Lesi sihloko sifingqa ukuhlukaniswa kwezindlela zokuhlola ikhwalithi eziyi-11, futhi sethula uhlobo ngalunye lokuhlola. Ukufakwa kuphelele, futhi ngethemba ukuthi kungasiza wonke umuntu.
01 Hlunga nge-oda lenqubo yokukhiqiza
1. Ukuhlola okungenayo
Incazelo: Ukuhlolwa okwenziwa yibhizinisi ezintweni ezingavuthiwe ezithengiwe, izingxenye ezithengiwe, izingxenye ezikhishwe ngaphandle, izingxenye ezisekelayo, izinto ezisizayo, imikhiqizo esekelayo kanye nemikhiqizo eseqediwe ngaphambi kokugcinwa. Inhloso: Ukuvimbela imikhiqizo engafanelekile ukuthi ingangeni endaweni yokugcina izimpahla, ukuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo engafanelekile ukuthikameze ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo futhi kuphazamise uhlelo lokukhiqiza olujwayelekile. Izimfuneko: Abahloli abangena ngokugcwele bazohlola ngokuhambisana nemibandela yokuhlola (okuhlanganisa nezinhlelo zokulawula). Ukwahlukaniswa: Kubandakanya iqoqo lokuqala (ucezu) lwesampula lokuhlola okungenayo kanye nokuhlolwa okuningi okungenayo.
2. Ukuhlolwa kwenqubo
Incazelo:Okuphinde kwaziwe njengokuhlolwa kwenqubo, wukuhlolwa kwezimpawu zomkhiqizo ezikhiqizwe kunqubo ngayinye yokukhiqiza ngesikhathi senqubo yokwakhiwa komkhiqizo. Inhloso: Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imikhiqizo engafanelekile ohlelweni ngalunye ngeke igelezele enqubweni elandelayo, ivimbele ukucutshungulwa okwengeziwe kwemikhiqizo engafanelekile, futhi uqinisekise ukuhleleka kokukhiqiza okuvamile. Idlala indima yokuqinisekisa inqubo kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuqaliswa kwezidingo zenqubo. Izidingo: Abasebenzi abahlola inqubo yesikhathi esigcwele bazohlola ngokuya ngenqubo yokukhiqiza (kuhlanganise nohlelo lokulawula) kanye nemininingwane yokuhlola. Ukuhlukaniswa: ukuhlolwa kokuqala; ukuhlolwa konogada; ukuhlolwa kokugcina.
3. Ukuhlolwa kokugcina
Incazelo:Okwaziwa nangokuthi ukuhlolwa komkhiqizo oqediwe, ukuhlolwa komkhiqizo oqediwe kuwukuhlola okuphelele kwemikhiqizo ngemuva kokuphela kokukhiqiza nangaphambi kokuba imikhiqizo ibekwe endaweni yokugcina. Inhloso: Ukuvimbela imikhiqizo engafanelekile ukuthi ingagelezi iye kumakhasimende. Izidingo: Umnyango wokuhlola ikhwalithi webhizinisi unomthwalo wemfanelo wokuhlola imikhiqizo eqediwe. Ukuhlolwa kufanele kwenziwe ngokuhambisana nemithethonqubo ekumhlahlandlela wokuhlola wemikhiqizo eqediwe. Ukuhlolwa kwamaqoqo amakhulu emikhiqizo eqediwe ngokuvamile kwenziwa ngokuhlola amasampula ezibalo. Ngemikhiqizo ephumelela ukuhlolwa, indawo yokusebenzela ingaphatha izinqubo zokulondoloza kuphela ngemva kokuba umhloli ekhiphe isitifiketi sokuvumelana. Yonke imikhiqizo eqediwe engafanelekile kufanele ibuyiselwe endaweni yokusebenzela ukuze isetshenziswe kabusha, ilungiswe, yehliswe noma ilahlwe. Imikhiqizo esetshenziselwe kabusha nesetshenzwe kabusha kufanele iphinde ihlolwe zonke izinto, futhi abahloli kufanele benze amarekhodi amahle okuhlolwa kwemikhiqizo esetshenziwe kabusha futhi esenziwe kabusha ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo iyalandeleka. Ukuhlolwa okujwayelekile komkhiqizo ophelile: ukuhlolwa kosayizi ogcwele, ukuhlolwa kokubukeka komkhiqizo oqediwe, i-GP12 (izidingo ezikhethekile zekhasimende), ukuhlolwa kohlobo, njll.
02 Ihlukaniswa ngendawo yokuhlolwa
1. Ukuhlolwa kwendawo eyodwa Imikhiqizo ehloliwe igxiliswa endaweni engaguquki ukuze ihlolwe, njengeziteshi zokuhlola. Ngokuvamile, ukuhlola kokugcina kusebenzisa indlela yokuhlola endaweni eyodwa.
2. Ukuhlolwa kwendawo Ukuhlolwa kwendawo, okwaziwa nangokuthi ukuhlola endaweni, kubhekisela ekuhlolweni kwendawo yokukhiqiza noma indawo yokugcina umkhiqizo. Ukuhlolwa kwenqubo evamile noma ukuhlolwa kokugcina kwemikhiqizo emikhulu kusebenzisa ukuhlolwa kwendawo.
3. Ukuhlolwa kweselula (ukuhlola) Abahloli kufanele bahlole ikhwalithi ye-roving ohlelweni lokukhiqiza endaweni yokukhiqiza. Abahloli bazohlola ngokuhambisana nemvamisa kanye nenani lokuhlola elishiwo ohlelweni lokulawula nemiyalelo yokuhlola, futhi bagcine amarekhodi. Amaphoyinti okulawula ikhwalithi yenqubo kufanele abe ukugxila kokuhlolwa ojikelezayo. Abahloli kufanele bamake imiphumela yokuhlolwa eshadini lokulawula inqubo. Lapho ukuhlolwa kokuvakasha kuthola ukuthi kunenkinga ngekhwalithi yenqubo, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuyadingeka ukuthola imbangela yenqubo engavamile nomsebenzisi, uthathe izinyathelo zokulungisa ezisebenzayo, futhi ubuyisele inqubo endaweni elawulwayo. isimo; Ngaphambi kokuhlolwa, zonke izinto zokusebenza ezicutshunguliwe zihlolwa ngo-100% ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuze kuvinjelwe imikhiqizo engafanelekile ukuthi ingagelezi ohlelweni olulandelayo noma ezandleni zamakhasimende.
03 Ihlukaniswa ngendlela yokuhlola
1. Ukuhlolwa komzimba namakhemikhali Ukuhlola umzimba namakhemikhali kubhekisela endleleni yokuthembela kakhulu emathuluzi okulinganisa, amathuluzi, amamitha, izinsiza zokulinganisa noma izindlela zamakhemikhali ukuze uhlole imikhiqizo futhi uthole imiphumela yokuhlolwa.
2. Ukuhlolwa kwezinzwa Ukuhlolwa kwezinzwa, okwaziwa nangokuthi ukuhlola izinzwa, kuncike ezithweni zomuntu zokuzwa ukuhlola noma ukwahlulela ikhwalithi yemikhiqizo. Isibonelo, umumo, umbala, iphunga, isibazi, idigri yokuguga, njll. yomkhiqizo ngokuvamile ihlolwa yizitho zezinzwa zomuntu ezifana nokubona, ukuzwa, ukuthinta noma ukuhogela, futhi yahlulele ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo noma ukuthi ufanelekile noma hhayi. Ukuhlola izinzwa kungahlukaniswa kube: Ukuhlolwa kwezinzwa okuthandwayo: Okufana nokunambitha iwayini, ukunambitha itiye kanye nokuhlonza ukubukeka komkhiqizo nesitayela. Kuncike ekuhlangenwe nakho okucebile okusebenzayo kwabahloli ukwenza izinqumo ezifanele nezisebenzayo. Ukuhlolwa kwezinzwa kokuhlaziya: Okufana nokuhlola indawo yesitimela nokuhlola indawo yemishini, kuncike ekuzweni kwezandla, amehlo, nezindlebe ukuze wahlulele izinga lokushisa, isivinini, umsindo, njll. Ukuhlonza ukusetshenziswa kokuhlola: Ukuhlonza ukusetshenziswa kwesilingo kubhekisela ekuhlolweni kokusetshenziswa kwangempela. umphumela womkhiqizo. Ngokusetshenziswa kwangempela noma ukuhlolwa komkhiqizo, bheka ukusebenza kwezici zokusetshenziswa komkhiqizo.
04 Ihlukaniswa ngenani lemikhiqizo ehloliwe
1. Ukuhlolwa okuphelele
Ukuhlola okuphelele, okubuye kwaziwe ngokuthi ukuhlola okungu-100%, ukuhlola okugcwele kwayo yonke imikhiqizo ethunyelwe ukuze ihlolwe ngokwezindinganiso ezishiwo ngamunye ngamunye. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi noma ngabe konke ukuhlolwa kungenxa yokuhlolwa okungalungile kanye nokuhlolwa okungekho, asikho isiqinisekiso sokuthi bafanelekile ngo-100%.
2. Ukuhlolwa kwesampula
Ukuhlola amasampula kuwukukhetha inani elishiwo lamasampula kuqoqo lokuhlola ngokuya ngohlelo lwamasampula olunqunywe kusengaphambili ukuze kwakhiwe isampula, kanye nokunquma ukuthi ingabe inqwaba ifanelekile yini noma ayifaneleki ngokuhlola isampula.
3. Ukukhululwa
Ikakhulukazi ukukhulula imikhiqizo ephumelele isitifiketi sekhwalithi yomkhiqizo womnyango kazwelonke ogunyaziwe noma imikhiqizo ethembekile lapho ithengiwe, futhi ukuthi yamukelwe noma cha kungase kusekelwe kusitifiketi somphakeli noma idatha yokuhlola. Lapho ekhululwa ekuhlolweni, amakhasimende ngokuvamile kufanele agade inqubo yokukhiqiza yabahlinzeki. Ukugada kungenziwa ngokuthumela abasebenzi noma ngokuthola amashadi okulawula enqubo yokukhiqiza.
05 Ukuhlelwa kwezakhiwo zedatha ngezici zekhwalithi
1. Ukuhlolwa kwenani lokulinganisa
Ukuhlolwa kwenani lokulinganisa kudinga ukulinganisa nokurekhoda inani elithile lezimpawu zekhwalithi, kutholwe idatha yenani lokulinganisa, futhi kwahlulele ukuthi umkhiqizo ufanelekile yini ngokuvumelana nokuqhathanisa phakathi kwevelu yedatha nezinga. Idatha yekhwalithi etholwe ukuhlolwa kwenani lokulinganisa ingahlaziywa ngezindlela zezibalo ezifana nama-histogram namashadi okulawula, kanye nolwazi lwekhwalithi olwengeziwe lungatholwa.
2. Bala inani lokuhlolwa
Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza ekukhiqizweni kwezimboni, ama-gauge anomkhawulo (njengama-plug gauge, ama-snap gauge, njll.) avame ukusetshenziselwa ukuhlolwa. Idatha yekhwalithi etholiwe yidatha yenani lokubala njengenani lemikhiqizo efanelekile kanye nenani lemikhiqizo engafaneleki, kodwa amanani athile wezimpawu zekhwalithi awanakutholwa.
06 Ukuhlukaniswa ngokwesimo sesampula ngemva kokuhlolwa
1. Ukuhlola okulimazayo
Ukuhlola okulimazayo kusho ukuthi imiphumela yokuhlolwa (njengamandla okuqhumisa amagobolondo, amandla ezinto zensimbi, njll.) ingatholakala kuphela ngemva kokuba isampula elizohlolwa selicekeleke phansi. Ngemuva kokuhlolwa okulimazayo, amasampula ahloliwe alahlekelwa ngokuphelele inani lawo lokusetshenziswa kwangempela, ngakho usayizi wesampula mncane futhi ingozi yokuhlolwa iphezulu. 2. Ukuhlola okungabhubhisi Ukuhlola okungabhubhisi kubhekisela ekuhlolweni ukuthi umkhiqizo awonakele futhi nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo ayishintshi kakhulu ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa. Ukuhlola okuningi, okufana nokukalwa kobukhulu bengxenye, kuwukuhlola okungabhubhisi.
07 Ukuhlukaniswa ngezinhloso zokuhlola
1. Ukuhlolwa kokukhiqiza
Ukuhlolwa kokukhiqiza kubhekisela ekuhlolweni okwenziwa yibhizinisi lokukhiqiza esigabeni ngasinye sayo yonke inqubo yokukhiqiza yokwakhiwa komkhiqizo, ngenhloso yokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yemikhiqizo ekhiqizwa ibhizinisi lokukhiqiza. Ukuhlolwa kokukhiqiza kusebenzisa amazinga okuhlola ukukhiqiza enhlangano.
2. Ukuhlolwa kokwamukelwa
Ukuhlolwa kokwamukelwa wukuhlolwa okwenziwa ikhasimende (uhlangothi lwesidingo) ekuhlolweni nasekwemukelweni kwemikhiqizo ehlinzekwa yibhizinisi lokukhiqiza (umphakeli). Inhloso yokuhlolwa kokwamukelwa ukuthi amakhasimende aqinisekise ikhwalithi yemikhiqizo eyamukelwe. Inqubo yokwamukela ngemva kokuhlolwa kokwamukelwa kwenziwa futhi kuqinisekiswe umphakeli.
3. Ukuqondisa nokuhlola
Ukwengamela nokuhlola kusho ukuqondisa nokuhlolwa kwemakethe okungahleliwe okwenziwa izikhungo ezizimele zokuhlola ezigunyazwe iminyango kahulumeni enekhono kuwo wonke amazinga, ngokuya ngohlelo olwakhiwe umnyango wokuqondisa nokuphatha ikhwalithi, ngokuthatha amasampula ezimpahla ezivela emakethe noma amasampula aqondile. imikhiqizo evela kubakhiqizi. Inhloso yokuqondisa nokuhlola ukulawula izinga lemikhiqizo efakwa emakethe ezingeni elikhulu.
4. Ukuhlolwa kokuqinisekisa
Ukuhlolwa kokuqinisekisa kubhekisela ekuhloleni ukuthi i-ejensi yokuhlola ezimele egunyazwe iminyango kahulumeni enekhono kuwo wonke amazinga ithatha amasampula emikhiqizweni ekhiqizwe ibhizinisi, futhi iqinisekise ukuthi imikhiqizo ekhiqizwa ibhizinisi iyahlangabezana yini nezidingo zamazinga ekhwalithi asetshenzisiwe ngokuyihlola. Isibonelo, uhlobo lokuhlolwa esitifiketini sekhwalithi yomkhiqizo okokuhlolwa kokuqinisekisa.
5. Ukuhlolwa kokulamula
Ukuhlolwa kokulamula kusho ukuthi uma kunengxabano phakathi komphakeli nomthengi ngenxa yekhwalithi yomkhiqizo, i-ejensi yokuhlola ezimele egunyazwe iminyango kahulumeni enekhono kuwo wonke amazinga izothatha amasampula ukuze ihlolwe futhi inikeze i-ejensi yokulamula njengesisekelo sobuchwepheshe sesinqumo. .
08 Ukuhlukaniswa ngokuhlinzekwa nokufunwa
1. Ukuhlolwa kweqembu lokuqala
Ukuhlola okuvela eceleni kubhekisela ekuhloleni okwenziwa umenzi ngokwakhe emikhiqizweni ayikhiqizayo. Ukuhlolwa kweqembu lokuqala empeleni ukuhlola ukukhiqiza okwenziwa yinhlangano ngokwayo.
2. Ukuhlolwa kweqembu lesibili
Umsebenzisi (ikhasimende, uhlangothi lwesidingo) ubizwa ngeqembu lesibili. Ukuhlola okwenziwa umthengi emikhiqizweni ethengiwe noma izinto zokusetshenziswa, izingxenye ezithengiwe, izingxenye ezikhishwe ngaphandle kanye nemikhiqizo esekelayo kubizwa ngokuthi ukuhlola okuvela eceleni. Ukuhlola komuntu wesibili empeleni wukuhlolwa nokwamukelwa komphakeli.
3. Ukuhlolwa komuntu wesithathu
Izikhungo ezizimele zokuhlola ezigunyazwe iminyango kahulumeni kuwo wonke amazinga zibizwa ngokuthi abantu besithathu. Ukuhlola okuvela eceleni kubandakanya ukuhlolwa kokugada, ukuhlolwa kokuqinisekisa, ukuhlolwa kokulamula, njll.
09 Ihlukaniswe ngumhloli
1. Ukuzihlola
Ukuzihlola kubhekisela ekuhlolweni kwemikhiqizo noma izingxenye ezicutshungulwa abaqhubi ngokwabo. Inhloso yokuzihlola iwukuba isisebenzisi siqonde isimo sekhwalithi semikhiqizo ecutshunguliwe noma izingxenye ngokuhlola, ukuze alungise ngokuqhubekayo inqubo yokukhiqiza ukuze akhiqize imikhiqizo noma izingxenye ezihlangabezana ngokugcwele nezimfuneko zekhwalithi.
2. Ukuhlolana
Ukuhlola okuhlanganyelwe wukuhlola okufanayo kwemikhiqizo ecutshunguliwe opharetha bohlobo olufanayo lomsebenzi noma izinqubo eziphezulu neziphansi. Inhloso yokuhlolana ukuthola ngesikhathi izinkinga zekhwalithi ezingahambisani nemithetho yenqubo ngokuhlola, ukuze kuthathwe izinyathelo zokulungisa kusenesikhathi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ikhwalithi yemikhiqizo ecutshunguliwe.
3. Ukuhlolwa okukhethekile
Ukuhlola okukhethekile kubhekisela ekuhloleni okwenziwa izisebenzi eziholwa ngokuqondile yi-ejensi yokuhlola ikhwalithi yebhizinisi futhi abenza ukuhlolwa kwekhwalithi ngokugcwele.
10 Ukuhlukaniswa ngokwezingxenye zesistimu yokuhlola
1. Ukuhlolwa kweqoqwana ngeqoqwana Ukuhlolwa kweqoqo ngeqoqwana kubhekisela ekuhlolweni kweqoqo ngalinye kweqoqo ngalinye lemikhiqizo ekhiqizwayo ekukhiqizeni. Inhloso yokuhlolwa kweqoqo ngeqoqo ukwahlulela ukuthi iqoqo lemikhiqizo lifanelekile yini noma cha.
2. Ukuhlolwa ngezikhathi ezithile
Ukuhlola ngezikhathi ezithile ukuhlola okwenziwa ngesikhathi esithile (ikota noma inyanga) kusuka eqoqweni elithile noma amaqoqo amaningana aphumelele ukuhlolwa kweqoqo ngalinye. Inhloso yokuhlola ngezikhathi ezithile ukwahlulela ukuthi inqubo yokukhiqiza emjikelezweni izinzile yini.
3. Ubudlelwano phakathi kokuhlolwa ngezikhathi ezithile kanye nokuhlolwa kweqoqo ngeqoqo
Ukuhlolwa ngezikhathi ezithile kanye nokuhlolwa kwenqwaba Kwakha uhlelo oluphelele lokuhlola ibhizinisi. Ukuhlola ngezikhathi ezithile kuwukuhlola ukuze kutholwe umthelela wezinto zesistimu enqubweni yokukhiqiza, kuyilapho ukuhlolwa kweqoqo ngeqoqo kuwukuhlola ukuze kutholwe umthelela wezinto ezingahleliwe. Zombili ziwuhlelo lokuhlola oluphelele lokwethula nokugcina ukukhiqizwa. Ukuhlola ngezikhathi ezithile kuyisisekelo sokuhlolwa kweqoqo-by-batch, futhi akukho ukuhlolwa kweqoqo ngeqoqwana ohlelweni lokukhiqiza ngaphandle kokuhlolwa ngezikhathi ezithile noma ukuhlolwa kwezikhathi okuhlulekile. Ukuhlolwa kweqoqo ngeqoqwana kuyisengezo ekuhlolweni kwezikhathi ezithile, futhi ukuhlolwa kweqoqo ngeqoqwana kuwukuhlola ukulawula imithelela yezinto ezingahleliwe ngesisekelo sokuqeda imithelela yezinto zesistimu ngokuhlola ngezikhathi ezithile. Ngokuvamile, ukuhlolwa kwe-batch-by-batch kuhlola kuphela izici eziyinhloko zekhwalithi yomkhiqizo. Ukuhlola ngezikhathi ezithile ukuhlola zonke izici zekhwalithi zomkhiqizo kanye nomthelela wemvelo (izinga lokushisa, umswakama, isikhathi, umfutho womoya, amandla angaphandle, umthwalo, imisebe, isikhutha, izinambuzane, njll.) ezicini zekhwalithi, ngisho nokuhlanganisa. ukuguga okusheshayo nokuhlolwa kwempilo. Ngakho-ke, okokusebenza okudingekayo ukuze kuhlolwe ngezikhathi ezithile kuyinkimbinkimbi, umjikelezo mude, futhi izindleko ziphezulu, kodwa ukuhlolwa ngezikhathi ezithile akufanele kwenziwe ngenxa yalokhu. Uma ibhizinisi lingenayo imibandela yokwenza ukuhlola ngezikhathi ezithile, lingaphathisa ama-ejensi okuhlola kuwo wonke amazinga ukuthi ayenzele ukuhlola ngezikhathi ezithile.
11 Kuhlukaniswa ngomphumela wokuhlolwa
1. Ukuhlola okunqumayo Ukuhlola okunqunyiwe kusekelwe ezingeni lekhwalithi lomkhiqizo, futhi kuyisinqumo sokuvumelana ukwahlulela ukuthi umkhiqizo ufanelekile noma cha ngokuhlolwa.
2. Ukuhlolwa okufundisayo
Ukuhlola okufundisayo kuyindlela yesimanje yokuhlola esebenzisa ulwazi olutholwe ekuhlolweni kokulawulwa kwekhwalithi.
3. Ukuhlolwa kwe-Causality
Ukuhlolwa kokuthola imbangela ukuthola izizathu ezingaba khona ezingafanelekile (ukufuna imbangela) ngokubikezela okwanele esigabeni sokuklama komkhiqizo, ukuklama nokukhiqiza idivayisi yokuqinisekisa amaphutha ngendlela eqondiwe, futhi uyisebenzise enqubweni yokukhiqiza umkhiqizo. umkhiqizo ukuqeda ukukhiqizwa komkhiqizo okungafanelekile.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Nov-29-2022