenzisa isatifikethi kunye nolwamkelo njengemeko yokufikelela kwintengo okanye isiseko sovavanyo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, njengomlinganiselo wokulungelelaniswa kwezorhwebo, ugwema ukuvavanywa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kunye nesatifikethi ngokusebenzisa i-bilateral and multilateral mutual recognition. Umzekelo, amalungiselelo okuqatshelwa okufanayo okufana novavanyo kunye nenkqubo yoqinisekiso lweemveliso zombane kunye nezombane (IECEE) kunye nenkqubo yovavanyo lokuthotyelwa komgangatho wamacandelo e-elektroniki (IECQ) esekwe yiKhomishini yezoMbane yeHlabathi igubungela ngaphezulu kwe-90% yoqoqosho lwehlabathi, lula kakhulu urhwebo lwehlabathi.
Imisebenzi emithathu esisiseko Imisebenzi emithathu esisiseko: ulawulo lomgangatho “isiqinisekiso sonyango”, uqoqosho lwemarike “ileta yetyala”, kunye norhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe “ipasi”. Isiqinisekiso kunye nokwamkelwa, njengoko negama lisitsho, kukuvavanya ukuthotyelwa kweemveliso, iinkonzo kunye nemibutho yabo yamashishini kunye nokukhupha izatifikethi zoluntu kuluntu ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zamaqumrhu emarike kwiimpawu ezahlukeneyo zomgangatho. Njengoko amasebe karhulumente ehlisa “isiqinisekiso” sezithintelo zofikelelo, umsebenzi “wesatifikethi” ukukhuthaza ukuthembana kunye nokulungelelana phakathi kwamaqumrhu emarike ufuneka ngamandla.
Isiqinisekiso "sovavanyo lomzimba" kunye nokuvunywa kolawulo lomgangatho yinkqubo yokuxilonga kunye nokuphucula ukuba imveliso kunye nemisebenzi yamashishini iyahambelana nemigangatho kunye neenkcukacha ngokusebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zolawulo lomgangatho ngokweemfuno zemigangatho kunye nemimiselo, kwaye isixhobo esisebenzayo sokuqinisa ulawulo lomgangatho jikelele. Imisebenzi yoqinisekiso kunye nokwamkelwa inokunceda amashishini achonge amakhonkco aphambili kunye nemiba yomngcipheko wolawulo lomgangatho, ngokuqhubekayo ukuphucula ulawulo lomgangatho, kunye nokuphucula ngokuqhubekayo umgangatho weemveliso kunye neenkonzo. Ukufumana isatifikethi, amashishini kufuneka agqithele kwiikhonkco ezininzi zovavanyo ezifana nophicotho-zincwadi lwangaphakathi, uphononongo lolawulo, ukuhlolwa kwefektri, ukulinganisa umlinganiselo, uvavanyo lohlobo lwemveliso, njl.njl ukuba iseti epheleleyo "yovavanyo lomzimba" inokuqinisekisa ngokuqhubekayo ukusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo yokulawula, kwaye iqinise ngokufanelekileyo ulawulo lomgangatho. Undoqo woqoqosho lwemarike luqoqosho lwetyala. Izatifikethi, ukuvunywa, ukuhlolwa kunye novavanyo luhambisa ulwazi olugunyazisiweyo kunye noluthembekileyo kwimarike, olunceda ukuseka indlela yokuthembela kwimarike, ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kokusebenza kwemarike, kunye nokukhokela ukusinda kwezona zilungileyo kwimarike. Ukufumana isiqinisekiso esigunyazisiweyo somntu wesithathu ngumthuthi wetyala ongqina ukuba umbutho weshishini unesiqinisekiso sokuthatha inxaxheba kwimisebenzi ethile yoqoqosho lwentengiso kwaye iimpahla okanye iinkonzo ezinikezelayo ziyahlangabezana neemfuno. Umzekelo, isiqinisekiso senkqubo yolawulo lwe-ISO9001 yimeko esisiseko yebhidi yangaphakathi neyangaphandle kunye nokuthengwa kwempahla karhulumente ukuseka amashishini ukuba athathe inxaxheba ekubhideni. Kwezo zibandakanya iimfuno ezithile ezifana nokusingqongileyo kunye nokhuseleko lolwazi, isiqinisekiso se-ISO14001 senkqubo yolawulo lokusingqongileyo kunye nesiqinisekiso senkqubo yolawulo lokhuseleko lwe-ISO27001 nayo iya kusetyenziswa njengemiqathango yokufaneleka; Ukuthengwa kukarhulumente kweemveliso zokonga amandla kunye neprojekthi yesizwe "yeLanga legolide" lithatha isiqinisekiso seemveliso zokonga umbane kunye nesiqinisekiso esitsha samandla njengemiqathango yokungena. Kunokuthiwa ukuqinisekiswa kunye nokuhlolwa kokuvunywa kunye nokufumanisa kunika umxholo wemarike kunye nesatifikethi sekhredithi, ukusombulula ingxaki ye-asymmetry yolwazi, kwaye udlale indima engenakuthathelwa indawo ekugqithiseni ukuthembela kwimisebenzi yoqoqosho lwemarike. Ngenxa yeempawu zorhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe, isiqinisekiso "sokudlula" kunye nokuvunywa korhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe kukhuthazwa ngawo onke amazwe "njengokuhlola kunye novavanyo olunye, isatifikethi kunye nokuqatshelwa, kunye nokuqaphela amazwe ngamazwe", okunokunceda amashishini kunye neemveliso zingene kwimarike yamazwe ngamazwe. ngaphandle kwamagingxigingxi, kwaye idlale indima ebalulekileyo ekunxibelelaniseni ukufikelela kwimarike yamazwe ngamazwe, ukukhuthaza ukuququzelelwa korhwebo neminye imisebenzi ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yorhwebo yehlabathi. Lilungiselelo leziko lokukhuthaza ukuvulwa kweemarike ezihlangeneyo kwinkqubo yorhwebo lwamazwe amabini. Kwintsimi yamazwe ngamazwe, ukuqinisekiswa kunye nokuqinisekiswa ayiyomithetho yamazwe ngamazwe yokukhuthaza urhwebo kwimpahla phantsi kwesakhelo soMbutho wezoRhwebo weHlabathi (i-WTO), kodwa kunye neemeko zokufikelela kwezinye iinkqubo zokuthengwa kwempahla yehlabathi ezifana neNyathelo loKhuseleko lokutya kunye neTelecommunication. Umanyano; Kwintsimi yamazwe amabini, ukuqinisekiswa kunye nokuvunywa akusona nje isixhobo esifanelekileyo sokuphelisa imiqobo yorhwebo phantsi kwesakhelo seNdawo yoRhwebo oluKhululwa (FTA), kodwa kunye nomba obalulekileyo weengxoxo zokurhweba phakathi koorhulumente malunga nokufikelela kwimarike, ibhalansi yorhwebo kunye nezinye iingxoxo zorhwebo. . Kwimisebenzi emininzi yorhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe, izatifikethi zezatifikethi okanye iingxelo zovavanyo ezikhutshwe ngamaziko aziwayo kumazwe ngamazwe zithathwa njengemfuneko yokuthengwa kwempahla yorhwebo kunye nesiseko esiyimfuneko sokuhlaliswa korhwebo; Ayisiyiyo loo nto kuphela, uthethathethwano lokufikelela kwimarike yamazwe amaninzi luquke ukuqinisekiswa, ukuqondwa, ukuhlolwa nokuvavanya njengomxholo obalulekileyo kwizivumelwano zorhwebo.
Imisebenzi emine ebalaseleyo: ukuphuculwa konikezelo lwemarike, ukunika inkonzo yolongamelo lwemarike, ukwenza ngcono imekobume yemarike, kunye nokukhuthaza ukuvulwa kweemarike.
Ukukhokela uphuculo kunye nokuphuculwa komgangatho kunye nokunyusa unikezelo olusebenzayo lwemarike, inkqubo yoqinisekiso kunye nenkqubo yoqinisekiso iphunyezwe ngokupheleleyo kuwo onke amacandelo oqoqosho lwesizwe nakuzo zonke iinkalo zoluntu, kwaye iintlobo ngeentlobo zezatifikethi kunye noqinisekiso zenziwe. ukugubungela iimveliso, iinkonzo, iinkqubo zolawulo, abasebenzi, njl., ezinokuhlangabezana neemfuno zomnini wemarike kunye namagunya olawulo kuzo zonke iinkalo. Ngokuqhutywa kunye nomsebenzi wokunika ingxelo wesiqinisekiso kunye nokwamkelwa, ukukhokela ukusetyenziswa kunye nokuthengwa kwempahla, ukwenza indlela esebenzayo yokukhetha imarike, kunye nokunyanzela abavelisi ukuba baphucule inqanaba lolawulo, imveliso kunye nomgangatho wenkonzo, kunye nokunyusa unikezelo olusebenzayo lwemarike. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ngokuhambelana neemfuno zohlaziyo lwezakhiwo zecandelo lonikezelo, iKomishoni yoQinisekiso kunye noQinisekiso idlale indima yokuqinisekisa "umgca osezantsi wokhuseleko" kunye nokutsala "umgca ophezulu womgangatho", iqhube uphuculo. yenkqubo yolawulo lomgangatho kumashishini aqinisekisiweyo, kwaye yaqhuba isiqinisekiso somgangatho ophezulu kwimihlaba yokutya, iimpahla zabathengi kunye neenkonzo, ezithe zavuselela uthakazelelo lwezigqeba zentengiso ekuphuculeni umgangatho ngokuzimeleyo. Ukujongana namasebe karhulumente ukuxhasa ulawulo lolawulo kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kolawulo lwemarike, imarike ngokubanzi yahlulwe yangamacandelo amabini: i-pre-market (phambi kokuthengisa) kunye ne-post-market (emva kokuthengisa). Kokubini ukufikelela kwindawo eyayifudula iyimakethi kunye nolawulo lwasemva kokuthengisa, iziqinisekiso kunye noqinisekiso kunokukhuthaza amasebe karhulumente ukuba atshintshe imisebenzi yawo, kunye nokunciphisa ungenelelo oluthe ngqo kwimarike ngolawulo olungathanga ngqo liqela lesithathu. Kwikhonkco langaphambili lokufikelela kwimarike, amasebe karhulumente aphumeza ulawulo lofikelelo kwiinkalo ezibandakanya impilo yomntu kunye nokhuseleko kunye nokhuseleko loluntu lwentlalo ngendlela yesiqinisekiso esisinyanzelo, iimfuno ezibophelelayo zezakhono kunye nezinye iindlela; Kulawulo lwasemva kwemarike, amasebe karhulumente kufuneka adlale ngenzuzo yobungcali yamaziko esithathu kulawulo lwasemva kwemarike, aze athathe iziphumo zezatifiketi zomntu wesithathu njengesiseko sokusuphavayiza ukuqinisekisa ukongamela kwezenzululwazi nobulungisa. Kwimeko yokubonelela ngokudlala indima epheleleyo kwindima yoqinisekiso kunye noqinisekiso, abasemagunyeni akufuneki bagxininise ekongameleni olupheleleyo lwamakhulu ezigidi zamashishini amancinci kunye neemveliso, kodwa kufuneka bagxininise ekongameleni inani elinyiniweyo lesiqinisekiso kunye noqinisekiso. , amaziko okuhlola kunye nokuvavanya, ngoncedo lwala maziko ukuhambisa iimfuno zolawulo kumashishini, ukuze kuphunyezwe umphumo "wokutshintsha ubunzima besibini ukuya ezine”. Ukukhuthaza ukwakhiwa kwemfezeko kuwo onke amacandelo oluntu kunye nokudala imeko-bume yemalike efanelekileyo, amasebe karhulumente angathatha ulwazi lwezatifiketi zamashishini kunye neemveliso kunye neenkonzo zabo njengesiseko esibalulekileyo sokuvavanya imfezeko kunye nolawulo lwetyala, ukuphucula indlela yokuthembela kwimarike, kunye nokwandisa indawo yokufikelela kwimarike, imeko yokhuphiswano kunye nemo yokusetyenziswa. Ngokubhekiselele ekuphuculeni indawo yokufikelela kwimarike, qinisekisa ukuba amashishini kunye neemveliso zawo kunye neenkonzo ezingena kwimarike ziyahlangabezana neemfuno zemigangatho efanelekileyo kunye nemithetho nemimiselo ngesiqinisekiso kunye nokwamkelwa, kunye nokudlala indima yolawulo lwemithombo kunye nokucoca imarike; Ngokubhekiselele ekuphuculeni imeko yokhuphiswano lwemarike, isiqinisekiso kunye nokuvunywa kubonelela imarike ngolwazi oluzimeleyo, olungakhethi cala, lobuchwephesha noluthembekileyo, lunqanda ukungafani kwezixhobo okubangelwa lulwazi lwe-asymmetry, lwenza imeko yokhuphiswano olunobulungisa noluselubala, kwaye ludlala indima ekumiseni umgangatho wentengiso. uku-odola kunye nokukhokela ukusinda kwabo bafanelekileyo kwimarike; Ngokubhekiselele ekuphuculeni imeko yokusetyenziswa kwemarike, owona msebenzi uthe ngqo wesatifikethi kunye nokuqondwa kukukhokela ukusetyenziswa, ukunceda abathengi ukuba bachonge izinto eziluncedo kunye nezingeloncedo, baphephe ukophulwa ziimveliso ezingafanelekanga, kunye nokukhokela amashishini ukuba asebenze ngokholo, ukuphucula iimveliso kunye neenkonzo, kunye nokudlala indima ekukhuseleni amalungelo abathengi kunye nokuphucula umgangatho wempahla yabathengi. ISivumelwano se-WTO kwiMiqobo yoBugcisa kuRhwebo (TBT) siluthatha uvavanyo lokuthobela njengomlinganiselo worhwebo wobugcisa osetyenziswa ngamalungu onke, sifuna ukuba onke amaqela aqinisekise ukuba amanyathelo okuhlola ukuthotyelwa awazisi imiqobo engeyomfuneko kurhwebo, kwaye ikhuthaza ukwamkelwa kokuthotyelwa okwamkelekileyo kumazwe ngamazwe. iinkqubo zovavanyo. Xa i-China ingena kwi-WTO, yenza isibophelelo sokumanyanisa iinkqubo zovavanyo lokuthobela imarike kwaye inike unyango lwesizwe kumashishini asekhaya nawangaphandle kunye neemveliso. Ukwamkelwa koqinisekiso olwamkelwa ngamazwe ngamazwe kunye noqinisekiso kunokuthintela ukungangqinelani kunye nokuphinda-phindwa kolongamelo lwangaphakathi nangaphandle, ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokungafihli nto yokongamela imarike, ukunceda ukudala imekobume yoshishino lwamazwe ngamazwe, kunye nokubonelela ngeemeko ezifanelekileyo zoqoqosho lwaseTshayina ukuba “luphume” kwaye “ Zisa i". Ngokukhawuleziswa kokwakhiwa kwe "Belt kunye neNdlela" kunye ne-Free Trade Zone, indima yokuqinisekiswa kunye nokuvunywa kuye kwabonakala ngakumbi. KuMbono kunye neNtshukumo yokuKhuthaza uLwakhiwo oluDityanisiweyo lweBhanti loQoqosho lweNdlela yeSilika kunye neNdlela yeSilika yaseLwandle yeNkulungwane yama-21 ekhutshwe yi-China, uqinisekiso kunye noqinisekiso luthathwa njengomba obalulekileyo wokukhuthaza urhwebo olungenamagingxi-gingxi kunye nomgaqo wonxibelelwano. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, i-China kunye ne-ASEAN, i-New Zealand, i-South Korea kunye namanye amazwe enze amalungiselelo okuqaphela okufanayo kwi-certification kunye nokuvunywa.
Ixesha lokuposa: Mar-16-2023