Isu lokuthuthukiswa kwemakethe yezohwebo yangaphandle yaseVietnam.
1. Yimiphi imikhiqizo okulula ukuyithumela eVietnam
Ukuhwebelana kweVietnam namazwe angomakhelwane kuthuthuke kakhulu, futhi inobudlelwano obuseduze kwezomnotho neChina, iSouth Korea, Japan, United States, Thailand kanye namanye amazwe, futhi umthamo wayo wonyaka wokungenisa nokuthekelisa nawo uyakhula. Ngokwemininingwane ekhishwe yi-General Statistics Office yaseVietnam, kusukela ngoJanuwari kuya kuJulayi 2019, ukuthunyelwa kweVietnam kwamanye amazwe bekungama-US $ 145.13 wezigidigidi, okuwukunyuka konyaka ngo-7.5%; ukuthengwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe bekungamadola ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-143.34, okuwukukhula konyaka nonyaka ngama-8.3%. Inani eliphelele lokungenisa kanye nokuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwezinyanga ezingu-7 lalingama-288.47 amadola aseMelika. Kusukela ngoJanuwari kuya kuJulayi 2019, i-United States ibiyimakethe yokuthekelisa enkulu kunazo zonke e-Vietnam, nesamba sokuthekelisa samadola aseMelika ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-32.5, okuwukukhuphuka konyaka ngama-25.4%; Ukuthunyelwa kweVietnam ku-EU bekungamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-24.32, okuwukukhula konyaka ngo-0.4%; Ukuthunyelwa kweVietnam eChina bekungamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-20, okuwukukhula konyaka ngo-0.1%. izwe lami liwumthombo omkhulu we-Vietnam wokungenisa impahla. Kusukela ngoJanuwari kuya kuJulayi, iVietnam ingenise amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-42 evela eChina, okuwukukhula konyaka ngo-16.9%. Ukuthunyelwa kweSouth Korea eVietnam bekungamadola ayizigidigidi ezingama-26.6, ukwehla konyaka ngonyaka ngo-0.8%; Ukuthunyelwa kwe-ASEAN e-Vietnam bekuyi-US$18.8 billion, ukukhuphuka konyaka ngonyaka ngo-5.2%.Ukuthengwa kwe-Vietnam ikakhulukazi kufaka phakathi izigaba ezintathu: izimpahla ezinkulu (ezibalelwa ku-30% wokungenisa), imikhiqizo ephakathi (ibalwa ku-60%) kanye nezimpahla zabathengi ( ibalwa ngo-10%). I-China ingumphakeli omkhulu wemali kanye nemikhiqizo ephakathi eVietnam. Ukuncintisana okuntekenteke komkhakha wezimboni zasekhaya eVietnam kuphoqe izinkampani eziningi ezizimele ngisho nezinkampani zikahulumeni wase-Vietnamese ukuthi zingenise imishini nemishini evela e-China. I-Vietnam ingenisa kakhulu imishini, izesekeli zemishini, izingxenye zikagesi zekhompiyutha, izindwangu, izinto zokusetshenziswa zezicathulo zesikhumba, izingcingo nezingxenye ze-elekthronikhi, kanye nezimoto zokuthutha ezivela e-China. Ngaphezu kwe-China, i-Japan ne-South Korea nazo ziyimithombo emibili eyinhloko yokungeniswa kwe-Vietnam kwemishini, izinto zokusebenza, amathuluzi kanye nezinsiza.
2. Imiyalo yokuthumela eVietnam
01 Isitifiketi sokuzalwa Uma sicelwa amakhasimende ase-Vietnamese, isitifiketi esijwayelekile se-CO noma isitifiketi somsuka wase-China-ASEAN singasetshenziswa IFOMU E, futhi IFOMU E lingasetshenziswa kuphela emazweni athile ohwebo lwamahhala lwase-China-ASEAN, njengokuthumela e-Brunei. , Cambodia, Indonesia , Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam Amazwe ayi-10 angajabulela ukuphathwa kwentela okukhethekile uma efaka isicelo sesitifiketi sokuzalwa IFOMU E. Lolu hlobo lwesitifiketi sokuzalwa lungakhishwa Ukuhlolwa Kwempahla I-Bureau noma i-China Council for the Promotion of International Trade, kodwa idinga ukufakwa kuqala; uma lingekho irekhodi, ungathola ne-ejenti ezolikhipha, vele unikeze uhlu lokupakisha kanye ne-invoyisi, futhi isitifiketi sizokhishwa cishe ngosuku olulodwa lokusebenza.
Ukwengeza, kufanele unake ukwenza IFOMU E kamuva nje, izidingo zizoba lukhuni. Uma ufuna i-ejenti, khona-ke yonke imibhalo yemvume yentela (i-bill of lading, contract, FE) kufanele ibe nesihloko esifanayo. Uma umkhiqizi engumkhiqizi, incazelo yempahla izoveza igama elithi MANUFACTURE, bese yengeza unhlokweni nekheli lomthumeli. Uma kunenkampani ye-offshore, inkampani ye-offshore iboniswa ngaphansi kwencazelo ekholamu yesikhombisa, bese kuthi i-invoyisi ye-13 yezinkampani zangaphandle imakwe, bese inkampani yaseChina yase-China iphathisa i-ejenti ukuthi ikhiphe isitifiketi, futhi into ye-13 ayikwazi. kuphawulwe. Kungcono ukukhetha amakhasimende aseVietnam anamakhono aqinile wokukhipha amasiko ukugwema izinkinga ezingadingekile.
02 Indlela yokukhokha Indlela yokukhokha evame ukusetshenziswa amakhasimende ase-Vietnamese ithi T/T noma L/C. Uma kuyi-OEM, kungcono ukwenza inhlanganisela ye-T/T ne-L/C, ephephile.
Naka i-T / T: ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile, i-30% ikhokhwa kusengaphambili, futhi i-70% ikhokhwa ngaphambi kokulayisha, kodwa amakhasimende amasha anethuba eliphakeme lokungavumelani. Lapho wenza i-L/C, udinga ukunaka: Isheduli yokuthumela yaseVietnam imfushane, futhi isikhathi sokulethwa kwe-L/C sizoba sifushane, ngakho-ke kufanele ulawule isikhathi sokulethwa; amanye amakhasimende ase-Vietnamese azodala ukungqubuzana ngokwemvelo encwadini yesikweletu, ngakho-ke kufanele ulandele ngokugcwele incwadi yesikweletu Ulwazi olukuwebhusayithi lufana ncamashi nedokhumenti. Ungabuzi ikhasimende ukuthi liyishintsha kanjani, vele ulandele ukuguqulwa.
03 Inqubo yokukhipha intela
Ngo-August 2017, iphuzu lesithathu le-Article 25 ye-Decree No. 8 eyamenyezelwa uhulumeni wase-Vietnamese ibeka ukuthi isimemezelo sempahla kufanele sinikeze ulwazi olwanele nolunembile lwempahla ukuze izimpahla zisuswe ngesikhathi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi: Izincazelo zempahla ezimbi/ ezingaphelele kanye nokuthunyelwa okungadalulwanga kahle kungase kwenqatshwe amasiko endawo. Ngakho-ke, incazelo ephelele yezimpahla kufanele inikezwe ku-invoyisi, okuhlanganisa umkhiqizo, igama lomkhiqizo, imodeli, impahla, inani, inani, inani leyunithi nolunye ulwazi. Ikhasimende lidinga ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isisindo ku-waybill sihambisana nesisindo esimenyezelwe ikhasimende kuCustoms. Umehluko phakathi kwesisindo esibikezelwe (ikhasimende elisuka kuyo) kanye nesisindo sangempela esikaliwe kungase kubangele ukubambezeleka ekukhishweni kwentela. Amakhasimende kufanele aqinisekise ukuthi lonke ulwazi ku-waybill, kuhlanganisa nesisindo, lunembile.
04 ulimi
Ulimi olusemthethweni lwaseVietnam isiVietnam. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isiFulentshi sithandwa kakhulu. Osomabhizinisi baseVietnam ngokuvamile banesiNgisi esingesihle.
05 Amanethiwekhi Uma ufuna ukwenza ibhizinisi eVietnam, ungenza utshalomali oluthe xaxa ngokomzwelo nozakwenu, okungukuthi, ube nokuxhumana okwengeziwe nabathatha izinqumo ukuze wakhe ubudlelwano futhi udilize ubudlelwano. Ukusebenzelana kwebhizinisi eVietnam kugcizelela kakhulu ubudlelwano bomuntu siqu. Kubantu baseVietnam, ukuba “ngomunye wethu” noma ukubhekwa “ngomunye wethu” kunezinzuzo eziphelele, futhi kungathiwa kuyisihluthulelo sempumelelo noma ukwehluleka. Akubizi izigidi noma udumo ukuba ngomunye waseVietnam. Yenza ibhizinisi kuqala ukhulume ngemizwa. AmaVietnam ayakujabulela ukuhlangana nabantu abasha, kodwa ungalokothi wenze ibhizinisi nabantu ongabazi. Lapho wenza ibhizinisi eVietnam, ubudlelwano phakathi kwabantu bubaluleke kakhulu, futhi kunzima ukuqhubekela phambili ngaphandle kwabo. I-Vietnamese ngokuvamile ayenzi ibhizinisi nabantu abangabazi. Bahlala besebenzelana nabantu abafanayo. Embuthanweni webhizinisi omncane kakhulu, wonke umuntu uyazana, futhi abaningi babo bayizihlobo ngegazi noma ngomshado. Abantu baseVietnam banaka kakhulu imikhuba emihle. Noma ngabe umnyango kahulumeni, uzakwethu, noma umsabalalisi onobudlelwano obubalulekile nenkampani yakho, udinga ukubaphatha njengabangane, futhi kufanele uhambe yonke imikhosi.
06 Ukwenza izinqumo kuhamba kancane
I-Vietnam ilandela imodeli yendabuko yase-Asia yokuthatha izinqumo ngokuhlanganyela. Osomabhizinisi base-Vietnamese bazisa ukuvumelana kweqembu, futhi abantu bangaphandle ngokuvamile abazi lutho ngezingxabano phakathi kwabalingani baseVietnam, futhi ulwazi lwabo lwangaphakathi aluvamile ukudalulwa kubantu bangaphandle. EVietnam, lonke uhlelo lwebhizinisi lugcizelela ukungaguquguquki. Ngokombono wamasiko, iVietnam ilandela imodeli yokuthatha izinqumo yeqoqo leqembu lase-Asia. Osomabhizinisi base-Vietnamese bazisa ukuvumelana kweqembu, futhi abantu bangaphandle ngokuvamile abazi lutho ngezingxabano phakathi kwabalingani baseVietnam, futhi ulwazi lwabo lwangaphakathi aluvamile ukudalulwa kubantu bangaphandle. EVietnam, lonke uhlelo lwebhizinisi lugcizelela ukungaguquguquki.
07 Unganaki icebo, mane wenze ngamawala
Nakuba abantu abaningi baseNtshonalanga bethanda ukwenza uhlelo futhi basebenze kulo, abantu baseVietnam bakhetha ukuvumela imvelo ukuthi ihambe futhi babone ukuthi kwenzekani. Bayasazisa isitayela esihle sabantu baseNtshonalanga, kodwa abananhloso yokusilingisa. Osomabhizinisi bakwamanye amazwe abenza ibhizinisi eVietnam, khumbula ukugcina isimo sengqondo esikhululekile nokubekezela okuzolile. Osomabhizinisi abanolwazi bakholelwa ukuthi uma i-75% yohambo oluya eVietnam ingenziwa njengoba bekuhleliwe, izobhekwa njengempumelelo.
08 Amasiko
Abantu baseVietnam bathanda okubomvu kakhulu, futhi babheka okubomvu njengombala ojabulisayo nowemikhosi. Ngithanda izinja kakhulu futhi ngicabanga ukuthi izinja zithembekile, zithembekile futhi zinesibindi. Ngiyazithanda izimbali zamapentshisi, ngicabanga ukuthi izimbali zamapentshisi ziqhakazile futhi zizinhle, futhi ziyizimbali ezinhle, futhi ngizibiza ngezimbali zezwe.
Bayakugwema ukumbambathwa amahlombe noma ukubathethisa ngeminwe, okubhekwa njengokungahloniphi;
3. Izinzuzo kanye namandla okuthuthuka
IVietnam inezimo ezinhle zemvelo, enogu olungaphezu kwamakhilomitha angu-3,200 (indawo yesibili ngemva kwe-Indonesia nePhilippines eSoutheast Asia), uMfula iRed River (odabuka esifundazweni saseYunnan) enyakatho, kanye nomfula iMekong (odabuka esifundazweni saseQinghai). ) i-delta eningizimu. Ifinyelele ezindaweni eziyigugu zomhlaba ezingu-7 (ezikleliswe kuqala eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia). IVietnam njengamanje isesigabeni esihle kakhulu emlandweni "wesakhiwo segolide sabantu". I-70% yabantu baseVietnam baneminyaka engaphansi kwe-35, ehlinzeka ngokuvikeleka kwezabasebenzi ekuthuthukisweni komnotho waseVietnam, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngenxa yenani eliphansi lamanje labantu asebekhulile, futhi kunciphisa umthwalo ekuthuthukisweni komphakathi waseVietnam. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinga lokuya emadolobheni eVietnam liphansi kakhulu, futhi iningi lezidingo zeholo labasebenzi liphansi kakhulu (amadola angama-400 US angaqasha isisebenzi esinekhono eliphezulu), okufanele kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa kwemboni yokukhiqiza. NjengeChina, iVietnam isebenzisa uhlelo lwezomnotho lwemakethe yezenhlalo. Inomshini wokuphatha umphakathi ozinzile futhi onamandla ongagxilisa imizamo yawo emisebenzini emikhulu.Kunamaqembu ezinhlanga ze-54 eVietnam, kodwa zonke izinhlanga zingaphila ngokuvumelana. Abantu baseVietnam banenkululeko yenkolelo engokwenkolo, futhi ayikho impi yenkolo eMpumalanga Ephakathi. IQembu LamaKhomanisi laseVietnam liphinde laqala izinguquko zezombusazwe ezavumela amaqembu ahlukene ukuba ahlanganyele engxoxweni eshubile yezepolitiki nezomnotho. Uhulumeni waseVietnam wamukela imakethe yomhlaba wonke. Ijoyine i-Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) ngo-1995 kanye ne-World Trade Organization (WTO) ngo-2006. Ingqungquthela ye-Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) ka-2017 yayibanjelwe eDa Nang, eVietnam. AbaseNtshonalanga banethemba ngazwilinye mayelana nokuthuthuka kweVietnam. IBhange Lomhlaba lathi “iVietnam iyisibonelo esivamile sentuthuko ephumelelayo,” futhi umagazini i-“The Economist” wathi “iVietnam izoba elinye ingwe lase-Asia”. I-Peterson Institute for International Economics ibikezela ukuthi ukukhula komnotho waseVietnam kuzofinyelela cishe ku-10% ngo-2025. Ukukufingqa ngomusho owodwa: I-Vietnam namuhla iyiShayina eminyakeni engaphezu kweyishumi edlule. Yonke imikhakha yempilo isesigabeni sokuqhuma, futhi iyimakethe ejabulisa kakhulu e-Asia.
4. Ikusasa elithi “Made in Vietnam
Ngemva kokuba iVietnam ijoyine i-RCEP, ngosizo lwe-United States, Japan kanye namanye amazwe athuthukile, amazwe amaningi aseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia "azingela" ngokuhlelekile ukukhiqizwa kwamaShayina ngamasu ahlukahlukene afana nokuhweba, intela kanye nezinxephezelo zomhlaba. Namuhla, akuzona kuphela izinkampani zaseJapane ezikhuphule ukutshalwa kwezimali kwazo eVietnam, kodwa izinkampani eziningi zaseShayina nazo zihambisa amandla azo okukhiqiza eVietnam. Inzuzo enkulu yaseVietnam ilele kubasebenzi bayo abashibhile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isimo sabantu baseVietnam sincane kakhulu. Abantu asebekhulile abangaphezu kweminyaka engama-65 ubudala babala kuphela u-6% yenani labantu, kuyilapho izilinganiso zaseShayina naseNingizimu Korea zingu-10% no-13% ngokulandelana. Kunjalo, imboni yokukhiqiza yaseVietnam okwamanje isasezimbonini ezisezingeni eliphansi, njengezindwangu, izingubo zokugqoka, ifenisha kanye nemikhiqizo kagesi. Nokho, lesi simo singase sishintshe esikhathini esizayo njengoba izinkampani ezinkulu zandisa utshalomali, zithuthukisa amazinga okuqeqesha, futhi zishintsha namasu okucwaninga nentuthuko. Ingxabano yezabasebenzi ingozi yemboni yokukhiqiza yaseVietnam. Indlela yokubhekana nobudlelwano bezemisebenzi nenkunzi kuyinkinga okumele ixazululwe ohlelweni lokukhula kwemboni yokukhiqiza yaseVietnam.
5. I-Vietnam izobeka kuqala ukuthuthukiswa kwalezi zimboni ezilandelayo
1. Imboni yemishini nensimbi Ngo-2025, ibeke eqhulwini ukuthuthukiswa kwemishini nemishini yokukhiqiza izimboni, izimoto nezinsimbi eziyisipele, nensimbi; ngemuva kuka-2025, beka phambili ukuthuthukiswa kokwakhiwa kwemikhumbi, izinsimbi ezingenayo ayoni, nezinto ezintsha.
2. Embonini yamakhemikhali, ngo-2025, beka phambili ekuthuthukisweni kwemboni yamakhemikhali eyisisekelo, imboni yamakhemikhali kawoyela negesi, imboni yepulasitiki nezingxenye zenjoloba eziyisipele zamakhemikhali; ngemuva kuka-2025, beka kuqala ukuthuthukiswa kwemboni yamakhemikhali ethaka imithi.
3. Ezolimo, ezamahlathi kanye nemboni yokucubungula imikhiqizo yasemanzini Ngonyaka wezi-2025, kuzobekwa phambili ukubaluleka ekwandiseni isilinganiso sokucutshungulwa kwemikhiqizo yezolimo emikhulu, imikhiqizo yasemanzini kanye nemikhiqizo yezinkuni ngokuhambisana nesiqondiso sokulungiswa kwesakhiwo sezimboni zezolimo. Yamukela izindinganiso zamazwe ngamazwe ekukhiqizeni nasekucubunguleni ukuze kwakhiwe uhlobo nokuncintisana kwemikhiqizo yezolimo yaseVietnam.
4. Imboni yendwangu nezicathulo Ngonyaka wezi-2025, izobeka eqhulwini ukuthuthukiswa kwempahla yendwangu nezicathulo zokukhiqiza nokuthekelisa ngaphandle; ngemva kuka-2025, beka kuqala ukuthuthukiswa kwemfashini nezicathulo ezisezingeni eliphezulu.
5. Embonini yezokuxhumana nge-elekthronikhi, ngo-2025, beka kuqala ukuthuthukiswa kwamakhompiyutha, izingcingo kanye nezingxenye eziyisipele; ngemva kuka-2025, beka kuqala ukuthuthukiswa kwesofthiwe, izinsizakalo zedijithali, izinsizakalo zobuchwepheshe bezokuxhumana kanye nogesi wezokwelapha. 6. Amandla amasha namandla avuselelekayo Ngo-2025, athuthukise ngamandla amasha namandla avuselelekayo, njengamandla omoya, amandla elanga, namandla e-biomass; ngemuva kuka-2025, ithuthukisa ngamandla amandla enuzi, amandla e-geothermal, namandla olwandle.
6. Imithethonqubo emisha kumazinga athi "Made in Vietnam" (imvelaphi).
Ngo-Agasti 2019, uMnyango Wezimboni Nezohwebo waseVietnam ukhiphe izindinganiso ezintsha ze-“Made in Vietnam” (imvelaphi). Kwenziwe eVietnam kungaba: imikhiqizo yezolimo kanye nezinsiza ezivela eVietnam; imikhiqizo ekugcineni eqediwe eVietnam kufanele ifake okungenani u-30% yenani elingeziwe lendawo laseVietnam ngokwezinga lekhodi ye-HS yamazwe ngamazwe. Ngamanye amazwi, u-100% wezinto zokusetshenziswa ezithengwayo ezingeniswa phesheya kwezilwandle kumele zengeze inani elingeziwe elingu-30% e-Vietnam ngaphambi kokuthi zithekeliswe ilebula ethi Made in Vietnam.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Feb-10-2023