Uma umkhiqizo ufuna ukungena emakethe eqondiwe futhi ujabulele ukuncintisana, omunye wokhiye ukuthi ungathola yini uphawu lwesitifiketi senhlangano yezitifiketi egunyaziwe yamazwe ngamazwe. Kodwa-ke, izitifiketi namazinga adingwa izimakethe ezahlukahlukene nezigaba zemikhiqizo ehlukene ahlukile. Kunzima ukwazi zonke izitifiketi ngesikhathi esifushane. Umhleli uhlele izitifiketi eziyi-13 ezisetshenziswa kakhulu zokuthekelisa kanye nezikhungo zabangane bethu. Masifunde ndawonye.
1, CE
I-CE (Conformite Europeenne) imele i-European Unity. Umaki we-CE uwuphawu lwesitifiketi sokuphepha futhi uthathwa njengepasipoti yabakhiqizi ukuthi bavule futhi bangene emakethe yaseYurophu. Yonke imikhiqizo enophawu lwe-CE ingathengiswa emazweni angamalungu aseYurophu ngaphandle kokuhlangabezana nezidingo zezwe ngalinye eliyilungu, ngaleyo ndlela kuqashelwe ukusakazwa kwamahhala kwezimpahla emazweni angamalungu e-EU.
Emakethe ye-EU, uphawu lwe-CE yisitifiketi esiyimpoqo. Noma ngabe umkhiqizo okhiqizwe yibhizinisi elingaphakathi kwe-EU noma umkhiqizo ovela kwamanye amazwe, uma uzosakazwa ngokukhululeka emakethe ye-EU, uphawu lwe-CE kufanele lunamathiselwe ukukhombisa ukuthi umkhiqizo uhambisana “ne-Technical Harmonization” ye-EU ye-EU. . Izidingo eziyisisekelo ze-New Approach to Standardization Directive. Lokhu kuyimfuneko eyisibopho emikhiqizweni ngaphansi komthetho we-EU.
Imikhiqizo elandelayo kufanele imakwe nge-CE:
• Imikhiqizo kagesi
• Imikhiqizo yemishini
• Imikhiqizo yamathoyizi
• Imishini yomsakazo neyezokuxhumana
• Imishini yesiqandisi neyokuqandisa
• Izinto zokuzivikela
• Isitsha esilula sokucindezela
• Ibhoyili yamanzi ashisayo
• Imishini yokucindezela
• Isikebhe sokuzijabulisa
• Imikhiqizo yokwakha
• Imishini yezokwelapha yokuxilonga ye-in vitro
• Imishini yezokwelapha efakelwayo
• Impahla kagesi yezokwelapha
• Imishini yokuphakamisa
• Impahla yegesi
• Izinsimbi zokukala okungezona ezizenzakalelayo
Qaphela: Ukumakwa kwe-CE akwamukelekile e-USA, Canada, Japan, Singapore, Korea, njll.
2, RoHS
Igama eligcwele le-RoHS Umkhawulo wokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezithile eziyingozi Ezinsizeni Ze-elekthronikhi kanye Nezogesi, okungukuthi, Umyalelo Wokukhawulelwa Kokusetshenziswa Kwezinto Ezithile Eziyingozi Ezinsizeni Kagesi Nezikagesi, owaziwa nangokuthi i-2002/95/ EC Directive. Ngo-2005, i-EU yengeza i-2002/95/EC ngendlela Yesinqumo 2005/618/EC, esibeka ngokucacile i-lead (Pb), i-cadmium (Cd), i-mercury (Hg), i-chromium eyi-hexavalent (Cr6+), i-polybrominated Maximum imikhawulo izinto eziyingozi eziyisithupha, i-diphenyl ether (PBDE) nama-biphenyls e-polybrominated (PBB).
I-RoHS iqondise kuyo yonke imikhiqizo kagesi neye-elekthronikhi engase iqukathe izinto eziyisithupha eziyingozi ezingenhla ezintweni ezingavuthiwe nasezinqubweni zokukhiqiza, ikakhulukazi okuhlanganisa: izimpahla ezimhlophe (njengeziqandisi, imishini yokuwasha, amahhavini ama-microwave, ama-air conditioner, izinto zokuhlanza amanzi, izifudumezi zamanzi, njll. ), izinto zikagesi zasendlini zabamnyama (njengemikhiqizo yomsindo nevidiyo) , i-DVD, i-CD, izamukeli ze-TV, imikhiqizo ye-IT, imikhiqizo yedijithali, imikhiqizo yezokuxhumana, njll.), amathuluzi kagesi, amathoyizi kagesi kagesi nezinto zikagesi zezokwelapha, njll.
3, ul
I-UL imfushane yokuthi i-Underwriter Laboratories Inc. ngesiNgisi. I-UL Safety Laboratory inegunya elikhulu kunawo wonke e-United States kanye nenhlangano engekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni enkulu kunazo zonke ezibandakanya nokuhlola ukuphepha kanye nokuhlonza emhlabeni.
Isebenzisa izindlela zokuhlola zesayensi ukuze itadishe futhi inqume ukuthi ingabe izinto ezihlukahlukene, amathuluzi, imikhiqizo, izinsiza, izakhiwo, njll. ziyingozi yini empilweni nasempahleni kanye nezinga lokulimala; nquma, bhala, futhi ukhiphe izindinganiso ezihambisanayo futhi usize ukunciphisa nokuvimbela ukulimala okusongela ukuphila. Ulwazi ngomonakalo wempahla, kanye nokwenza ibhizinisi lokuthola iqiniso.
Ngamafuphi, igxile kakhulu ebhizinisini lokunikeza isitifiketi sokuphepha komkhiqizo kanye nebhizinisi lokuqinisekisa ukuphepha, futhi inhloso yayo enkulu ukuthola imikhiqizo enezinga eliphephile uma kuqhathaniswa nemakethe, nokuba negalelo ekuqinisekiseni impilo yomuntu siqu kanye nokuphepha kwempahla. Mayelana nesitifiketi sokuphepha komkhiqizo kuyindlela esebenzayo yokuqeda izithiyo zobuchwepheshe ekuhwebeni kwamazwe ngamazwe, i-UL idlala indima ebonakalayo ekukhuthazeni ukuthuthukiswa kohwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe.
4, CCC
Igama eliphelele le-CCC yi-China Compulsory Certification, okuwukuzibophezela kwe-WTO yase-China futhi okubonisa umgomo wokwelashwa kuzwelonke. Izwe lisebenzisa isitifiketi semikhiqizo esiyimpoqo emikhiqizweni eyi-149 emikhakheni engama-22. Igama lophawu olusha lwesitifiketi oluyimpoqo lukazwelonke luthi “Isitifiketi Esiyimpoqo sase-China”. Ngemva kokuqaliswa kophawu lwesitifiketi esiyimpoqo lwase-China, kancane kancane luzongena esikhundleni sophawu lokuqala “Lodonga Olukhulu” kanye nophawu lwe-“CCIB”.
5, GS
Igama eliphelele le-GS ngu-Geprufte Sicherheit (uqinisekisiwe wokuphepha), okuwuphawu lwesitifiketi sokuphepha esikhishwe i-TÜV, VDE nezinye izikhungo ezigunyazwe uMnyango Wezabasebenzi waseJalimane. Uphawu lwe-GS wuphawu lokuphepha olwamukelwa amakhasimende ase-Europe. Ngokuvamile imikhiqizo eqinisekisiwe ye-GS ithengiswa ngentengo yeyunithi ephezulu futhi idume kakhulu.
Isitifiketi se-GS sinezidingo eziqinile ohlelweni lokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yefekthri, futhi ifektri kufanele ibuyekezwe futhi ihlolwe minyaka yonke:
• Imboni idingeka ukuthi isungule isistimu yayo yokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi ngokwezinga lesistimu ye-ISO9000 lapho ithumela ngobuningi. Ifekthri kufanele okungenani ibe nesistimu yayo yokulawula izinga, amarekhodi ekhwalithi kanye neminye imibhalo kanye nekhono elanele lokukhiqiza nokuhlola;
• Ngaphambi kokukhipha isitifiketi se-GS, ifektri entsha kufanele ihlolwe futhi isitifiketi se-GS sizokhishwa kuphela ngemva kokuphumelela ukuhlolwa;
• Ngemva kokukhishwa kwesitifiketi, imboni izohlolwa okungenani kanye ngonyaka. Noma ngabe mangaki amamaki e-TUV efekthri esebenza kuwo, ukuhlolwa kwefekthri kudinga isikhathi esingu-1 kuphela.
Imikhiqizo edinga ukufaka isicelo sokuthola isitifiketi se-GS yile:
• Izimpahla zasendlini njengeziqandisi, imishini yokuwasha, izitsha zasekhishini, njll.;
• Imishini yasendlini;
• Izimpahla zemidlalo;
• Impahla kagesi yasendlini efana ne-audio-visual;
• Izimpahla zasehhovisi zikagesi neze-elekthronikhi njengamakhophi, imishini yefeksi, amashidi, amakhompyutha, amaphrinta, njll.;
• Imishini yezimboni, okokusebenza kokulinganisa kokuhlola;
• Eminye imikhiqizo ehlobene nokuphepha njengamabhayisikili, izigqoko zokuzivikela, izitebhisi, ifenisha, njll.
6, PSE
Isitifiketi se-PSE (Ukuphepha Komkhiqizo Kwezinto Ezisetshenziswa Kagesi Nezinto Zokusebenza) (okuthiwa “ukuhlola ukufaneleka” e-Japan) kuwuhlelo lokufinyelela emakethe oluyisibopho lezinto ezisebenza ngogesi e-Japan, futhi liyingxenye ebalulekile yoMthetho Wase-Japan Wezinto Zikagesi kanye Nokuphepha Kwezinto. . Njengamanje, uhulumeni waseJapane uhlukanisa izinto zikagesi zibe “izinto zikagesi ezithile” kanye “nezinto zikagesi ezingaqondile” ngokomthetho waseJapane “Wokuphepha Kwezinto Zokusebenza Kagesi”, okuthi “izinto zikagesi ezithile” ezihlanganisa imikhiqizo engu-115; "izinto zikagesi ezingaqondile" Kubandakanya imikhiqizo engama-338.
I-PSE ihlanganisa izidingo zakho kokubili i-EMC nokuphepha. Yonke imikhiqizo ekukhathalogi "Izinto Ezikhethekile Kagesi Nezinto Zokusebenza" engena emakethe yaseJapan kufanele iqinisekiswe yinkampani yangaphandle egunyazwe uMnyango Wezomnotho, Uhwebo Nezimboni wase-Japan, ithole isitifiketi sokuqinisekisa, futhi ibe nedayimane- uphawu lwe-PSE olumise okwelebula.
I-CQC ukuphela kwendikimba yezitifiketi e-China efake isicelo sokugunyazwa kwesitifiketi se-PSE sase-Japan. Njengamanje, izigaba zomkhiqizo wesitifiketi somkhiqizo waseJapan we-PSE esitholwe yi-CQC ziyizigaba ezintathu: izintambo nekhebula (kufaka phakathi izinhlobo ezingama-20 zemikhiqizo), izinto ezisetshenziswayo zokufaka izintambo (izinsiza zikagesi, izinto zikagesi ezikhanyayo, njll., kufaka phakathi izinhlobo ezingama-38 zemikhiqizo), ugesi imishini yokufaka amandla kagesi nezinto ezisetshenziswayo (izinto zasendlini, okuhlanganisa nemikhiqizo eyi-12), njll.
7, FCC
I-FCC (Federal Communications Commission), i-Federal Communications Commission yase-United States, ixhumanisa ukuxhumana kwasekhaya nokwamazwe ngamazwe ngokulawula ukusakazwa komsakazo, umabonakude, ezokuxhumana, amasathelayithi, nezintambo. Ihlanganisa izindawo ezingaphezu kuka-50 zase-US, Columbia, kanye nezindawo zase-US. Imikhiqizo eminingi yomsakazo, imikhiqizo yezokuxhumana kanye nemikhiqizo yedijithali idinga imvume ye-FCC ukuze ingene emakethe yase-US.
Isitifiketi se-FCC saziwa nangokuthi i-US Federal Communications Certification. Kubandakanya amakhompiyutha, imishini yefeksi, izinto zikagesi, izinto zokwamukela umsakazo nezokusakaza, amathoyizi alawulwa ngomsakazo, amafoni, amakhompyutha omuntu siqu, neminye imikhiqizo engase ilimaze ukuphepha komuntu siqu. Uma le mikhiqizo izothunyelwa e-United States, kufanele ihlolwe futhi ivunyelwe ilabhorethri egunyazwe uhulumeni ngokuvumelana nezindinganiso zobuchwepheshe ze-FCC. Abangenisi kanye nama-ejenti wentela kudingeka ukuthi bamemezele ukuthi idivayisi ngayinye yefrikhwensi yomsakazo ithobelana namazinga e-FCC, aziwa njengelayisensi ye-FCC.
8, SAA
Isitifiketi se-SAA siyinhlangano yamazinga yase-Australia futhi sigunyazwe yi-Standards Association of Australian, okusho ukuthi yonke imikhiqizo kagesi engena emakethe yase-Australia kufanele ihambisane nemithetho yezokuphepha yasendaweni. Ngenxa yesivumelwano sokubonana phakathi kwe-Australia ne-New Zealand, yonke imikhiqizo eqinisekiswe yi-Australia ingangena ngokushelela emakethe yaseNew Zealand ukuze ithengiswe. Yonke imikhiqizo kagesi ingaphansi kwesitifiketi se-SAA.
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zamamaki akwa-SAA, elilodwa elokugunyazwa okusemthethweni kanti elinye ilimaki elijwayelekile. Isitifiketi esisemthethweni sinesibopho samasampuli kuphela, futhi amamaki ajwayelekile angaphansi kokuhlolwa kwasefekthri. Njengamanje, zimbili izindlela zokufaka isicelo sokuthola isitifiketi se-SAA e-China. Enye iwukudlulisa ngombiko wokuhlola we-CB. Uma ungekho umbiko wokuhlolwa kwe-CB, ungafaka isicelo ngqo.
9, SASO
I-SASO isifinyezo se-English Saudi Arabian Standards Organisation, okungukuthi, iSaudi Arabian Standards Organisation. I-SASO inomthwalo wemfanelo wokwenza amazinga kazwelonke azo zonke izidingo nemikhiqizo yansuku zonke, futhi amazinga ahlanganisa nezinhlelo zokulinganisa, amalebula, njll. Lokhu kwabelwane ngakho umhleli esikoleni sangaphambilini sohwebo lwangaphandle. Chofoza isihloko ukuze ubuke: Isivunguvungu sokulwa nenkohlakalo saseSaudi Arabia, sihlobene ngani nabantu bethu abahweba kwamanye amazwe?
10, ISO9000
Umndeni wezindinganiso we-ISO9000 ukhishwe yi-International Organization for Standardization (ISO), futhi ukuqaliswa komndeni we-GB/T19000-ISO9000 wamazinga kanye nesitifiketi sekhwalithi sekuyindaba eshisayo emibuthanweni yezomnotho neyebhizinisi. Eqinisweni, ukuqinisekiswa kwekhwalithi kunomlando omude, futhi kuwumkhiqizo womnotho wemakethe. Isitifiketi sekhwalithi yiphasiphothi yezimpahla ezizongena emakethe yamazwe ngamazwe. Namuhla, umndeni we-ISO9000 wezinhlelo zekhwalithi ezijwayelekile usuphenduke enye yezinto ezibalulekile ezingeke zishaywe indiva ekuhwebeni kwamazwe ngamazwe.
11, VDE
Igama eliphelele le-VDE i-VDE Testing and Certification Institute, okuyiNhlangano YaseJalimane Yonjiniyela Bakagesi. Ingenye yezikhungo zokuhlola nezitifiketi zokuhlola ezinolwazi kakhulu eYurophu. Njengenhlangano ehlonishwa umhlaba wonke yokuhlola ukuphepha kanye nesitifiketi yezinto zikagesi kanye nezingxenye zazo, i-VDE ijabulela idumela eliphezulu eYurophu ngisho nasemhlabeni wonke. Ibanga lomkhiqizo elihlolayo lihlanganisa izinto zikagesi ezisetshenziswa ekhaya nakwezentengiselwano, okokusebenza kwe-IT, okokusebenza kobuchwepheshe bezimboni nezokwelapha, izinto zokuhlanganisa nezingxenye ze-elekthronikhi, izintambo namakhebuli, njll.
12, CSA
I-CSA isifinyezo se-Canadian Standards Association (Canadian Standards Association). I-CSA njengamanje iyindikimba enkulu yezitifiketi zokuphepha e-Canada futhi ingesinye sezikhungo ezinikeza izitifiketi zokuphepha ezaziwa kakhulu emhlabeni. Ihlinzeka ngesitifiketi sokuphepha sazo zonke izinhlobo zemikhiqizo emishinini, izinto zokwakha, izinto zikagesi, okokusebenza kwekhompyutha, okokusebenza kwasehhovisi, ukuvikelwa kwemvelo, ukuphepha emlilweni wezokwelapha, ezemidlalo nokuzijabulisa.
Uhlu lomkhiqizo oqinisekisiwe we-CSA lugxile ezindaweni eziyisishiyagalombili:
1. Ukuphila komuntu nendawo ezungezile, okuhlanganisa impilo nokuphepha emsebenzini, ukuphepha komphakathi, ukuvikelwa kwemvelo kwezinto zokusebenza zezemidlalo nezokuzijabulisa, kanye nobuchwepheshe bokunakekelwa kwezempilo.
2. Ezogesi neze-elekthronikhi, okuhlanganisa nemithethonqubo yokufakwa kwezinto zikagesi ezakhiweni, imikhiqizo eyahlukene kagesi nezimboni zezohwebo.
3. Ukuxhumana nolwazi, okuhlanganisa izinhlelo zokuhlala ezicubungulayo, ezokuxhumana kanye nobuchwepheshe bokuphazanyiswa kukazibuthe kagesi nezinto zokusebenza.
4. Izakhiwo zokwakha, okuhlanganisa izinto zokwakha kanye nemikhiqizo, imikhiqizo yomphakathi, ukhonkolo, izakhiwo zamatshe, izinsimbi zamapayipi kanye nemiklamo yezakhiwo.
5. Amandla, okuhlanganisa ukuvuselelwa nokudluliswa kwamandla, ukushiswa kukaphethiloli, okokusebenza kokuphepha kanye nobuchwepheshe bamandla enuzi.
6. Izinhlelo zokuthutha nokusabalalisa, okuhlanganisa ukuvikeleka kwezimoto, amapayipi kawoyela negesi, ukuphatha nokusabalalisa impahla, kanye nezinsiza ezingasogwini.
7. Ubuchwepheshe bezinto ezibonakalayo, okuhlanganisa ukushisela nokusansimbi.
8. Izinhlelo zokuphatha ibhizinisi nokukhiqiza, okuhlanganisa ukuphathwa kwekhwalithi nobunjiniyela obuyisisekelo.
13, TÜV
I-TÜV (Technischer überwachüngs-Verein) isho Inhlangano Yokuhlola Izobuchwepheshe ngesiNgisi. Uphawu lwe-TÜV wuphawu lwesitifiketi sokuphepha olwaklanywa ngokukhethekile i-TÜV yaseJalimane yezingxenye zemikhiqizo futhi lwamukelwa kabanzi eJalimane naseYurophu.
Lapho ibhizinisi lifaka isicelo sophawu lwe-TÜV, lingafaka isicelo sesitifiketi se-CB ndawonye, futhi ngaleyo ndlela lithole izitifiketi kwamanye amazwe ngokuguqulwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngemuva kokuthi imikhiqizo isiphumelele isitifiketi, i-TÜV Germany izoncoma le mikhiqizo kubakhiqizi abalungisayo abeza ukuzohlola abahlinzeki bezingxenye abaqeqeshiwe; phakathi nayo yonke inqubo yesitifiketi somshini, zonke izingxenye ezithole umaki we-TÜV zingakhululwa ekuhlolweni.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Aug-06-2022