Njengempahla ekhethekile, ukusetshenziswa kwezimonyo kuhlukile ezimpahleni ezijwayelekile. Inomphumela oqinile womkhiqizo. Abathengi banaka kakhulu isithombe sabakhiqizi bezimonyo kanye nekhwalithi yemikhiqizo yezimonyo. Ngokukhethekile, izici zekhwalithi zezimonyo azihlukaniseki nokuphepha komkhiqizo (ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kokusetshenziswa kwesikhathi eside), ukuzinza (ukuqinisekisa ukuzinza kwesikhathi eside), kanye nokuba usizo (ukusiza ukugcina imisebenzi evamile yomzimba yesikhumba). kanye nomphumela okhazimulayo) nokusebenziseka (kuyasebenziseka kalula, kuyajabulisa ukukusebenzisa), ngisho nokuthandwa ngumthengi. Phakathi kwazo, ukuphepha okubaluleke kakhulu nokuzinza kufanele kuqinisekiswe ngemibono nezindlela ze-microbiology kanye ne-biochemistry.
Imithetho yokuhlolwa kwezimonyo
1.amagama ayisisekelo
(1)Izinto zokuhlola ezijwayelekile.Kubhekiselwa ezintweni okufanele zihlolwe iqoqo ngalinye lemikhiqizo, okuhlanganisa izinkomba zomzimba nezamakhemikhali, izinkomba zezinzwa, inani eliphelele lamabhaktheriya ezinkomba zenhlanzeko, izinkomba zesisindo kanye nezidingo zokubukeka.
(2) Izinto zokuhlola ezingajwayelekile. Kubhekiselwa ezintweni ezingahloliwe ngeqoqwana, njengezinto ezingaphandle kwenani eliphelele lamabhaktheriya ezinkomba zenhlanzeko.
(3) Phatha ngendlela efanele. Isho inqubo yokukhetha yokukhipha imikhiqizo ngayinye esezingeni eliphansi kuyo yonke inqwaba yezimonyo ngaphandle kokulimaza amaphakheji okuthengisa.
(4) Isampula. Ibhekisela kuwo wonke usayizi wesampula wenqwaba ngayinye.
(5) Umkhiqizo weyunithi. Kubhekiselwa ocezwini olulodwa lwezimonyo, olunamabhodlela, izinti, izikhwama namabhokisi njengamayunithi okubala izingcezu.
2.Ukuhlukaniswa kokuhlolwa
(1) Ukuhlolwa kokulethwa
Ngaphambi kokuthi imikhiqizo ihambe efekthri, umnyango wokuhlola womkhiqizi uzoyihlola iqoqo ngeqoqo ngokuya ngamazinga womkhiqizo. Imikhiqizo ehlangabezana nezindinganiso kuphela engathunyelwa ngaphandle. Iqoqo ngalinye lemikhiqizo ethunyelwa ngaphandle kufanele lihambisane nesitifiketi sokuvumelana. Umthumeli angakwazi ukuhlukanisa inqwaba yokudiliva abe amaqoqo futhi enze ukuhlolwa ngokuvumelana nemithethonqubo evamile. Izinto zokuhlola ukulethwa ziyizinto ezijwayelekile zokuhlola.
(2)Uhlobo lokuhlola
Ngokuvamile, kungabi ngaphansi kanye ngonyaka. Ukuhlolwa kohlobo kufanele futhi kwenziwe ngaphansi kwanoma yiziphi izimo ezilandelayo.
1) Uma kukhona izinguquko ezinkulu ezintweni ezingavuthiwe, izinqubo, namafomula angase athinte ukusebenza komkhiqizo.
2) Lapho umkhiqizo uqala kabusha ukukhiqiza ngemuva kokumiswa isikhathi eside (ngaphezu kwezinyanga eziyi-6).
3) Lapho imiphumela yokuhlolwa kwefekthri ihluke kakhulu ekuhlolweni kohlobo lokugcina.
4) Lapho i-ejensi kazwelonke yokuqondisa ikhwalithi iphakamisa izidingo zokuhlola uhlobo.
Izinto zokuhlola uhlobo zihlanganisa izinto zokuhlola ezivamile kanye nezinto ezingezona ezejwayelekile zokuhlola.
3.Ukusampula
Imikhiqizo enezimo zenqubo efanayo, izinhlobo, nezinsuku zokukhiqiza zibhekwa njengeqoqo elilodwa. Umthumeli angaphinde alethe imikhiqizo ngeqeqebana elilodwa.
(1) Isampula yokuhlolwa kokulethwa
Ukuthathwa kwesampula kwezinto zokuhlola ukubukeka kwephakheji kuzokwenziwa ngokohlelo lwesampula lwesibili lwe-GB/T 2828.1-2003. Phakathi kwazo, izinga lokuhlola ukuhlukaniswa kwezigaba okungafanelekile (okunesici) (II) kanye neleveli yekhwalithi efanelekayo (AQL: 2.5/10.0) kucaciswe kuThebula 8-1.
Izinto eziwukuhlolwa okulimazayo zithathwa njengesampula ngokohlelo lwesampula lwesibili lwe-GB/T 2828.1-2003, lapho IL=S-3 kanye ne-AQL=4.0.
Okuqukethwe kwezinto zokuhlola ukubukeka kwephakheji kubalulwe kuthebula.
Qaphela: ① Le phrojekthi iwukuhlolwa okulimazayo.
Ukusampula kokuhlolwa kwezinkomba zemizwa, ngokomzimba namakhemikhali kanye nezinkomba zenhlanzeko. Amasampula ahambisanayo akhethwa ngokungahleliwe ngokuvumelana nezinto zokuhlola ukuze kuhlolwe izinkomba ezihlukahlukene zezinzwa, ezibonakalayo namakhemikhali kanye nezinkomba zokuhlanzeka.
Ukuze uthole ukuhlolwa kwenkomba yekhwalithi (umthamo), khetha ngokungahleliwe amasampula amayunithi ayi-10 bese ukala inani elimaphakathi ngokuya kwendlela yokuhlola ejwayelekile yomkhiqizo ehambisanayo.
(2) Uhlobo lwesampula lokuhlola
Izinto zokuhlola okuvamile ekuhlolweni kohlobo zisekelwe emiphumeleni yokuhlolwa kokulethwa, futhi ukusampula ngeke kuphindwe.
Ukuhlola izinto ezingajwayelekile zokuhlolwa kohlobo, amayunithi ama-2 kuya ku-3 amasampula angathathwa kunoma iyiphi iqoqo lemikhiqizo futhi ahlolwe ngokuya ngezindlela ezishiwo kumazinga omkhiqizo.
4.Imithetho yesinqumo
(1) Ukuhlolwa kokulethwa kanye nemithetho yokunquma
Lapho izinkomba zenhlanzeko zingahlangabezani nezindinganiso ezihambisanayo, iqoqo lemikhiqizo lizokwahlulelwa njengelingafanelekile futhi ngeke lishiye imboni.
Uma noma yiziphi zezinzwa, izinkomba ezibonakalayo namakhemikhali zingahlangabezani namazinga omkhiqizo ahambisanayo, izinkomba zento zivunyelwe ukuthi zihlolwe kabusha, futhi abahlinzeki kanye nabafunayo bathatha amasampula ngokuhlanganyela. Uma ingakafaneleki, iqoqo lemikhiqizo lizobhekwa njengelingafaneleki futhi ngeke liphume efekthri.
Uma inkomba yekhwalithi (ikhono) ingahlangabezani namazinga omkhiqizo ahambisanayo, ukuhlolwa kabusha okuphindwe kabili kuvunyelwe. Uma isahluleka, iqoqo lemikhiqizo lizokwahlulelwa njengeqeqebana elihlulekile.
(2) Uhlobo lwemithetho yokwahlulela yokuhlola
Imithetho yokwahlulela yezinto zokuhlola okuvamile ekuhlolweni kohlobo iyafana naleyo yokuhlolwa kokulethwa.
Uma enye yezinto zokuhlola okungezona ezejwayelekile ekuhlolweni kohlobo ingahlangabezani namazinga omkhiqizo, iqoqo lonke lemikhiqizo lizobhekwa njengelingafaneleki.
(3)Ukuhlolwa kokulamula
Uma kuphakama ingxabano phakathi kwezinkampani ezinikezelayo nezifunayo mayelana nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo, zombili izinhlangothi zizohlanganyela ngokuhlanganyela ukuhlola amasampula ngokuvumelana naleli zinga, noma zinikeze isiteshi sokuqondisa sekhwalithi ephezulu ukuthi senze ukuhlolwa kokulamula.
5.imithetho yokudlulisa
(1) Ngaphandle kwalapho kucaciswe ngenye indlela, ukuhlola okuvamile kuzosetshenziswa ekuqaleni kokuhlolwa.
(2)Kusuka ekuhlolweni okuvamile kuya ekuhlolweni okuqinile. Ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa okuvamile, uma amaqoqo ama-2 kwayi-5 elandelanayo ehluleka ukuhlolwa kokuqala (ngaphandle kwamaqoqo ahanjiswe ukuze ahlolwe futhi), iqoqo elilandelayo lizodluliselwa ekuhlolweni okuqinile.
(3) Ukusuka ekuhlolweni okuqinisiwe kuya ekuhlolweni okuvamile. Lapho ukuhlolwa okuqinile kwenziwa, uma amaqoqo ama-5 alandelanayo edlula ukuhlolwa kokuqala (ngaphandle kokuthunyelwa kabusha kwamaqoqo okuhlola), ukuhlolwa kweqoqo elilandelayo kuzodluliselwa ekuhlolweni okuvamile.
6.Hlola isitobhi futhi uqhubeke
Ngemva kokuqala kokuhlolwa okuqinisiwe, uma inani lamaqoqo angafaneleki (ngaphandle kwamaqoqo ahanjiswe ukuze ahlolwe futhi) linqwabelana libe ngamaqoqo angu-5, ukuhlolwa kokulethwa komkhiqizo kuzomiswa okwesikhashana.
Ngemuva kokuthi ukuhlola kumisiwe, uma umenzi ethatha izinyathelo zokwenza amaqoqo ahanjiswe ukuze ahlolwe ahlangabezane noma eqe izimfuneko ezijwayelekile, ukuhlola kungaqalwa kabusha ngemvume yesiphathimandla esinekhono. Ngokuvamile kuqala ngokuhlolwa okuqinile.
7.Ukulahlwa ngemva kokuhlolwa
Ngekhwalithi (umthamo) amaqoqo angafanelekile kanye namaqoqo angafanelekile eSigaba B, umenzi uvunyelwe ukuwahambisa ukuze ahlolwe futhi ngemva kokwelashwa okufanele. Thumela futhi ukuze uhlolwe ngokohlelo lwamasampula oluqinisiwe.
Kumaqoqo angafanelekile eSigaba C, umenzi uzowahambisa ukuze ahlolwe futhi ngemva kokwelashwa okufanele, futhi azohlolwa ngokohlelo lwamasampula oluqinile noma asingathwe ngezingxoxo phakathi kwabahlinzekayo nabafunayo.
I-Cosmetic Stability Test Method
1.Ukuhlolwa kokumelana nokushisa
Ukuhlolwa kokumelana nokushisa kuyinto ebalulekile yokuhlola ukuzinza kokhilimu, izinto zokugcoba nezimonyo eziwuketshezi, njengezithako zezinwele, i-lipstick, amafutha okugcoba, i-conditioner, isigcobo sikadayi wezinwele, i-shampoo, ukugeza umzimba, okokuhlanza ubuso, i-mousse yezinwele, Imikhiqizo efana nokhilimu nama-balms. kudingeka ukuthi bahlolwe ukumelana nokushisa.
Ngenxa yokuthi ukubukeka kwezimonyo ezihlukahlukene kuhlukile, izidingo zokumelana nokushisa nezindlela zokusebenza zokuhlola zemikhiqizo ehlukahlukene zihluke kancane. Kodwa-ke, izimiso eziyisisekelo zokuhlolwa ziyefana, okungukuthi: okokuqala lungisa i-incubator yokushisa kagesi engaguquki ibe (40±1)°C, bese uthatha amasampula amabili, ubeke eyodwa yawo ku-incubator yokushisa ehlala njalo kagesi amahora angama-24, thatha. uyikhiphe, bese ubuyela ekamelweni lokushisa. Bese uyiqhathanisa nenye isampula ukuze ubheke ukuthi inakho yini ukushintsha kokuncipha, ukuguquguquka kombala, i-delamination nobulukhuni ukuze wahlulele ukumelana nokushisa komkhiqizo.
2.Ukuhlolwa kokumelana namakhaza
Njengokuhlolwa kokumelana nokushisa, ukuhlolwa kokumelana nokubanda nakho kuyisici esibalulekile sokuhlola ukuzinza kwamakhilimu, okokugcoba kanye nemikhiqizo ewuketshezi.
Ngokufanayo, ngenxa yokuthi izinhlobo ezahlukene zezimonyo zinokubukeka okuhlukile, izidingo zokumelana nokubanda nezindlela zokusebenza zokuhlola zemikhiqizo ehlukahlukene zihluke kancane. Kodwa-ke, izimiso eziyisisekelo zokuhlolwa ziyefana, okungukuthi: okokuqala lungisa isiqandisi sibe (-5 ~ -15) ℃ ± 1 ℃, bese uthatha amasampula amabili, ubeke eyodwa yawo esiqandisini amahora angu-24, uyikhiphe. , futhi uyibuyisele. Ngemuva kwezinga lokushisa legumbi, liqhathanise nelinye isampula ukuze ubone ukuthi liyancipha, liguquguquke, liyashintshashintsha futhi liqine libe lukhuni ukuze wahlulele ukumelana nokubanda komkhiqizo.
Ukuhlolwa kwe-3.Centrifuge
Ukuhlolwa kwe-centrifugal kuwukuhlola ukuhlola impilo yeshalofu yezimonyo zokugcoba. Kuyindlela yokuhlola edingekayo ukusheshisa ukuhlolwa kokuhlukanisa. Isibonelo, isihlanzi sobuso, isigcobo esithambisayo, isithako sikadayi wezinwele, njll. zonke zidinga ukufakwa phakathi. Indlela yile: beka isampula ku-centrifuge, hlola ngesivinini esingu- (2000 ~ 4000) r/min imizuzu engu-30, futhi ubheke ukuhlukaniswa nokuhlelwa komkhiqizo.
4.Ukuhlolwa kokuzinza kombala
Ukuhlolwa kokuqina kombala kuyisivivinyo sokuhlola ukuthi umbala wezimonyo ezinemibala uzinzile yini. Njengoba ukwakheka kanye nezakhiwo zezinhlobo ezahlukene zezimonyo zihlukile, izindlela zabo zokuhlola nazo zihlukile. Isibonelo, ukuhlolwa kokuqina kombala kwe-lotion yezinwele kusebenzisa indlela yokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet, futhi ukuhlolwa kokuqina kombala wamakha namanzi asendlini yangasese kusebenzisa indlela yokushisa i-ovini yokomisa.
Izindlela zokuhlola ezijwayelekile zezimonyo
1. Ukunqunywa kwevelu ye-pH
I-pH yesikhumba somuntu ngokuvamile iphakathi kuka-4.5 no-6.5, ene-acidic. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ingaphezulu lesikhumba lihlukaniswe libe isikhumba nomjuluko, okuqukethe izinto ezine-acidic njenge-lactic acid, ama-amino acid amahhala, i-uric acid, nama-fatty acids. Ngokwezici zomzimba zesikhumba, ukhilimu kanye nezimonyo zokugcoba kufanele zibe namanani ahlukene we-pH ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo ezahlukene. Ngakho-ke, inani le-pH liyinkomba ebalulekile yokusebenza kwezimonyo.
Kala ingxenye yesampula (enembile ibe ngu-0.1g), engeza izingxenye eziyi-10 zamanzi acwecwe izikhathi eziningana, ugovuze ngokuqhubekayo, ukushisa kufike ku-40°C ukuze uyincibilikise ngokuphelele, uphole kuye ku-(25±1)°C noma izinga lokushisa legumbi, bese usetha. eceleni.
Uma kuwumkhiqizo onokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwamafutha, ungashiswa ku-(70~80) ℃, futhi ngemva kokupholisa, susa ibhulokhi likawoyela ukuze lisetshenziswe kamuva; imikhiqizo eyimpuphu ingancishiswa futhi ihlungwe ukuze isetshenziswe kamuva. Linganisa inani le-pH ngokulandela imiyalelo yemitha ye-pH.
2. Ukunqunywa kwe-viscosity
Lapho uketshezi lugeleza ngaphansi kwethonya lamandla angaphandle, ukumelana phakathi kwama-molecule alo kubizwa ngokuthi i-viscosity (noma i-viscosity). I-viscosity iyinto ebalulekile yomzimba yoketshezi kanye nesinye sezinkomba ezibalulekile zekhwalithi yezimonyo zokhilimu nezimonyo. I-viscosity ngokuvamile ikalwa nge-viscometer ejikelezayo.
I-Cashmere i-cashmere enhle ekhula ezimpandeni zoboya obumahhadla bembuzi. Njengoba ububanzi bayo buncane kunoboya bezimvu, ingabamba umoya opholile, ngakho-ke inezindawo ezinhle zokuvikela ukushisa futhi iyisikhali somlingo sezimbuzi ukumelana nobusika obubandayo. Futhi ngenxa yokuthi izikali ezingaphezulu kwefayibha ye-cashmere zincane futhi zinamathela eduze kwezintambo ze-fiber, imikhiqizo ye-cashmere inokucwebezela okungcono, ukuzwa okubushelelezi kanye nemibimbi emincane kunemikhiqizo yoboya. Lapho izimbuzi zilahla izinwele zazo njalo entwasahlobo, i-cashmere itholakala ngokukama kokwenziwa. Kudingeka uboya bezimbuzi ezinhlanu ukuphotha ijezi le-cashmere elingu-250g. Ngenxa yokushoda komkhiqizo, i-cashmere yaziwa nangokuthi "igolide elithambile".
3. Ukulinganiswa kodaka
Amakha, amanzi ekhanda kanye nemikhiqizo yokuthambisa noma ezinye imvula engancibiliki engahlukaniswanga ngokuphelele ngenxa yesikhathi esinganele sokuguga, noma ngenxa yento engancibiliki njengokungathi idipping gum kanye nokuqukethwe kwe-wax ngokuphelele kuphezulu kakhulu, kulula ukubangela Umkhiqizo. kuba namafu, futhi ukuguquguquka kungenye yezinkinga ezinkulu zekhwalithi ngalezi zimonyo. I-turbidity ikalwa ngokuhlola okubonakalayo.
(1) Izimiso eziyisisekelo
Hlola ngokubuka ukucaca kwesampula kubhavu wamanzi noma esinye isiqandisi.
(2) Ama-reagents
Ama-ice cubes noma amanzi eqhwa (noma ezinye iziqandisi ezifanele ngo-5°C ngaphansi kwezinga lokushisa elilinganisiwe)
(3) Izinyathelo zokulinganisa
Faka ama-ice cubes noma amanzi e-ice ku-beaker, noma ezinye iziqandisi ezifanele ezingaphansi ngo-5°C kunezinga lokushisa elilinganisiwe.
Thatha izingxenye ezimbili zesampula bese uzithela kumashubhu amabili okuhlola engilazi φ2cm×13cm amabili omiswe ngaphambili. Ubude besampula bungu-1/3 wobude beshubhu lokuhlola. Xhuma umlomo weshubhu lokuhlola ngokuqinile ngesivalo se-serial thermometer ukuze isibani se-mercury sethemometha sibe phakathi nesampula.
Faka elinye ishubhu lokuhlola elingu-φ3cm × 15cm ngaphandle kweshubhu lokuhlola ukuze ishubhu lokuhlola eliqukethe isampula libe maphakathi nebhokisi. Qaphela ukuthi ungathinteki okungaphansi kwamashubhu okuhlola amabili. Faka ishubhu lokuhlola kubhika elinesiqandisi ukuze liphole, ukuze izinga lokushisa lesampula lehle kancane kancane, futhi ubheke ukuthi isampula licacile yini uma lifinyelela izinga lokushisa elishiwo. Sebenzisa enye isampula njengokulawula lapho ubuka. Phinda ukulinganisa kanye futhi imiphumela emibili kufanele ihambisane.
(4) Ukuvezwa kwemiphumela
Ezingeni lokushisa elishiwo, uma isampula lisacace njengesampula langempela, umphumela wokuhlolwa wesampula ucacile futhi awubi.
(5) Izinyathelo zokuqapha
① Le ndlela ifanele ukunqunywa kwe-turbidity yamakha, amanzi ekhanda nemikhiqizo yokuthambisa.
②Amasampuli ahlukene anamazinga okushisa enkomba acacisiwe. Isibonelo: amakha 5℃, amanzi asendlini yangasese 10℃.
4.Ukunqunywa kokuminyana okuhlobene
Ukuminyana okuhlobene kubhekisela esilinganisweni sesisindo somthamo othile wezinto ezibonakalayo nesisindo sevolumu efanayo yamanzi. Kuyinkomba yokusebenza ebalulekile yezimonyo eziwuketshezi.
5.Ukunqunywa kokuzinza kombala
Umbala uyinkomba yokusebenza ebalulekile yezimonyo, futhi ukuzinza kombala kungenye yezinkinga eziyinhloko zekhwalithi yezimonyo. Indlela eyinhloko yokulinganisa ukuzinza kombala ukuhlola okubonakalayo.
(1) Izimiso eziyisisekelo
Qhathanisa ukushintsha kombala kwesampula ngemva kokushisisa kumazinga okushisa athile.
(2) Izinyathelo zokulinganisa
Thatha izingxenye ezimbili zesampula bese uzithela kumashubhu amabili okuhlola we-φ2 × 13cm ngokulandelana. Ubude besampula cishe bungu-2/3 wobude beshubhu. Yixhume ngokhokho bese ufaka eyodwa yazo ekushiseni okulungiswe ngaphambilini okungu-(48±1)℃. Ebhokisini lokushisa elingashintshi, vula isivalo ngemva kwehora elingu-1, bese usigcina sixhunyiwe, bese uqhubeka usifaka ebhokisini lokushisa elingashintshi. Ngemva kwamahora angu-24, yikhiphe bese uyiqhathanisa nenye isampula. Akufanele kube nokushintsha kombala.
(3) Isisho somphumela
Ezingeni lokushisa elishiwo, uma isampula lisawugcina umbala walo wangempela, umphumela wokuhlolwa wesampula ukuthi umbala uzinzile futhi awuguquki.
6. Ukunqunywa kwe-essence kumakha namanzi asendlini yangasese
Iphunga linikeza izimonyo iphunga elithile futhi iletha ubuhle nokunethezeka kubasebenzisi. Cishe zonke izimonyo zisebenzisa iphunga, ngakho iphunga lingenye yezinto eziyisisekelo eziyisisekelo zezimonyo. Indlela evame ukusetshenziswa yokunquma amakha ezimonyoni indlela yokukhipha i-ether.
(1) Izimiso eziyisisekelo
Kusetshenziswa umgomo wokuthi i-essence iyaxubeka ku-diethyl ether, i-essence ikhishwa kusampula nge-diethyl ether, bese i-ether ikhishwa bese ikalwa ukuze kutholwe ingqikithi yokuqukethwe.
(2) Ama-reagents
①I-Ether, i-anhydrous sodium sulfate
②Isixazululo se-sodium chloride: Engeza umthamo olinganayo wamanzi acwecwe kusisombululo se-sodium chloride esigcwele.
(3) Izinyathelo zokulinganisa
Kala ngokunembile (20~50) g yesampula ezohlolwa (enembile ibe ngu-0.000 2 g) ibe yifaneli ehlukanisayo emise okwepheya elingu-1 L, bese wengeza u-300 mL wesisombululo se-sodium chloride. Bese wengeza u-70 mL we-diethyl ether, unyakazise, futhi uyeke ume ukuhlukanisa izingqimba. Yenza isamba sezingxenye ezintathu. Beka izingcezu ezintathu ze-ethyl ether ndawonye kufaneli ehlukanisayo emise okwepheya elingu-1, engeza u-200 mL wesisombululo se-sodium chloride, unyakazise bese uyageza. , ake ume ukubeka izingqimba, ulahle isixazululo se-sodium chloride, udlulisele ukukhishwa kwe-ether eflaskni ye-Erlenmeyer evinjiwe engu-500 mL, engeza u-5 g anhydrous sodium sulfate, shake, womile futhi uphelelwe amanzi. Hlunga ikhambi ebhekhani elomile nelihlanzekile elingu-300 mL, hlambulula i-Erlenmeyer flask ngenani elincane le-ether, hlanganisa i-ether ebhekhani, bese ubeka ibhika kubhavu wamanzi ongu-50°C ukuze uhwamuke. Uma isixazululo sihwamuka sibe ngu-20 mL, dlulisela ikhambi ebhekeni elikalwe kusengaphambili elingu-50 mL, qhubeka nokuhwamuka kuze kube yilapho i-ether ikhishwa, beka ibhika endaweni yokuhlanza, vacuum futhi unciphise ukucindezela ku-(6.67×10³) Pa, futhi ubeke yona ihora elingu-1, isisindo.
(4) Ukubalwa kwemiphumela
Ingxenye enkulu w yokukhishwa kwe-ether ibalwa ngokuvumelana nefomula elandelayo.
w=(m1-m0)/m
Kufomula: m0——inqwaba ye-beaker, g;
m1——Isisindo se-beaker ne-ether extract, g;
m——isampula yesisindo, g.
(5) Izinyathelo zokuqapha
①Le ndlela ifanele izimonyo ezifana namakha, i-cologne namanzi asendlini yangasese.
②Iphutha elivumelekile lemiphumela yokuhlolwa ehambisanayo ngu-0.5%.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jan-17-2024