Ukuhlolwa kwe-VS
Ukutholwa kuwumsebenzi wobuchwepheshe wokunquma isici esisodwa noma eziningi zomkhiqizo othile, inqubo noma isevisi ngokwenqubo ethile. Ukutholwa cishe kuyindlela evame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu yokuhlola ukuhambisana, okuwuhlelo lokunquma ukuthi imikhiqizo ihlangabezana nezidingo ezithile. Ukuhlola okuvamile kuhilela usayizi, ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali, isimiso sikagesi, ukwakheka kwemishini, njll. Ukuhlolwa kwenziwa izikhungo eziningi, okuhlanganisa ama-ejensi kahulumeni, izikhungo zemfundo nezikhungo zocwaningo, izinhlangano zezohwebo nezimboni.
Ukuhlola kubhekisela ekuhlolweni kokuvumelana ngokulinganisa, ukuqaphela, ukutholwa noma ukulinganisa. Kuzoba nokugqagqana phakathi kokuhlolwa nokuhlolwa, futhi imisebenzi enjalo ngokuvamile yenziwa inhlangano efanayo. Ukuhlola ngokuvamile kuncike ekuhlolweni okubonakalayo, kodwa kungase kuhlanganise nokutholwa, ngokuvamile kusetshenziswa amathuluzi alula, njengamageji. Ukuhlola ngokuvamile kwenziwa izisebenzi eziqeqeshwe kakhulu ngokuvumelana nenhloso nezinqubo ezimisiwe, futhi ukuhlola kuvame ukuncika ekunqumeni komuntu siqu kanye nolwazi lomhloli.
01
Amagama adida kakhulu
ISO 9000 VS ISO9001
I-ISO9000 ayibhekiseli ezingeni, kodwa iqembu lamazinga. Umndeni wamazinga we-ISO9000 umqondo owabekwa phambili yi-International Organisation for Standardization (ISO) ngo-1994. Isho izindinganiso zamazwe ngamazwe ezakhiwe yi-ISO/Tc176 (Technical Committee for Quality Management and Quality Assurance of the International Organization for Standardization).
I-ISO9001 ingelinye lamazinga angumongo wesistimu yokuphatha ikhwalithi efakwe emndenini wamazinga we-ISO9000. Isetshenziselwa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi inhlangano inekhono lokuhlinzeka ngemikhiqizo ehlangabezana nezidingo zekhasimende kanye nezidingo zokulawula ezisebenzayo, ngenjongo yokuthuthukisa ukwaneliseka kwamakhasimende. Kubandakanya izindinganiso ezine ezibalulekile: uhlelo lokuphatha ikhwalithi - isisekelo namagama, uhlelo lokuphatha ikhwalithi - izimfuneko, uhlelo lokuphathwa kwekhwalithi - umhlahlandlela wokuthuthukisa ukusebenza, kanye nomhlahlandlela wokuhlolwa kwekhwalithi nokuphathwa kwemvelo.
Isitifiketi VS ukuqashelwa
Isitifiketi sisho imisebenzi yokuhlola ukuhambisana lapho indikimba yezitifiketi iqinisekisa ukuthi imikhiqizo, izinsizakalo kanye nezinhlelo zokuphatha zithobela izidingo eziyisibopho noma izindinganiso zokucaciswa kobuchwepheshe ezifanele.
Ukugunyazwa kusho imisebenzi yokuhlolwa kweziqu eziqashelwa yinhlangano egunyaza ikhono nokwenza iziqu zenhlangano ekhipha izitifiketi, indikimba yokuhlola, ilabhorethri kanye nabasebenzi abenza umsebenzi wokuhlola, amabhuku kanye neminye imisebenzi yokuqinisekisa.
I-CNAS VS CMA
I-CMA, isho ukuthi i-China Metrology Accreditation.Umthetho we-Metrology we-People's Republic of China ubeka ukuthi isikhungo sokuhlolwa kwekhwalithi yomkhiqizo esihlinzeka ngedatha eqinisekisiwe yomphakathi kufanele siphumelele ukuqinisekiswa kwe-metrological, ikhono lokuhlola kanye nokuhlola ukwethembeka okwenziwa umnyango wokuphatha we-metrological kahulumeni wabantu ezingeni lesifundazwe noma ngaphezulu. Lokhu kuhlola kubizwa ngokuthi yi-metrological certification.
Isitifiketi se-metrological siyindlela yokuhlola okuyimpoqo kwezikhungo zokuhlola (amalabhorethri) ezikhipha idatha engaziwa emphakathini ngomthetho we-metrological e-China, okungase kushiwo ukuthi kuwukuqashelwa okuyimpoqo kwezindawo zokucwaninga nguhulumeni ezinezici zesiShayina. Idatha ehlinzekwe isikhungo sokuhlola ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo esiphumelele isitifiketi se-metrological izosetshenziselwa isitifiketi sohwebo, ukuhlolwa kwekhwalithi yomkhiqizo kanye nokuhlolwa kwempumelelo njengedatha ye-notarial futhi ibe nomthelela wezomthetho.
I-CNAS: I-China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment (CNAS) yisikhungo sikazwelonke sokugunyazwa esisungulwe futhi sagunyazwa yiKhomishana Kazwelonke Yokugunyazwa Kwezitifiketi Nokugunyazwa ngokuhambisana nezinhlinzeko zeMithethonqubo ye-People's Republic of China mayelana Nesitifiketi Nokugunyazwa, esibophezelekile. ukuze kugunyazwe izikhungo zezitifiketi, amalabhorethri, izikhungo zokuhlola nezinye izikhungo ezifanele.
Ukugunyazwa kwaselabhorethri kungokuzithandela futhi kubamba iqhaza. Izinga elamukelwe lilingana ne-iso/iec17025:2005. Kunesivumelwano sokubonana esisayinwe ne-ILAC kanye nezinye izinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe zokugunyazwa kwelabhorethri ukuze zamukeleke.
Ukucwaninga kwangaphakathi uma kuqhathaniswa nokuhlolwa kwangaphandle
Ukucwaninga kwangaphakathi kuwukuthuthukisa ukuphathwa kwangaphakathi, ukukhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwekhwalithi ngokuthatha izinyathelo ezihambisanayo zokulungisa nezokunqanda izinkinga ezitholiwe, ukucwaninga kwangaphakathi kwebhizinisi, ukucwaninga kwenkampani yokuqala, nokubona ukuthi inkampani yakho isebenza kanjani.
Ukucwaninga kwangaphandle ngokuvamile kubhekisela ekucwaningweni kwenkampani yinkampani yezitifiketi, kanye nokucwaninga okuvela eceleni ukuze kubonakale ukuthi inkampani isebenza ngokohlelo olujwayelekile, kanye nokuthi isitifiketi sokuqinisekisa singanikezwa yini.
02
Amagama esitifiketi asetshenziswa kakhulu
1. Isikhungo sokunikeza izitifiketi: sibhekisela esikhungweni esigunyazwe umnyango wokunikeza izitifiketi nokugunyazwa wokuqondisa nokuphatha woMkhandlu Wombuso, futhi esithole ukufaneleka komuntu osemthethweni ngokomthetho, futhi singahlanganyela emisebenzini yesitifiketi ngaphakathi kwendawo yokugunyazwa.
2. Ukucwaningwa kwamabhuku: kubhekisela ohlelweni oluhlelekile, oluzimele kanye nelokubhaliwe ukuze kutholwe ubufakazi bocwaningomabhuku kanye nokubucubungula ngendlela efanele ukuze kutholwe izinga lokuhlangabezana nemibandela yocwaningomabhuku.
3. Umcwaningi mabhuku: ubhekise kumuntu onekhono lokwenza ucwaningo.
4. Umnyango wendawo wokuqondisa izitifiketi kanye nokuphatha ubhekisela esikhungweni sokuhlola ukuphuma kwendawo kanye nesikhungo sokuhlukaniswa kwabantu esisungulwe umnyango wokuqondisa wekhwalithi nobuchwepheshe kahulumeni wabantu wesifundazwe, isifunda esizimele kanye nomasipala ngaphansi koHulumeni Omkhulu kanye nokuqondisa kwekhwalithi, umnyango wokuhlola nowokuvalela woMkhandlu Wezwe ogunyazwe umnyango kazwelonke wokunikeza izitifiketi nokugunyazwa kokuqondisa nokuphatha.
5. Isitifiketi se-CCC: sibhekisela ekutholeni isitifiketi somkhiqizo oyimpoqo.
6. Ukufakwa kwefayela lokuthekelisa ngaphandle: kubhekisela ekusetshenzisweni kohlelo lokugcwalisa ezempilo nguHulumeni emabhizinisini abamba iqhaza ekukhiqizeni, ekucubunguleni nasekugcineni ukudla okuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe (ngemuva kwalokhu okubizwa ngokuthi amabhizinisi okukhiqiza ukudla angaphandle) ngokuhambisana nezidingo zoMthetho Wokuphepha Kokudla. . I-National Certification and Accreditation Administration (ngemuva kwalokhu ebizwa ngokuthi yi-Certification and Accreditation Administration) iphethe umsebenzi wamarekhodi ezempilo wamabhizinisi kazwelonke akhiqiza ukudla ngaphandle. Wonke amabhizinisi akhiqiza, acubungula futhi agcine ukudla kwamanye amazwe ngaphakathi kwendawo ye-People's Republic of China kufanele athole isitifiketi serekhodi lezempilo ngaphambi kokuba akhiqize, acubungule futhi agcine ukudla kwamanye amazwe.
7. Isincomo sangaphandle: sisho ukuthi ngemuva kokuthi ibhizinisi elikhiqiza ukudla elithumela ngaphandle elifaka isicelo sokubhaliswa kwezempilo kwamanye amazwe seliphumelele ukubuyekezwa kanye nokugadwa kwe-entry-exit inspection kanye ne-quarantine bureau endaweni engaphansi kwayo, i-entry-exit inspection kanye ne-quarantine bureau izoletha ibhizinisi isicelo sezinto zokubhaliswa kwezempilo kwamanye amazwe ku-National Certification and Accreditation Administration (emva kwalokhu okubizwa ngokuthi yi-Certification and Accreditation Administration), kanye nekhomishini yezitifiketi nokugunyazwa izoqinisekisa ukuthi iyahlangabezana nezidingo, i-CNCA (egameni elithi “National Certification and I-Accreditation Administration ye-People's Republic of China”) izoncoma ngokufanayo kuziphathimandla ezinekhono zamazwe noma izifunda ezifanele.
8. Ukubhaliswa kokungenisa kwamanye amazwe kubhekise ekukhishweni okusemthethweni kanye nasekusetshenzisweni Kwezinhlinzeko Zokubhaliswa Nokuphathwa Kwamabhizinisi Okukhiqiza Amazwe Angaphandle Wokudla Okungenisiwe ngo-2002, ezisebenza ekubhaliseni nasekulawuleni amabhizinisi angaphandle akhiqizayo, acutshungulwayo kanye nawokugcina (okuzobizwa kamuva ngokuthi amabhizinisi okukhiqiza angaphandle) athumela ukudla eShayina. Abakhiqizi bangaphandle abathumela imikhiqizo kuKhathalogi eya e-China kufanele bafake isicelo sokubhaliswa ne-National Certification and Accreditation Administration. Ukudla kwabakhiqizi bakwamanye amazwe ngaphandle kokubhaliswa ngeke kungeniswe kwamanye amazwe.
9. I-HACCP: Ukuhlaziywa Kwezingozi kanye Nokulawula Okubalulekile. I-HACCP ingumgomo oyisisekelo oqondisa amabhizinisi okudla ukuthi asungule uhlelo lokulawula ukuphepha kokudla, egcizelela ukuvikela izingozi kunokuthembela ekuhlolweni kwemikhiqizo yokugcina. Uhlelo lokulawula ukuphepha kokudla okusekelwe ku-HACCP lubizwa ngokuthi uhlelo lwe-HACCP. Iwuhlelo lokuhlonza, lokuhlola kanye nokulawula izingozi ezibalulekile zokuphepha kokudla.
I-10, i-Organic Agriculture: ibhekisela "Ngokuhambisana namazinga athile okukhiqiza ezolimo, asisebenzisi izinto eziphilayo kanye nemikhiqizo yazo etholwe ubunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo ekukhiqizeni, asisebenzisi izibulala-zinambuzane zamakhemikhali zokwenziwa, umanyolo, izilawuli zokukhula, izithasiselo zokudla kanye nezinye izinto, ukulandela imithetho yemvelo kanye nezimiso zemvelo, ukuxhumanisa ibhalansi phakathi kokutshala nezilwane zasemanzini, futhi kwamukele uchungechunge lobuchwepheshe bezolimo obuqhubekayo ukuze kugcinwe uhlelo lokukhiqiza lwezolimo oluzinzile noluzinzile. I-China inezinga lezwe lonke le-Organic Products (GB/T19630-2005) yakhishwa.
11. Isitifiketi somkhiqizo wemvelo: sibhekisela emisebenzini yezinhlangano zokunikeza izitifiketi zokuhlola ukukhiqizwa nokucubungula inqubo yemikhiqizo yemvelo ngokuhambisana Nezinyathelo Zokuqondisa Zokugunyazwa Komkhiqizo Wezinto Eziphilayo (AQSIQ Decree [2004] No. 67) nokunye ukunikezwa kwesitifiketi, kanye fakazela ukuthi ziyahlangabezana namazinga kazwelonke we-Organic Products.
12. Imikhiqizo ye-organic: ibhekisela emikhiqizweni ekhiqizwayo, ecutshungulwayo futhi ethengiswa ngokuhambisana namazinga kazwelonke emikhiqizo yemvelo futhi egunyazwe izikhungo zomthetho.
13. Ukudla okuluhlaza: kubhekisela ekudleni okutshaliwe, okulinyiwe, okufakwe ngomanyolo wemvelo, futhi kucutshungulwe futhi kukhiqizwe ngaphansi kwemvelo ejwayelekile, ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza, kanye namazinga ezempilo ngaphandle kobuthi obuphezulu kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane eziyinsalela eziningi ngaphansi kwezimo ezingangcoliswanga, kanye kuqinisekiswe iziphathimandla ezinikeza isitifiketi ngelebula yokudla okuluhlaza. (Isitifiketi sisekelwe ezingeni lembonini Lomnyango Wezolimo.)
14. Imikhiqizo yezolimo engangcoli: ibhekisa emikhiqizweni edliwayo engacutshungulwanga noma ecutshunguliwe ekuqaleni, indawo yayo yokukhiqiza, inqubo yokukhiqiza kanye nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo ihlangabezana nezidingo zamazinga afanele kazwelonke kanye nokucaciswa kwayo, eqinisekisiwe ukuthi iqeqeshiwe futhi isitholile isitifiketi futhi kuvunyelwe ukusebenzisa ilogo yomkhiqizo wezolimo ongangcoli.
15. Isitifiketi sohlelo lokuphatha ukuphepha kokudla: kubhekise ekusetshenzisweni kwesimiso se-HACCP kulo lonke uhlelo lokuphatha ukuphepha kokudla, oluhlanganisa nezidingo ezifanele zohlelo lokuphatha ikhwalithi, futhi luqondise ngokuningiliziwe ukusebenza, isiqinisekiso nokuhlolwa ukuphathwa kokuphepha kokudla. Ngokuvumelana ne Implementation Rules for the Certification of Food Safety Management System, indikimba yezitifiketi yenza imisebenzi yokuhlola ukufaneleka kwamabhizinisi akhiqiza ukudla ngokuhambisana ne-GB/T22000 “Food Safety Management System – Izidingo Zezinhlangano Ezihlukahlukene E-Food Chain” kanye nezinye ezikhethekile ezikhethekile. izidingo zobuchwepheshe, okubizwa ngokuthi isitifiketi sohlelo lokulawulwa kokuphepha kokudla (isitifiketi se-FSMS ngamafuphi).
16. IGAP – Indlela Enhle Yezokulima: Kubhekiselwa ekusetshenzisweni kolwazi lwesimanje lwezolimo ukulawula ngokwesayensi zonke izici zokukhiqizwa kwezolimo, futhi kugqugquzelwe intuthuko esimeme yezolimo kuyilapho kuqinisekiswa ikhwalithi nokuphepha kwemikhiqizo yezolimo.
17. Imikhuba Emihle Yokukhiqiza: (I-GMP-Good Production Practice): Ibhekisela ohlelweni oluphelele lokuphatha ikhwalithi oluthola izinga elilindelekile lemikhiqizo ngokucacisa izimo zehardware (njengezakhiwo zefekthri, izinsiza, okokusebenza kanye nezinto zikagesi) kanye nezidingo zokuphatha ( njengokulawula ukukhiqiza nokucubungula, ukupakisha, indawo yokugcina impahla, ukusatshalaliswa, ukuhlanzeka kwabasebenzi nokuqeqeshwa, njll.) imikhiqizo okufanele ibe nayo ukuze ikhiqize futhi icutshungulwe, nokusebenzisa ukuphathwa kwesayensi nokuqapha okuqinile kuyo yonke inqubo yokukhiqiza. Okuqukethwe okucaciswe ku-GMP yizimo eziyisisekelo okumele amabhizinisi alungisa ukudla ahlangabezane nazo, kanye nezimfuneko zokuthuthukiswa nokuqaliswa kwezinye izinhlelo zokuphepha kokudla kanye nokuphathwa kwekhwalithi.
18. Isitifiketi semakethe ehlaza: kubhekiselwa ekuhlolweni nasekunikezweni isitifiketi kwemvelo yemakethe ethengisiwe neyokuthengisa, izinto zokusebenza (isibonisi sokugcina, ukutholwa, ukucubungula) izidingo zekhwalithi engenayo kanye nokuphathwa, nokulondolozwa kwempahla, ukulondolozwa, ukupakishwa, ukuphathwa kwendle, ukudla okusendaweni. ukucutshungulwa, isikweletu semakethe nezinye izinsiza nezinqubo.
19. Ukufaneleka kwamalabhorethri kanye nezikhungo zokuhlola: kubhekise ezimeni nasemandleni amalabhorethri kanye nezikhungo zokuhlola ezihlinzeka ngemininingwane nemiphumela engafakazela umphakathi okufanele zibe nazo.
20. Ukugunyazwa kwamalabhorethri kanye nezikhungo zokuhlola: kubhekisela emisebenzini yokuhlola nokuqashelwa eyenziwa yi-National Certification and Accreditation Administration kanye neminyango yokuqondisa ikhwalithi nobuchwepheshe bohulumeni babantu bezifundazwe, izifunda ezizimele kanye nomasipala ngokuqondile ngaphansi kukaHulumeni Omkhulu mayelana nokuthi izimo eziyisisekelo namandla amalabhorethri nezikhungo zokuhlola zihambisana nemithetho, izimiso zokuphatha kanye nemininingwane yezobuchwepheshe efanele noma amazinga.
21. Isitifiketi se-metrological: Sibhekisela ekuhlolweni kokuqinisekiswa kwe-metrological, ukusebenza kwempahla yokuhlola, indawo yokusebenza namakhono okusebenza ezisebenzi, kanye nekhono lesistimu yekhwalithi yokuqinisekisa amanani afanayo nanembile. izikhungo zokuhlola ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo ezihlinzeka ngedatha efanelekile emphakathini yi-National Accreditation Administration kanye neminyango yokuhlola ikhwalithi yendawo ngokuhambisana nezinhlinzeko zemithetho efanele nemithethonqubo yokuphatha, kanye nekhono lesistimu yekhwalithi yokuqinisekisa ukuhlolwa okulungile nokuthembekile. idatha.
22. Ukubuyekeza nokugunyazwa (ukwamukela): kubhekisela ekubuyekezweni kwamandla okuhlolwa kanye nohlelo lwekhwalithi lwezikhungo zokuhlola ezenza umsebenzi wokuhlola ukuthi imikhiqizo iyahlangabezana yini namazinga kanye nomsebenzi wokuqondisa nokuhlola wamanye amazinga yi-National Accreditation Administration. kanye neminyango yokuhlola ikhwalithi yendawo ngokuhambisana nezinhlinzeko zemithetho efanele kanye nemithethonqubo yokuphatha.
23. Ukuqinisekiswa kwamandla elabhorethri: Kubhekisela ekunqunyweni kwekhono lokuhlola ilabhorethri ngokuqhathanisa phakathi kwamalabhorethri.
24. I-Mutual Recognition agreement (MRA): ibhekisela esivumelwaneni sokwamukelana esisayinwe yibo bobabili ohulumeni noma izikhungo zokuhlola ukuhambisana emiphumeleni ethile yokuhlola ukuhambisana nokwamukelwa kwemiphumela yokuhlola ukuhambisana yezikhungo zokuhlola ukuhambisana okuthile ngaphakathi kobubanzi besivumelwano.
03
Amagama ahlobene nesitifiketi somkhiqizo kanye nenhlangano
1. Umfakisicelo/iklayenti lesitifiketi: zonke izinhlobo zezinhlangano ezibhaliswe nomnyango olawulayo wezimboni nezohwebo kanye nokuthola amalayisensi ebhizinisi ngokuvumelana nomthetho, okuhlanganisa zonke izinhlobo zezinhlangano ezinobuntu obusemthethweni, kanye nezinye izinhlangano ezisungulwe ngokusemthethweni, zinenhlangano ethile. izakhiwo kanye nezakhiwo, kodwa azinabo ubuntu obusemthethweni, njengamabhizinisi obunikazi obubodwa, amabhizinisi obambisene, ama-joint ventures, amabhizinisi aseShayina-angaphandle, amabhizinisi asebenzayo kanye namabhizinisi axhaswe ngemali yangaphandle angenabo ubuntu obusemthethweni, Amagatsha asungulwe futhi anikezwe ilayisense abantu abasemthethweni. kanye namabhizinisi ngamanye. Qaphela: Umfakisicelo uba umnikazi welayisensi ngemva kokuthola isitifiketi.
2. Umkhiqizi/umkhiqizi womkhiqizo: inhlangano yomuntu osemthethweni esendaweni eyodwa noma ngaphezulu engaguquki eyenza noma elawula ukuklama, ukukhiqiza, ukuhlola, ukuphathwa nokugcinwa kwemikhiqizo, ukuze ibe nesibopho sokuqhubeka nokuhambisana nemikhiqizo efanele. izidingo, futhi uthathe umthwalo ogcwele kulezo zici.
3. Umkhiqizi (indawo yokukhiqiza)/ibhizinisi lokukhiqiza eliphathisiwe: indawo lapho kwenziwa khona ukuhlanganiswa kokugcina kanye/noma ukuhlolwa kwemikhiqizo eqinisekisiwe, kanye namamaki wokunikeza izitifiketi nama-ejensi anikeza izitifiketi kusetshenziswa izinsiza zokulandelela kubo. Qaphela: Ngokuvamile, umkhiqizi uzoba indawo yokugcina, ukuhlolwa okujwayelekile, ukuhlolwa kokuqinisekisa (uma kukhona), ukupakishwa, nokunamathiselwa kwepuleti legama lomkhiqizo kanye nomaki wesitifiketi. Lapho izinqubo ezingenhla zemikhiqizo zingakwazi ukuqedelwa endaweni eyodwa, indawo ephelele ehlanganisa okungenani isimiso, ukuhlolwa kokuqinisekisa (uma kukhona), ipuleti legama lomkhiqizo kanye nophawu lwesitifiketi kuzokhethwa ukuze luhlolwe, kanye nelungelo lokuqhubeka nokuhlolwa kwezinye izindawo. kubekelwa.
4. Umkhiqizi we-OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer): umkhiqizi okhiqiza imikhiqizo eqinisekisiwe ngokuya ngomklamo, ukulawulwa kwenqubo yokukhiqiza kanye nezidingo zokuhlola ezinikezwa iklayenti. Qaphela: Iklayenti kungaba ngumfakisicelo noma umenzi. Umkhiqizi we-OEM ukhiqiza imikhiqizo eqinisekisiwe ngaphansi kwempahla yomkhiqizi we-OEM ngokuya ngomklamo, ukulawulwa kwenqubo yokukhiqiza kanye nezidingo zokuhlola ezinikezwa iklayenti. Izimpawu zokuthengisa zabenzi bezicelo/abakhiqizi abahlukene zingasetshenziswa. Amaklayenti ahlukene nama-OEM azohlolwa ngokwehlukana. Izinto zesistimu akumele zihlolwe ngokuphindaphindiwe, kodwa ukulawulwa kwenqubo yokukhiqiza kanye nezimfuneko zokuhlolwa kwemikhiqizo kanye nokuhlolwa kokuvumelana komkhiqizo akukwazi ukukhululwa.
5. Umkhiqizi we-ODM (Original Design Manufacturer): imboni eklama, icubungula futhi ikhiqize imikhiqizo efanayo yomkhiqizi oyedwa noma abaningi ngokusebenzisa izimfuneko ezifanayo zekhono lokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi, umklamo womkhiqizo ofanayo, ukulawula inqubo yokukhiqiza kanye nezidingo zokuhlola.
6. Umnikazi wesitifiketi sokuqala se-ODM: inhlangano ephethe isitifiketi sokuqala sesitifiketi somkhiqizo we-ODM. 1.7 Inhlangano umphakeli ahlinzekela ngayo izingxenye, izingxenye kanye nezinto zokusetshenziswa ukuze umenzi akhiqize imikhiqizo eqinisekisiwe. Qaphela: Uma ufaka isicelo sokuthola isitifiketi, uma umphakeli engumthengisi/umdayisi, umkhiqizi noma umkhiqizi wezingxenye, izingxenye kanye nezinto zokusetshenziswa kufanele kucaciswe.
04
Amagama ahlobene nesitifiketi somkhiqizo kanye nenhlangano
1. Isicelo esisha: zonke izicelo zesitifiketi ngaphandle kwesicelo sokushintsha kanye nesicelo sokubuyekeza kuyizinhlelo ezintsha.
2. Isicelo sokunwetshwa: umfakisicelo, umenzi kanye nomkhiqizi sebevele bathole isitifiketi semikhiqizo, kanye nesicelo sokuthola isitifiketi semikhiqizo emisha yohlobo olufanayo. Qaphela: Imikhiqizo efanayo ibhekisela emikhiqizweni engaphakathi kobubanzi bekhodi yencazelo yefekthri efanayo.
3. Isicelo sokunwetshwa: umfakisicelo, umkhiqizi kanye nomkhiqizi sebevele bathole isitifiketi semikhiqizo, kanye nesicelo sokuthola isitifiketi semikhiqizo emisha yezinhlobo ezahlukene. Qaphela: Izinhlobo ezahlukene zemikhiqizo zibhekisela emikhiqizweni engaphakathi kobubanzi bamakhodi emboni ahlukene.
4. Isicelo semodi ye-ODM: isicelo kumodi ye-ODM. Imodi ye-ODM, okungukuthi, abakhiqizi be-ODM baklama, bacubungule futhi bakhiqizele abakhiqizi imikhiqizo ngokuhambisana nezivumelwano ezifanele neminye imibhalo.
5. Shintsha isicelo: isicelo esenziwe umnikazi sokushintshwa kolwazi lwesitifiketi, inhlangano futhi okungenzeka kube nomthelela ekusebenzeni komkhiqizo.
6. Isicelo sokuhlolwa kabusha: ngaphambi kokuphelelwa yisikhathi kwesitifiketi, uma umnikazi edinga ukuqhubeka ephethe isitifiketi, uzofaka isicelo somkhiqizo nesitifiketi futhi. Qaphela: Isicelo sokuhlolwa kabusha sizothunyelwa ngaphambi kokuphelelwa yisikhathi kwesitifiketi, futhi isitifiketi esisha sizokhishwa ngaphambi kokuphelelwa yisikhathi kwesitifiketi, ngaphandle kwalokho sizothathwa njengesicelo esisha.
7. Ukuhlolwa kwefekthri okungajwayelekile: ngenxa yomjikelezo omude wokuhlola noma ezinye izizathu, ibhizinisi lifaka isicelo futhi lagunyazwa igunya lesitifiketi, kodwa ukuhlolwa okusemthethweni komkhiqizo ofake isicelo sokuthola isitifiketi akukaqedwa.
05
Amagama ahlobene nokuhlola
1. Ukuhlolwa komkhiqizo/uhlobo lokuhlolwa komkhiqizo: ukuhlolwa komkhiqizo kubhekisela kusixhumanisi ohlelweni lokunikeza isitifiketi somkhiqizo ukuze kunqunywe izici zomkhiqizo ngokuhlolwa, okuhlanganisa izidingo zesampula kanye nezidingo zokuhlola. Ukuhlolwa kohlobo lomkhiqizo kuwukuqinisekisa ukuthi umkhiqizo uhlangabezana nazo zonke izidingo zamazinga omkhiqizo. Ukuhlolwa komkhiqizo ngobubanzi kubandakanya ukuhlolwa kohlobo lomkhiqizo; Ngomqondo omncane, ukuhlolwa komkhiqizo kubhekisela ekuhlolweni okwenziwa ngokuya ngezinye izinkomba zamazinga omkhiqizo noma izindinganiso zesici somkhiqizo. Njengamanje, ukuhlola okusekelwe kumazinga okuphepha komkhiqizo nakho kuchazwa njengokuhlola uhlobo lomkhiqizo.
2. Ukuhlolwa okujwayelekile/ukuhlolwa kwenqubo: Ukuhlolwa okuvamile wukuhlolwa okungu-100% kwemikhiqizo esemgqeni wokukhiqiza esigabeni sokugcina sokukhiqiza. Ngokuvamile, ngemva kokuhlolwa, akukho ukucubungula okwengeziwe okudingekayo ngaphandle kokupakishwa nokulebula. Qaphela: Ukuhlola okujwayelekile kungenziwa ngendlela efanayo nesheshayo enqunywe ngemva kokuqinisekisa.
Ukuhlolwa kwenqubo kubhekisela ekuhlolweni kwe-athikili yokuqala, umkhiqizo osuqedwe kancane noma inqubo ebalulekile enqubweni yokukhiqiza, okungaba ukuhlola okungu-100% noma ukuhlola amasampula. Ukuhlolwa kwenqubo kusebenza emikhiqizweni yokucubungula impahla, futhi igama elithi "ukuhlolwa kwenqubo" liphinde lisetshenziswe kumazinga ahambisanayo.
3. Ukuhlolwa kokuqinisekisa/ukuhlolwa kokulethwa: ukuhlolwa kokuqinisekisa kuwukuhlola okuyisampula ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi umkhiqizo uyaqhubeka uhlangabezana nezimfuneko zezinga. Ukuhlolwa kokuqinisekisa kuzokwenziwa ngokwezindlela ezishiwo ezingeni. Qaphela: Uma umenzi engenazo izinto zokuhlola, ukuhlolwa kokuqinisekisa kunganikezwa ilabhorethri enekhono.
Ukuhlolwa kwemboni yangaphambili wukuhlolwa kokugcina kwemikhiqizo lapho iphuma efekthri. Ukuhlolwa kokulethwa kuyasebenza emikhiqizweni yokucubungula impahla. Igama elithi "ukuhlolwa kokulethwa" libuye lisetshenziswe ngokujwayelekile kumazinga ahambisanayo. Ukuhlolwa kokulethwa kufanele kuqedwe yifekthri.
4. Ukuhlolwa okuqokiwe: ukuhlolwa okwenziwa umenzi endaweni yokukhiqiza ngokuya ngezinto ezikhethwe umhloli ngokuya ngamazinga (noma imithetho yesitifiketi) ukuze kuhlolwe ukuvumelana komkhiqizo.
06
Amagama ahlobene nokuhlolwa kwefekthri
1. Ukuhlolwa kwefekthri: ukuhlolwa kwekhono lokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yefekthri kanye nokuvumelana kwemikhiqizo eqinisekisiwe.
2. Ukuhlolwa kwefekthri kokuqala: ukuhlolwa kwefekthri komkhiqizi ofaka isicelo sokuthola isitifiketi ngaphambi kokuthola isitifiketi.
3. Ukugadwa nokuhlolwa ngemva kokuthola isitifiketi: Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi imikhiqizo eqinisekisiwe iyaqhubeka nokuhlangabezana nezidingo zesitifiketi, ukuhlolwa kwefekthri okuvamile noma okungajwayelekile kuyenziwa kumkhiqizi, futhi ukugadwa nokuhlola kuvame ukwenza imisebenzi yokuhlola amasampula embonini. Ngisikhathi esifanayo.
4. Ukuqondisa nokuhlola okuvamile: ukugadwa nokuhlolwa ngemva kokuthola isitifiketi ngokuhambisana nomjikelezo wokuqondisa oshiwo emithethweni yesitifiketi. Ngokuvamile kubhekiselwa kukho njengokugada nokuhlola. Ukuhlolwa kungenziwa ngesaziso sangaphambili noma ngaphandle kwesaziso.
5. Ukuhlolwa kwendiza: uhlobo lokuqondisa nokuhlola okujwayelekile, okuwukunikeza ithimba elihlolayo ukuthi lifike ngokuqondile endaweni yokukhiqiza ngokwemithetho efanele ngaphandle kokwazisa umnikazi welayisensi/umkhiqizi kusenesikhathi ukuze aqhube ukuqondisa kwefekthri kanye nokuhlola kanye/noma imboni. ukugadwa nokuthatha amasampula ebhizinisini elinelayisensi.
6. Ukugada nokuhlola okukhethekile: uhlobo lokuqondisa nokuhlola ngemva kokuthola isitifiketi, okuwukwandisa imvamisa yokugada nokuhlolwa kanye/noma ukugadwa kwefekthri kanye namasampula omkhiqizi ngokuvumelana nemithetho yesitifiketi. Qaphela: ukugadwa okukhethekile nokuhlola akukwazi ukuthatha indawo yokuqondisa nokuhlola okuvamile.
07
Amagama ahlobene nokuhlola ukuhambisana
1. Ukuhlola: ukuhlolwa/ukuhlolwa kwemikhiqizo eqinisekisiwe, ukubuyekezwa kwekhono lokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi lomkhiqizi kanye nokuhlolwa kokuvumelana komkhiqizo ngokuya ngezidingo zemithetho yesitifiketi.
2. Ukucwaningwa kwamabhuku: ngaphambi kwesinqumo sesitifiketi, qinisekisa ukuphelela, ubuqiniso nokuhambisana kolwazi oluhlinzekwe ngesicelo sesitifiketi somkhiqizo, imisebenzi yokuhlola kanye nokumiswa, ukwesulwa, ukwesulwa kanye nokutholwa kwesitifiketi sokuqinisekisa.
3. Isinqumo sesitifiketi: yahlulela ukuphumelela kwemisebenzi yesitifiketi, futhi wenze isinqumo esingujuqu mayelana nokuthi isitifiketi siyasithola yini nokuthi siyasigunyaza, sinakekele, simiswe okwesikhashana, sikhansele, sihoxise futhi sibuyiselwe isitifiketi.
4. Ukuhlola kokuqala: ingxenye yesinqumo sesitifiketi isiqinisekiso sokuphelela, ukuhambisana nempumelelo yolwazi oluhlinzekwe esigabeni sokugcina somsebenzi wokuhlola isitifiketi somkhiqizo.
5. Ukuhlola kabusha: ingxenye yesinqumo sesitifiketi ukunquma ukufaneleka kwemisebenzi yesitifiketi bese uthatha isinqumo sokugcina mayelana nokuthi isitifiketi uzosithola yini nokuthi uyasigunyaza, unakekele, umiswe okwesikhashana, ukhansele, uhoxise futhi ubuyisele isitifiketi.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Mar-17-2023