Ipulasitiki iyinhlaka yokwenziwa, eyenziwe nge-petroleum futhi iye yanconywa “njengenye yezinto ezinkulu eziqanjwe isintu ekhulwini lama-20”. Ukusetshenziswa kabanzi kwalokhu “kusungulwe okukhulu” kuye kwaletha ukunethezeka okukhulu kubantu, kodwa ukulahlwa kwemfucumfucu yepulasitiki kuye kwaba inkinga enzima kuso sonke isintu. Ngokwezibalo, yi-9% kuphela yamathani angaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-10 zamapulasitiki angcolile akhiqizwa emhlabeni wonke kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1950s angagaywa kabusha. Ukuthatha ukupakishwa kwepulasitiki njengesibonelo, uma kungekho mingcele ebekiwe, isisindo semfucumfucu yepulasitiki olwandle sizodlula leso sezinhlanzi ngo-2050, sibalwa ngokuvumelana nenani lemfucuza yamanje. Umnotho wokugaywa kabusha kwepulasitiki uyindlela ebalulekile yokufinyelela isiqongo sekhabhoni kanye nokungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni, futhi futhi iyincazelo ewumgogodla yokusheshisa ukuguqulwa okuluhlaza kwemodi yentuthuko, ukusheshisa ukwakhiwa kohlelo lokugaywa kabusha kwemfucuza, kanye nokukhuthaza ukubeka phambili imvelo, ukonga nokugxila kakhulu, okuluhlaza okotshani nokuphansi. -ukuthuthukiswa kwekhabhoni okuhlongozwayo embikweni we-20th CPC National Congress. Lesi sihloko sithatha ukuthi uqonde isimo esiyisisekelo sokugaywa kabusha kwepulasitiki ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe.
Ukubaluleka kokusheshisa ukwakhiwa kohlelo lokugaywa kabusha kwepulasitiki
Thuthukisa izinzuzo zezomnotho
Ngokwesilinganiso esiqinile se-United Nations Environment Programme, izindleko zezemvelo zomjikelezo ongasebenzi kahle wokupakishwa kwepulasitiki emhlabeni wonke cishe ziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-40 zamaRandi, futhi cishe i-95% yenani lezinto zokupakisha zepulasitiki zichithwa ngenxa yokusetshenziswa isikhathi esisodwa, okuzodala ukulahleka kwezomnotho okuqondile kwamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-80 kuya ku-$120 wezigidigidi ngonyaka.
2. Yehlisa ukungcola okumhlophe
Ukungcoliswa kwemfucuza yepulasitiki akugcini nje ngokungcolisa imvelo, kodwa futhi kulimaza impilo yabantu neyezilwane. Ucwaningo lwakamuva lubonisa ukuthi izinhlayiya zepulasitiki zitholakala emithanjeni yegazi yomuntu kanye ne-placenta yabesifazane abakhulelwe. Ngokombiko okhishwe yi-World Wide Fund for Nature ngo-2019, umuntu ovamile emhlabeni wonke udla amagremu angu-5 epulasitiki ngesonto, okulingana nesisindo sekhadi lesikweletu.
3. Yehlisa ukungcoliswa kwekhabhoni
Ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni yawo wonke umjikelezo wokuphila wethani elingu-1 lamapulasitiki alahlwayo kusukela ekukhiqizweni kuya ekushisweni kokugcina kungamathani angu-6.8, ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni okuphelele kwesigaba ngasinye somjikelezo wemfucuza wepulasitiki ungamathani angu-2.9, kanti ukuncishiswa kwekhabhoni okuphelele umjikelezo ungamathani angu-3.9; Ingqikithi yokukhishwa kwekhabhoni yesixhumanisi ngasinye somjikelezo wamakhemikhali singamathani angu-5.2, kanti ukuncishiswa kwekhabhoni kungamathani angu-1.6.
4. Ukonga izinsiza zikawoyela
Ngokuqhubeka okuqhubekayo kobuchwepheshe bokugaywa kabusha, kulindeleke ukuthi izinga lokugaywa kabusha kwamapulasitiki likhuphuke lisuka ku-30% liye ngaphezu kwama-60% ngo-2060, lisindise amathani ayizigidi ezingama-200 wemithombo kawoyela, okuzoba nomthelela omkhulu kuphethini yokucwengisiswa. imboni.
5. Thuthukisa ukuncintisana kwebhizinisi
Intela yokupakisha ye-EU kanye nentela yasemngceleni wekhabhoni izokhokhiswa maduze. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi inani lemikhiqizo yepulasitiki ekhokhwa e-China izofinyelela ku-yuan eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-70 ngo-2030, kanti inzuzo yamabhizinisi okukhiqiza i-resin e-China kulindeleke ukuthi ibe ngama-yuan ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-96 ngo-2030, futhi ukuqina kwentela kuzofinyelela ku-3/4. Kodwa-ke, uma amabhizinisi engeza ingxenye ethile yezinto ezigaywe kabusha emikhiqizweni yepulasitiki, kuzokwazi ukunciphisa noma ngisho nokukhulula izintela, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukiswe ukuncintisana kanye nomthelela womkhiqizo wamabhizinisi.
Ukugaywa kabusha kwamapulasitiki emfucuza eChina
I-China iyizwe elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni lokukhiqiza, ukusetshenziswa nokuthunyelwa kwepulasitiki. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kwamazinga okuphila abantu, ukukhiqizwa kwamapulasitiki angcolile kuye kwanda unyaka nonyaka. Ngo-2021, amapulasitiki azobala u-12% wemfucuza eqinile yaseChina. Ngaso leso sikhathi, njengoba ukuqwashisa kwabantu ngokuvikelwa kwemvelo kuye kwanda kancane kancane, inani lokugaywa kabusha kwepulasitiki nalo liye landa kancane kancane. Ngokombiko we-OECD 2020, kulindeleke ukuthi izinga lokugaywa kabusha kwamapulasitiki emfucuza kuwo wonke umjikelezo wempilo lizokhuphuka lisuka ku-8% ngo-2019 liye ku-14% ngo-2060.
Ama-giants amaningi ahlangana emkhakheni wokugaywa kabusha kwamakhemikhali kumapulasitiki angcolile
I-Nexus: Kuhlelelwe ukuthi okungenani kube nezimboni ezinkulu eziyi-12 eminyakeni emihlanu ukuze kugaywe kabusha imfucumfucu yefilimu emithonjeni ehlukahlukene ngezindlela zamakhemikhali.
I-BASF: I-BASF itshale izigidi ezingu-20 zama-euro e-Quantafuel, inkampani yaseNorway, ukuze iqhubeke nokuthuthukisa futhi ithuthukise inqubo yokusebenzisa imfucumfucu yepulasitiki ehlanganisiwe ukukhiqiza uwoyela we-pyrolysis.
I-SABIC: Ukubambisana kwamaqembu amaningi okuhloswe ngawo ukukhulisa ukukhiqizwa kwama-polymer angama-cyclic aqinisekisiwe atholwa kumapulasitiki alahlwayo nokubamba iqhaza kuphrojekthi yokubuyisela amakhemikhali epulasitiki yasolwandle.
Amandla Aphelele: asayine isivumelwano sezentengiselwano sesikhathi eside ne-Vanheede Environment Group ukuhlinzeka ngezinto zokusetshenziswa kabusha kwe-post-consumer recycling (PCR)
I-ExxonMobil: Ngemuva kokunwetshwa kwemboni e-Texas, izoba ngesinye sezikhungo ezithuthukisiwe zokugaywa kabusha kwemfucuza yepulasitiki eNyakatho Melika.
I-Mura: Ubuchwepheshe bobunikazi i-HydroPRS ingagwema ukukhiqiza “ikhabhoni” futhi yandise ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo ye-hydrocarbon.
I-Dow: Ifuna ngenkuthalo ukusungula ozakwethu bebhizinisi namakhasimende ukuze kwandiswe isikali sobuchwepheshe bokutholwa kwamakhemikhali ngokushesha okukhulu.
I-Braskem (umkhiqizi omkhulu we-polyolefin emazweni aseMelika): Kuyaqinisekiswa ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kwezinto ezimaphakathi ezibalulekile ezifana nama-aromatics nama-monomers kuphezulu.
Umbono Wochwepheshe
Umjikelezo wepulasitiki uthuthukisa ukuguqulwa okuluhlaza kwemodi yokuthuthukiswa
Fu Xiangsheng, iPhini likaMongameli we-China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Federation
Selokhu kwazalwa, amapulasitiki abe neqhaza elibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwempucuko yabantu, ikakhulukazi esikhundleni sensimbi nezinkuni, ukongiwa kwamandla kanye nokunciphisa ukungcola. Kodwa manje, sekuyisivumelwano somhlaba wonke sokulawula ukungcoliswa kwepulasitiki. Umnotho wokugaywa kabusha kwepulasitiki kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile sokunciphisa ukungcoliswa kwemvelo kwepulasitiki.
Umnotho wokubuyisela kabusha ipulasitiki uhlukaniswe umjikelezo womzimba kanye nomjikelezo wamakhemikhali. Ukugaywa kabusha okungokoqobo kuyindlela engokoqobo yokugaywa kabusha kwamapulasitiki okulahlwa ku-cascade. Ukugaywa kabusha kwamakhemikhali kungabona ukusetshenziswa kabusha kwenani eliphakeme lamapulasitiki alahlwayo, futhi amabhizinisi amaningi ekhaya naphesheya enze izimpumelelo ezibalulekile.
Abanye basebenzisa izindlela ze-depolymerization noma zokubola ukuze banciphise imfucuza yepulasitiki ibe ama-monomers futhi iphinde i-polymerize ukuze ibone umjikelezo wamakhemikhali. Kuyaqondakala ukuthi i-DuPont kanye no-Huntsman bakudala eminyakeni yamuva nje baye bakwazi “ubuchwepheshe bokubola kwe-methanol” ukubola amabhodlela esiphuzo se-polyester (PET) abe yi-methyl terephthalate kanye ne-ethylene glycol monomers, bese behlanganisa kabusha i-PET resin entsha, bebona ukuvaleka- umjikelezo wamakhemikhali we-loop.
Okunye ukugasiswa kwamapulasitiki imfucuza abe yi-syngas noma i-pyrolysis emikhiqizweni kawoyela, ukuhlanganiswa kabusha kwamakhemikhali nama-polymers. Isibonelo, i-BASF ithuthukisa inqubo yokuqhekeka okushisayo eguqula imfucuza yepulasitiki ibe yi-syngas noma imikhiqizo kawoyela, futhi isebenzisa le nto eluhlaza ukukhiqiza amakhemikhali ahlukahlukene noma ama-polymers kusisekelo esihlanganisiwe saseLudwigshafen, ngekhwalithi efinyelela ebangeni lokudla; U-Eastman uyaqaphela ukubuyiswa kwamakhemikhali ochungechungeni lwemfucuza yepulasitiki ye-polyester ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokuvuselela i-polyester, enganciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa ngo-20% ~ 30% uma kuqhathaniswa nezinqubo zendabuko; Le phrojekthi ihlelelwe ukuthi iqale ukusebenza ngoSepthemba 2023 ngokusebenzisa i-gasifier yombhede omanzi ukuze kufakwe umoya kupulasitiki ongcolile ngokuhlanzeka okuphansi futhi okungelula ukugaywa kabusha nokukhiqiza i-methanol kuma-syngas atholakele. Le ndlela inganciphisa ngokuphelele ukukhishwa kwe-carbon dioxide ngamathani ayi-100000 ngamathani ayi-60000 epulasitiki engcolile. I-China Petrochemical Academy of Sciences, i-Aerospace Science and Industry kanye namanye amabhizinisi nawo azuze imiphumela yezigaba ekugayweni kabusha kwepulasitiki.
Umjikelezo wamakhemikhali awuyona inkinga enzima ngokombono wezobuchwepheshe, ngoba ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okuningi kuyabuyiseleka emuva: angakwazi ukubola uma angenziwa ahlanganiswe, futhi angenziwa enziwe i-depolymerized uma engenziwa i-polymerized. Njengamanje, isithiyo esikhulu esomnotho. Kuyizindleko nenani. Ngakho-ke, izixazululo zobuchwepheshe zizodwa azanele, kodwa futhi zidinga ukukhuthazwa kwenqubomgomo, kanye nokuvumelana kwabantu kanye nesenzo somhlaba wonke.
Sheshisa ukusetshenziswa nokuthandwa kobuchwepheshe bokubuyisela amakhemikhali
Li Mingfeng, uMongameli weSinopec Research Institute of Petroleum and Chemical Technology
Ukugaywa kabusha kwamakhemikhali kwamapulasitiki okulahlwa kubonwa njengendlela enekhabhoni ephansi, ehlanzekile futhi eqhubekayo yokugaywa kabusha ekhaya naphesheya. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, iziqhwaga zamakhemikhali zamazwe ngamazwe ziye zasheshisa ukwakheka kwazo emkhakheni wokugaywa kabusha kwepulasitiki. I-LG, iSaudi Basic Industry Corporation, i-BP kanye namanye amabhizinisi adumile emhlabeni wonke enze ucwaningo ngokugaywa kabusha kwamapulasitiki. Phakathi kwazo, ukuvuselelwa kwamakhemikhali kubaluleke kakhulu. Ngenxa yokuthi ukutholwa kwamakhemikhali kusebenza kumapulasitiki kadoti axubile anokuqukethwe okuphezulu kokungcola futhi akukwazi ukuphinda kutholwe ngokomzimba, kuthathwa njengesiqondiso sesikhathi esizayo sokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe yimboni. Njengamanje, i-12% kuphela yamapulasitiki emfucuza e-China aphinde asetshenziswe ngezindlela zomzimba, futhi cishe ayikho indlela yamakhemikhali, ngakho-ke sisekhona indawo enkulu yokuthuthukiswa.
Ukugqugquzelwa kokutholwa kwamakhemikhali nakanjani kuzosekelwa ubuchwepheshe. Ubuchwepheshe be-Waste plastic pyrolysis buwubuchwepheshe obuyinhloko obuzosetshenziswa cishe wonke amabhizinisi. Kodwa-ke, ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe be-pyrolysis yamapulasitiki angcolile kunzima kakhulu, ngoba kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-200 zezinto zokusetshenziswa kwepulasitiki ezihilelekile, okuhlanganisa amapulasitiki ajwayelekile, amapulasitiki akhethekile namapulasitiki obunjiniyela, okwenza izidingo zobuchwepheshe zamabhizinisi ahlukahlukene okucwenga kanye namakhemikhali ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Njengamanje, nakuba ubuchwepheshe bokubuyisela amakhemikhali epulasitiki yemfucuza eShayina bufinyelele ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo, kusesesigabeni sokukhula kusukela kwabancane kuya ekubonisweni komshayeli noma kwezimboni. Ukufezeka ngokushesha kokuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe kudinga ucwaningo olukhulu nokuthuthukiswa kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nokubambisana okubanzi.
Ngo-2021, eholwa i-Academy of Petroleum Sciences, amayunithi angu-11, kuhlanganise ne-Joint Engineering Construction Company, i-Yanshan Petrochemical, i-Yangzi Petrochemical, i-Maoming Petrochemical, i-China Academy of Environmental Sciences, i-Beijing Institute of Petroleum and Chemical Technology, i-Tongji University, i-Zhejiang Yangtze River. I-Delta Institute of Circular Economy and Technology, yafaka isicelo “se-Industrial Technology Innovation Center for Chemical Recycling of Waste Plastics” yePetrochemical Federation futhi yawina ilayisense ngempumelelo. Esinyathelweni esilandelayo, i-CAS izothembela kulesi sikhungo ukuthi yenze ukuqaliswa kokusebenza ngokubambisana kocwaningo lwemboni-yunivesithi, ilwele ukudala inkundla yocwaningo nentuthuko yobuchwepheshe bokusetshenziswa kwenani eliphezulu lamapulasitiki alahlwayo afanele izinhlobo ezahlukene zamapulasitiki nemithombo ehlukene, ukuthuthukisa. imfucuza yobuchwepheshe bokuguqula isiqondiso sepulasitiki, yenze ukuthuthukiswa kanye nocwaningo lwezinhlelo zokusebenza zezimboni zepulasitiki entsha yemfucuza inqubo yokutholwa kwamakhemikhali kanye nezinqubo ezihlukene zokuhlanganiswa kobuchwepheshe, nokwenza ubuchwepheshe bokugaywa kabusha kwamakhemikhali epulasitiki bufinyelele ezingeni elihamba phambili lamazwe ngamazwe.
Yenza imfucuza igaywe kabusha
Guo Zifang, iPhini likaMongameli weSinopec Beijing Chemical Research Institute
Ukuze sisize ukufeza umgomo “wekhabhoni ephindwe kabili”, besisebenza kanzima “ekugayweni kabusha nokusebenziseka”, futhi silinywe ngokujulile emkhakheni wokugaywa kabusha kwe-polymer.
Mayelana "nokuphinda kusetshenziswe", amapulasitiki amaningi okupakisha emakethe anezingqimba eziningi. Lawa mapulasitiki awawona ama-polyolefin kuphela, kodwa izingxenye ezihlukene zengeza ubunzima obuningi ekugayweni kabusha. Ukuze kuzuzwe "recyclable", isinyathelo esibaluleke kakhulu ukukhetha impahla eyodwa eluhlaza ukukhiqiza emaphaketheni plastic, BOPE (biaxial tensile polyethylene) ingummeleli. Lesi sakhiwo sokupakisha sento eyodwa siqhathaniswa nesakhiwo sokupakisha sendabuko sezinto eziningi ezahlukahlukene, Kusiza kakhulu ekugayweni kabusha kwamapulasitiki.
Mayelana “nokusebenziseka”, ukululama ngokomzimba kanye nokuvuselelwa kwamakhemikhali izindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko zokugaywa kabusha kwamapulasitiki okulahlwayo. Sihlala sihambisana nesimiso "sokuhamba ngemilenze emibili" futhi sithuthukise izindlela ezihlukahlukene zobuchwepheshe ukuze siqinisekise ukuthi izinto ezisetshenziswe kabusha zingasetshenziswa. Mayelana nokululama ngokomzimba, sibambisene namanyuvesi asekhaya aziwayo kanye namabhizinisi ukubhekana nezinkinga ezibalulekile emikhakheni yokucubungula okuqhubekayo kanye nokusetshenziswa kabusha kwefilimu yepulasitiki egaywe kabusha, ubuchwepheshe bokutholwa kabusha kwepulasitiki yezimoto, futhi sazuza imiphumela yokuqala. Emkhakheni wokubuyiselwa kwamakhemikhali, sithuthukise ngokuzimela ubuchwepheshe be-microwave plasma pyrolysis, sisebenzisa i-waste polymer njengento eluhlaza yokuqhekeka, futhi isivuno se-triethylene silingana nenqubo yendabuko yokuqhekeka kwesitimu se-naphtha. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, siye sasheshisa umsebenzi wokucwaninga nokuthuthukiswa emkhakheni we-catalytic cracking, futhi sagxila ekuzuzeni ukubuyiswa kwamakhemikhali okusebenzayo kwamapulasitiki ahlukahlukene angcolile. Siphinde sakha i-solvent enezigaba eziningi, engase yethulwe kumapulasitiki agaywe kabusha ukuze kuthuthukiswe amandla okubopha ama-polymer ahlukahlukene, ukwakha izinto ezisebenza kahle nokuzinza, futhi kulindeleke ukuthi kuqashelwe ukusetshenziswa kabusha okungawohloki kwamapulasitiki ayinhlanganisela, zisetshenziswe ezintweni zasendlini, ezokwakha, ezokuthutha kanye neminye imikhakha.
Ukugaywa kabusha kanye nokusetshenziswa kabusha kwe-polymer yemfucuza kuyingxenye ebalulekile yemboni ye-polymer ekusunguleni nasekuthuthukiseni uhlelo lwezomnotho oluyindilinga ye-green-low-carbon low. Ngokuzayo, i-Beijing Institute of Chemical Technology izoqhubeka nokugxila ekuthuthukisweni, ekusetshenzisweni, ekusetshenzisweni kabusha nasekusetshenzisweni kabusha kwezinto ezintsha, umsebenzi wokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kanye nekhwalithi yokuvuselela umzimba, ukukhuthaza ucwaningo nokuthuthukiswa kanye nezimboni zobuchwepheshe obusha bokuphinda kusetshenziswe amakhemikhali, ukusiza ukwakha imodeli entsha yepulasitiki kabusha umnotho, futhi ukwakha uhlaza kwezomnotho evaliwe-loop industrial chain.
Ngokuqhubekayo uthuthukise izinto ezigugulekayo eziluhlaza futhi ezingasizungezile
U-Li Renhai, umqondisi wokukhiqizwa kwezokuphepha kwe-Yizheng Chemical Fiber Company kanye nenhloko yethimba locwaningo nentuthuko yephrojekthi yezinto ezibolayo
Njengamanje, ukwakhiwa kwamapulasitiki abolayo kusabhekene nezinselelo eziningi. Muva nje, Umbiko Wokucwaninga Ngokuhlolwa Komthelela Wendawo kanye Nokwesekwa Kwenqubomgomo Yepulasitiki Ewohlokayo, ocwaningwe ngokuhlanganyela yiSinopec kanye neNyuvesi yaseTsinghua, ukhishwe ngokusemthethweni. Ngophenyo oluningiliziwe nokuhlaziya, umbiko wocwaningo uhlongoze ngokokuqala ngqá uhlelo lwenkomba yokuhlola yamapulasitiki awonakaliswayo anokonakala njengomnyombo uma kuqhathaniswa namapulasitiki endabuko, futhi wahlaziya indlela engenzeka yokusetshenziswa kwamapulasitiki owonakaliswayo kusukela kubukhulu bezenhlalo nezomnotho. Sikholelwa ukuthi lo mbiko wocwaningo ungumbono oyisiqondiso sokuhola ukuthuthukiswa kwekhwalithi ephezulu yemboni yepulasitiki ebolayo. Umbiko wocwaningo ubeka phambili izinkinga ezifana nokungqubuzana kwesakhiwo ekusetshenzisweni kwemikhiqizo yepulasitiki ebolayo kanye nokungabizi kahle kwezindleko zokusebenzisa imikhiqizo yepulasitiki ebolayo emkhakheni wemithombo evamile yokuphila.
I-Sinopec ingumkhiqizi omkhulu we-synthetic resin emhlabeni. Ihlala ikhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kohlaza futhi inamathisela ukubaluleka ocwaningweni, ekuthuthukisweni nasekusetshenzisweni kwamapulasitiki awonakele. Kuyibhizinisi elilungu lokuqala e-China Mainland. I-Yizheng Chemical Fiber iyaqhubeka nokucwaninga nokuthuthukisa uchungechunge lwezinto ze-polymer eziluhlaza, ezivumelana nemvelo, ezigaywa kabusha, ezigaywa kabusha futhi ezonakaliswa ngokucwaninga nokukhiqiza okuhlanganyelwe, ukuqinisa ucwaningo lwezobuchwepheshe, ukuthuthukisa umthamo wokukhiqiza, nokulwela ukwandisa ifilimu yezolimo nezinye izimakethe, ukuzuza okuphezulu. ikhwalithi kanye nentuthuko esimeme esebenza kahle kakhudlwana, futhi siyaqhubeka nokuthuthukisa ithonya lezimboni zomkhiqizo we-Sinopec wezinto ezibonakalayo ezingaboli, “Ecorigin”, Ngokuqhubekayo ukhuthaze ukweqa kwezinto ezibolayo ezibolayo zisuka “kumkhiqizo” ziye “kokuvamile” futhi zisuka “komkhiqizo” ziye “kumkhiqizo”, futhi udale ikhadi lebhizinisi elisha eliluhlaza nelihlanzekile le-Sinopec.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Mar-08-2023