Ngelixa abathengi baseYurophu nabaseMelika banenkxalabo malunga nomgangatho wemveliso, kutheni kufuneka bahlole inkqubo yokuvelisa kunye nokusebenza ngokubanzi komzi-mveliso?
Ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 e-United States, inani elikhulu leemveliso eziphantsi kwexabiso eliphantsi kunye nokhuphiswano lwamazwe ngamazwe oluvela kumazwe asakhasayo lwangena kwiimarike zamazwe aphuhlileyo, nto leyo eyaba nefuthe elikhulu kwiimarike zasekhaya zamazwe asele ephuhlile. Abasebenzi kumashishini anxulumeneyo bebengaphangeli okanye umvuzo wabo wehla. Ngekhwelo lokukhuselwa kwezorhwebo, iUnited States kunye namanye amazwe athuthukileyo aye agxeka ngakumbi kwaye agxeka imeko yokusebenza kunye neemeko zamazwe asakhulayo ukuze akhusele iimarike zawo zasekhaya kunye nokunciphisa uxinzelelo lwezopolitiko. Igama elithi "sweatshop" lisuka koku.
Ngoko ke, kwi-1997, i-American Economic Priorities Accreditation Council (CEPAA) yasekwa, yenzelwe uxanduva loluntu lwe-SA8000 umgangatho kunye nenkqubo yokuqinisekisa, kwaye yongeza amalungelo oluntu kunye nezinye izinto ngexesha elifanayo, kwaye yaseka "i-Social Accountability International (SAI)" . Ngelo xesha, ulawulo lukaClinton nalo Ngenkxaso enkulu evela kwi-SAI, inkqubo ye-SA8000 "yemigangatho yoxanduva loluntu" yazalwa. Le yenye yeenkqubo ezisisiseko ezisisiseko kubathengi baseYurophu nabaseMelika ukuba baphicothe iifektri.
Ngoko ke, ukuhlola umzi-mveliso asikokufumana nje uqinisekiso lomgangatho, kuye kwaba yindlela yezopolitiko kumazwe ahambele phambili kwezoqoqosho ukukhusela urhwebo lwangaphakathi nokuphelisa uxinzelelo lwezopolitiko, kwaye ngomnye wemiqobo yorhwebo ebekwe ngamazwe ahambele phambili kwezoqoqosho kumazwe asakhasayo.
Uphicotho-zincwadi lwefektri lunokwahlulwa lube ngamacandelo amathathu ngokomxholo, oko kukuthi uphicotho loxanduva loluntu (ES), inkqubo yomgangatho kunye nophicotho lwezakhono zemveliso (FCCA) kunye nophicotho lokulwa nobunqolobi (GSV). Ukuhlolwa; uphicotho lwenkqubo yomgangatho ikakhulu kukuhlaziya inkqubo yolawulo lomgangatho kunye novavanyo lwamandla emveliso; ukulwa nobunqolobi kukuba ukususela kwisiganeko sika-911 e-United States, i-United States iphumeze imilinganiselo yokulwa nobunqolobi kwinqanaba lehlabathi ukusuka elwandle, emhlabeni kunye nomoya.
I-US Customs kunye noKhuseleko lweBorder ikhuthaza iinkampani ezithumela ngaphandle kunye noshishino lwezothutho lwamazwe ngamazwe ukukhuthaza i-C-TPAT (iNkqubo yoLawulo loKhuseleko lobuGqirha). Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, i-US Customs ivuma kuphela uphicotho lwe-ITS oluchasene nobunqolobi. Ngokuqhelekileyo, olona hlolo lwefektri lunzima luhlolo loxanduva loluntu, kuba ikakhulu kukuhlolwa kwamalungelo oluntu. Imiqathango yeeyure zokusebenza kunye nemivuzo kunye nokuthotyelwa kwemimiselo yabasebenzi basekhaya ngokwenene ikude kancinane kwiimeko zelizwe lamazwe asaphuhlayo, kodwa ukuze Xa ubeka umyalelo, wonke umntu uya kuzama ngenkuthalo ukufumana isisombululo. Kuhlala kukho iindlela ezininzi kuneengxaki. Logama nje abalawuli bomzi-mveliso benikela ingqalelo eyaneleyo kwaye besenza umsebenzi othile wokuphucula, izinga lokuphumelela lokuhlolwa komzi-mveliso liphezulu noko.
Kuhlolo lokuqala lomzi-mveliso, umthengi wayedla ngokuthumela abaphicothi-zincwadi benkampani ukuba baye kuhlola loo mzi-mveliso. Noko ke, ngenxa yokuba abathengisi beenkampani ezithile ezaziwayo ehlabathini bebesoloko bebhencwa ngamajelo eendaba ngemibandela yamalungelo abantu, igama labo nokuthembeka kwegama labo kwancipha kakhulu. Ke ngoko, uninzi lweenkampani zaseYurophu kunye nezaseMelika ziya kuphathisa iifemu zeqela lesithathu ukuba ziqhube uhlolo egameni labo. Iifemu zabameli ezaziwayo zibandakanya: SGS Standard Technical Services Co., Ltd. (SGS), Bureau Veritas (BV), kunye ne-Intertek Group (ITS) kunye ne-CSCC njl.
Njengomcebisi wokuhlolwa kwefektri, ndihlala ndifumanisa ukuba iinkampani ezininzi zorhwebo zangaphandle zinokungaqondi okuninzi malunga nokuhlolwa kwefektri yabathengi. Inkcazo ebanzi yile ilandelayo:
1. Cinga ukuba abathengi banomsindo.
Iinkampani ezininzi eziye zadibana nomzi-mveliso okokuqala zivakalelwa kukuba ayiqondwa ngokupheleleyo. Ukuba uthenga iimveliso kum, ndifuna kuphela ukuzisa iimveliso ezifanelekileyo kuwe ngexesha. Kutheni kufuneka ndikhathalele indlela inkampani yam elawulwa ngayo. La mashishini awaziqondi iimfuno zabathengi bamanye amazwe konke konke, kwaye ukuqonda kwabo kuphezulu kakhulu. Oku kukubonakalisa umahluko omkhulu phakathi kweengqikelelo zolawulo lwamashishini aseTshayina kunye namazwe angaphandle. Ngokomzekelo, ukuhlolwa komgangatho kunye nobugcisa befektri, ngaphandle kwenkqubo yokulawula kakuhle kunye nenkqubo, kunzima ukuqinisekisa umgangatho kunye nokuhanjiswa kweemveliso. Inkqubo ivelisa iziphumo. Kunzima kwinkampani enolawulo lwesiphithiphithi ukukholisa abathengi ukuba inokuvelisa ngokuzinzileyo umgangatho ofanelekileyo kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuhanjiswa.
Ukuhlolwa kwefektri yoxanduva lwentlalo kungenxa yoxinzelelo lwemibutho yasekhaya engeyiyo ekarhulumente kunye noluvo loluntu, kwaye uhlolo lwefektri luyafuneka ukunqanda ubungozi. Uhlolo lwefektri yokulwa nabanqolobi olukhokelwa ngabathengi baseMelika lukwangenxa yoxinzelelo lwamasiko asekhaya kunye norhulumente ukulwa nobunqolobi. Ngokuthelekisa, ukuphicothwa komgangatho kunye netekhnoloji yeyona nto ikhathalelwa kakhulu ngabathengi. Ukuthatha inyathelo emva, kuba yimithetho yomdlalo ebekwe ngumthengi, njengeshishini, awukwazi ukutshintsha imithetho yomdlalo, ngoko unokulungelelanisa kuphela iimfuno zomthengi, kungenjalo uya kuncama ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle. ucwangco;
2. Cinga ukuba ukuhlolwa kwefektri ayilobudlelwane.
Abanini bamashishini abaninzi baqhelene kakuhle nendlela yokwenza izinto e-China, kwaye bacinga ukuba ukuhlolwa kwefektri ngumcimbi nje wokuhamba kwiintshukumo zokulungisa ubudlelwane. Oku kwakhona kukungaqondi okukhulu. Ngapha koko, uphicotho lwefektri olufunwa ngumthengi kufuneka lufune uphuculo olufanelekileyo lishishini. Umphicothi-zincwadi akanaso isakhono sokuchaza ishishini elimdaka njengeentyatyambo. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, umphicothi-zincwadi kufuneka athathe iifoto, akhuphe amaxwebhu kunye nobunye ubungqina ukuze abubuyise ukuze kusetyenziswe ikamva. Kwelinye icala, amaziko amaninzi ophicotho-zincwadi nawo aziinkampani zangaphandle, ezinolawulo olungqongqo, kugxininiswa ngakumbi nasekuphunyezweni kwemigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente ecocekileyo, kwaye abaphicothi-zincwadi baxhomekeke ekubekweni kweliso ngakumbi nangakumbi kunye nokuhlolwa kwamabala. Ngoku umoya wophicotho-zincwadi usemhle kakhulu, ngokuqinisekileyo, abaphicothi-zincwadi ababodwa ababandakanywanga. Ukuba kukho iifektri ezinobuganga bokubeka ubuncwane bazo kubudlelwane obusulungekileyo ngaphandle kokwenza uphuculo lokwenyani, ndiyakholelwa ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba banokubethwa. Ukuze siphumelele ukuhlolwa kwemizi-mveliso, kufuneka senze uphuculo olwaneleyo.
3. Ukuba ucinga ukuba i-hardware yakho ilungile, uya kukwazi ukuphumelela ukuhlolwa kwefektri.
Iinkampani ezininzi zihlala zithi ukuba inkampani elandelayo imbi kakhulu kunabo, ukuba banokudlula, uya kudlula. Le mizi-mveliso ayiyiqondi kwaphela imigaqo kunye nemixholo yokuhlolwa kwefektri. Ukuhlolwa kwefektri kubandakanya umxholo omninzi, i-hardware yinto enye kuphela, kwaye kukho iinkalo ezininzi zesofthiwe ezingenakubonwa, ezimisela umphumo wokugqibela wokuhlolwa kwefektri.
4. Ukuba ucinga ukuba indlu yakho ayilunganga, kufuneka ungayivavanyi.
Le mizi-mveliso yenza ezi mpazamo zingasentla. Ngethuba nje i-hardware yeshishini iphosakele, umzekelo, indawo yokulala kunye ne-workshop kwisakhiwo esifanayo sefektri, indlu indala kakhulu kwaye kukho iingozi ezinokuthi zikhuseleke, kwaye umphumo wendlu uneengxaki ezinkulu. Nditsho neenkampani ezine-hardware embi nazo zinokuluphumelela uhlolo lwefektri.
5. Cinga ukuba ukuphumelela kuhlolo lomzi-mveliso akunakufikelelwa kum.
Amashishini amaninzi orhwebo lwangaphandle asuka kwiindibano zocweyo zeentsapho, kwaye ulawulo lwawo lunesiphithiphithi. Nokuba basanda kungena kule ndibano yocweyo, bavakalelwa kukuba ulawulo lweshishini labo bubugxwayiba. Ngapha koko, la mashishini akufuneki akwale ngokugqithisileyo ukuhlolwa kwefektri. Emva kokuba iimeko ze-hardware zidibene, nje ukuba ulawulo luzimisele ngokwaneleyo ukufumana i-arhente yokubonisana yangaphandle efanelekileyo, banokutshintsha ngokupheleleyo ubume bolawulo lweshishini ngexesha elifutshane, ukuphucula ulawulo, kwaye ekugqibeleni ngokusebenzisa uphicotho lwabathengi beClass ezahlukeneyo. . Phakathi kwabaxumi esibanike iingcebiso, zininzi kakhulu iimeko ezinjalo. Iinkampani ezininzi zikhalazela ukuba iindleko azinkulu kwaye ixesha alikho lide, kodwa iinkampani zabo zivakalelwa kukuba zixhomekeke ngokupheleleyo. Njengomphathi, banethemba elikhulu lokukhokela abarhwebi babo kunye nabathengi bamazwe angaphandle bandwendwela amashishini abo.
6. Ukucinga ukuba ukuhlola umzi-mveliso kunzima kakhulu ukwala isicelo somthengi sokuhlola umzi-mveliso.
Enyanisweni, okwangoku, iinkampani ezithumela ngaphandle kwiimarike zaseYurophu nezaseMelika ngokusisiseko kufuneka ziqhagamshelane nomzi-mveliso ukuze zihlolwe. Ukusa kumlinganiselo othile, ukwala ukuhlola umzi-mveliso kuthetha ukugatya imiyalelo nokugatya ingeniso elunge ngakumbi. Iinkampani ezininzi zeza kuthi zathi ngalo lonke ixesha abarhwebi kunye nabathengi bamanye amazwe becela ukuhlolwa kwemizi-mveliso, babesoloko besala. Nangona kunjalo, emva kweminyaka embalwa, ndafumanisa ukuba ii-odolo zam ziye zancipha kwaye ingeniso yaba ncinane, kwaye amashishini ajikelezayo ayekade ekwinqanaba elifanayo aphuhliswe ngokukhawuleza kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo ngenxa yokuhlolwa rhoqo kwefektri. Ezinye iinkampani ziye zathi kudala zisenza urhwebo lwangaphandle iminyaka emininzi kwaye azizange ziwuhlole umzi-mveliso. Ngoxa eziva esikelelwe, siziva sibuhlungu ngenxa yakhe. Kuba ukutyhubela iminyaka, ingeniso yakhe ixhatshazwe umaleko kwaye ayinakukwazi ukugcina.
Inkampani engazange iwuhlole umzi-mveliso ifanele ukuba ifumene iiodolo eziphantsi kwekhontrakthi efihlakeleyo zezinye iinkampani zokuhlola umzi-mveliso. Iinkampani zabo zifana neenkwili, azizange zivele kwicala lomthengi, kwaye umthengi wokugqibela akazange ayazi le nkampani. ubukho beshishini. Indawo yokuhlala yamashishini anjalo iya kuba ncinci kwaye incinci, kuba abathengi abaninzi abakhulu bakuthintela ngokungqongqo ukontraka okungekho phepha-mvume, ngoko ke bancinci kwaye bancinci ukufumana iiodolo. Ekubeni ii-odolo eziphantsi kwekhontrakthi, inzuzo esele iphantsi iya kuba ncinane ngakumbi. Ngaphezu koko, loo miyalelo ayizinzile kakhulu, kwaye ikhaya langaphambili linokufumana i-factory enexabiso elingcono kwaye litshintshwe nangaliphi na ixesha.
Kukho amanyathelo amathathu kuphela kuphicotho lwabathengi:
Uphononongo lwamaxwebhu, tyelela indawo yokuvelisa, kwaye uqhube udliwano-ndlebe nabasebenzi, ngoko ke lungiselela le miba mithathu ingasentla: lungiselela amaxwebhu, ngokukhethekileyo inkqubo; ukulungelelanisa isayithi, ngokukodwa ingqalelo ekukhuselweni komlilo, i-inshurensi yomsebenzi wabasebenzi, njl.; Kwaye eminye imiba yoqeqesho, kufuneka siqinisekise ukuba iimpendulo zabasebenzi ziyahambelana namaxwebhu abhaliweyo kwiindwendwe.
Ngokweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zokuhlolwa kwefektri (ukuhlolwa kwamalungelo oluntu kunye noxanduva loluntu, ukuhlolwa kokulwa nobunqolobi, ukuhlolwa kwemveliso kunye nomgangatho, ukuhlolwa kokusingqongileyo, njl.), Amalungiselelo afunekayo ahluke.
Ixesha lokuposa: Aug-11-2022