Imakethe yaseMpumalanga Ephakathi ibhekisa esifundeni ikakhulukazi eNtshonalanga ye-Asia futhi iqala eYurophu, e-Asia nase-Afrika, okuhlanganisa i-Iran, i-Kuwait, iPakistan, iSaudi Arabia, i-Egypt namanye amazwe. Ingqikithi yabantu iyizigidi ezingama-490. Isilinganiso seminyaka yobudala yabantu kuso sonke isifunda sineminyaka engama-25. Abantu abangaphezu kwesigamu eMpumalanga Ephakathi bangabantu abasha, futhi laba bantu abasha bayiqembu eliyinhloko labathengi be-e-commerce ewela imingcele, ikakhulukazi e-commerce ephathwayo.
Ngenxa yokuthembela kakhulu ekuthunyelweni kwezinsiza kwamanye amazwe, amazwe aseMpumalanga Ephakathi ngokuvamile anesizinda sezimboni esibuthakathaka, isakhiwo sezimboni esisodwa, kanye nesidingo esikhulayo semikhiqizo yabathengi neyezimboni. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ukuhwebelana phakathi kweChina neMpumalanga Ephakathi bekuseduze.
Yiziphi izitifiketi eziyinhloko eMpumalanga Ephakathi?
1.Isitifiketi saseSaudi saber:
Isitifiketi se-Saber wuhlelo olusha lwe-inthanethi lokufaka isicelo olwethulwe yi-SASO. I-Saber empeleni iyithuluzi lenethiwekhi elisetshenziselwa ukubhaliswa komkhiqizo, ukukhishwa kanye nokuthola izitifiketi ze-COC zokuthobelana. Lokhu okubizwa nge-Saber ithuluzi lenethiwekhi ye-inthanethi eyethulwe yiSaudi Bureau of Standards. Iwuhlelo oluphelele lwehhovisi olungenamaphepha lokubhaliswa komkhiqizo, ukukhishwa kanye nokuthola izitifiketi ze-SC zokuvumelana nezimvume (Isitifiketi Sokuthunyelwa Kwempahla). Uhlelo lwe-SABER conformity certification luwuhlelo olubanzi olubeka imithethonqubo, izidingo zobuchwepheshe kanye nezinyathelo zokulawula. Inhloso yawo wukuqinisekisa umshwalense wemikhiqizo yakuleli kanye nemikhiqizo engenisiwe.
Isitifiketi se-SABER sihlukaniswe izitifiketi ezimbili, esinye yisitifiketi se-PC, okuyisitifiketi somkhiqizo (Isitifiketi Sokuhambisana Semikhiqizo Elawulwayo), kanti esinye yi-SC, okuyisitifiketi sokuthunyelwa (isitifiketi sokuhambisana nokuthunyelwa kwempahla yemikhiqizo engenisiwe).
Isitifiketi se-PC yisitifiketi sokubhaliswa komkhiqizo esidinga umbiko wokuhlolwa komkhiqizo (abanye abakhiqizi bomkhiqizo nabo badinga ukuhlolwa kwefekthri) ngaphambi kokuba babhaliswe ohlelweni lwe-SABER. Isitifiketi sisebenza unyaka owodwa.
Yiziphi izigaba zemithetho yesitifiketi saseSaudi Saber?
Isigaba 1: Isimemezelo Sokuvumelana Komhlinzeki (isigaba esingalawulwa, isitatimende sokuthobela umhlinzeki)
Isigaba 2: Isitifiketi se-COC NOMA Isitifiketi se-QM (Ukulawula okujwayelekile, isitifiketi se-COC noma isitifiketi se-QM)
Isigaba sesi-3: Isitifiketi se-IEECEE (imikhiqizo elawulwa amazinga e-IECEE futhi idinga ukufaka isicelo se-IECEE)
Isigaba 4: Isitifiketi se-GCTS (imikhiqizo engaphansi kwemithetho ye-GCC futhi idinga ukufaka isicelo sokuthola isitifiketi se-GCC)
Isigaba 5: Isitifiketi se-QM (imikhiqizo engaphansi kwemithetho ye-GCC futhi idinga ukufaka isicelo se-QM)
2. Isitifiketi se-GCC samazwe ayisikhombisa e-Gulf, isitifiketi se-GMARK
Isitifiketi se-GCC, esaziwa nangokuthi isitifiketi se-GMARK, iwuhlelo lokunikeza izitifiketi olusetshenziswa emazweni angamalungu e-Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). I-GCC yinhlangano yokubambisana kwezombusazwe nezomnotho eyakhiwe amazwe ayisithupha e-Gulf: iSaudi Arabia, i-United Arab Emirates, i-Kuwait, i-Qatar, i-Bahrain ne-Oman. Isitifiketi se-GCC sihlose ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imikhiqizo ethengiswa ezimakethe zalawa mazwe ithobela izindinganiso nemithethonqubo yezobuchwepheshe engaguquki ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuhwebelana kwamazwe ngamazwe nokwenza ngcono ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo.
Isitifiketi sesitifiketi se-GMark sisho isitifiketi esisemthethweni esitholwe imikhiqizo egunyazwe yi-GCC. Lesi sitifiketi sibonisa ukuthi umkhiqizo uphumelele uchungechunge lwezivivinyo nokucwaningwa kwamabhuku futhi uthobela amazinga nemithethonqubo esungulwe amazwe angamalungu e-GCC. Isitifiketi se-GMark ngokuvamile singeminye yemibhalo edingekayo yokungenisa imikhiqizo emazweni e-GCC ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi imikhiqizo iyathengiswa futhi isetshenziswa ngokusemthethweni.
Yimiphi imikhiqizo okufanele iqinisekiswe yi-GCC?
Imithetho yezobuchwepheshe yemishini kagesi ene-voltage ephansi kanye nempahla imboza imikhiqizo yezinto zikagesi enamandla kagesi e-AC phakathi kuka-50-1000V kanye ne-DC voltage phakathi kuka-75-1500V. Yonke imikhiqizo idinga ukunanyathiselwa uphawu lwe-GC ngaphambi kokuthi isakazwe phakathi kwamazwe angamalungu e-Gulf Standardization Organisation (GSO); imikhiqizo enophawu lwe-GC ikhombisa ukuthi umkhiqizo uhambisane nemithetho yezobuchwepheshe ye-GCC.
Phakathi kwazo, izigaba zemikhiqizo ezithize eziyi-14 zifakiwe kububanzi besitifiketi esiyimpoqo se-GCC (imikhiqizo elawulwayo), futhi kufanele ithole isitifiketi sesitifiketi se-GCC esikhishwe i-ejensi yesitifiketi emisiwe.
I-ECAS ibhekisele ku-Emirates Conformity Assessment System, okuwuhlelo lokuqinisekisa umkhiqizo olugunyazwe uMthetho Wombuso we-UAE No. ESMA) yase-United Arab Emirates. Yonke imikhiqizo engaphakathi kokubhaliswa kwe-ECAS nesitifiketi kufanele imakwe ngelogo ye-ECAS kanye nenombolo Yomzimba Owazisiwe we-NB ngemva kokuthola isitifiketi. Kufanele bafake isicelo futhi bathole Isitifiketi Sokuvumelana (CoC) ngaphambi kokuthi bangene emakethe ye-UAE.
Imikhiqizo engeniswe e-UAE kufanele ithole isitifiketi se-ECAS ngaphambi kokuthi ithengiswe endaweni. I-ECAS isifinyezo se-Emirates Conformity Assessment System, esisetshenziswa futhi sikhishwe yi-ESMA UAE Standards Bureau.
4. Isitifiketi se-Iran COC, isitifiketi se-Iran COI
I-COI yokuthunyelwa kwempahla eqinisekisiwe yase-Iran (isitifiketi sokuhlola), okusho ukuhlolwa kokuthobelana ngesiShayina, ukuhlola okuhlobene okudingwa ukuhlolwa okusemthethweni kokungenisa kwe-Iran okuyimpoqo. Uma imikhiqizo ethunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ingaphakathi kobubanzi bohlu lwe-COI (isitifiketi sokuhlola), ongenisa impahla kwamanye amazwe kufanele enze imvume yempahla ngokwezinga lezwe lase-Iranian ISIRI futhi akhiphe isitifiketi. Ukuze uthole isitifiketi sokuthekelisa e-Iran, isitifiketi esifanele sidinga ukwenziwa nge-ejensi egunyaziwe evela eceleni. Iningi lemikhiqizo yezimboni, amathuluzi nemishini engeniswe e-Iran ingaphansi kwezinqubo zokuqinisekisa eziphoqelekile ezisungulwe yi-ISIRI (Iranian Standards Industrial Research Institute). Imithethonqubo yokungenisa yase-Iran iyinkimbinkimbi futhi idinga inani elikhulu lamadokhumenti. Ukuze uthole imininingwane, sicela ubheke Uhlu Lomkhiqizo Wokugunyazwa Okuphoqelekile lwase-Iran ukuze uqonde imikhiqizo okufanele ingene kunqubo ye-ISIRI "Yokuqinisekisa Ukuvumelana".
5. Isitifiketi se-Israel SII
I-SII isifinyezo se-Israel Standards Institute. Nakuba i-SII iyinhlangano engekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni, iphethwe ngokuqondile uhulumeni wakwa-Israel futhi inomthwalo wemfanelo wokumisa, ukuhlolwa komkhiqizo kanye nokunikezwa kwezitifiketi zomkhiqizo kwa-Israel.
I-SII iyindinganiso yesitifiketi esiyimpoqo kwa-Israel. Ngemikhiqizo efuna ukungena kwa-Israel, i-Israel isebenzisa izindlela zokuhlola amasiko nezindlela zokulawula ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi imikhiqizo ihlangabezana nezidingo zekhwalithi ezifanele. Ngokuvamile isikhathi sokuhlola siba side, kodwa uma singeniswa Uma umthengisi ethole isitifiketi se-SII ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa, inqubo yokuhlola inkambiso izoncishiswa kakhulu. I-Israel Customs izoqinisekisa kuphela ukuvumelana kwezimpahla nesitifiketi, ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuhlolwa okungahleliwe.
Ngokusho "koMthetho Wokumisa", i-Israel ihlukanisa imikhiqizo ibe amazinga angu-4 ngokusekelwe ezingeni lokulimala engase ibangele empilweni nokuphepha komphakathi, futhi isebenzise ukuphatha okuhlukile:
Ikilasi I yimikhiqizo ebeka engcupheni enkulu empilweni nokuphepha komphakathi:
Okufana nemishini yasendlini, amathoyizi ezingane, imikhumbi yokucindezela, izicishamlilo eziphathwayo zebhamuza, njll.
Isigaba II siwumkhiqizo onezinga elilinganiselwe lengozi engaba khona empilweni nokuphepha komphakathi:
Kuhlanganisa izibuko zelanga, amabhola ezinhloso ezehlukene, amapayipi okufaka, okhaphethi, amabhodlela, izinto zokwakha nokunye.
I-Class III yimikhiqizo ebeka engcupheni encane empilweni nokuphepha komphakathi:
Kubandakanya amathayela e-ceramic, i-ceramic sanitary ware, njll.
Isigaba IV yimikhiqizo ezosetshenziswa ezimbonini kuphela hhayi kubathengi ngqo:
Njengemikhiqizo kagesi yezimboni, njll.
6. Isitifiketi se-COC sase-Kuwait, isitifiketi se-COC sase-Iraq
Ngeqoqo ngalinye lezimpahla ezithunyelwa e-Kuwait, idokhumenti yemvume ye-COC (Isitifiketi Sokuhambisana) yemvume yempahla yempahla ephumayo kufanele ilethwe. Isitifiketi se-COC siwumbhalo ofakazela ukuthi umkhiqizo uthobela izicaciso zobuchwepheshe kanye namazinga okuphepha ezwe elingenisayo. Futhi kungenye yezincwadi ezidingekayo zelayisensi yokukhishwa kwempahla ezweni elingenisayo. Uma imikhiqizo ekukhathalogi yokulawula mikhulu ngobuningi futhi ithunyelwa njalo, kuyanconywa ukuthi ufake isicelo sesitifiketi se-COC kusenesikhathi. Lokhu kugwema ukubambezeleka kanye nokuphazamiseka okubangelwa ukuntuleka kwesitifiketi se-COC ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa kwezimpahla.
Enqubweni yokufaka isicelo sesitifiketi se-COC, umbiko wokuhlolwa kobuchwepheshe bomkhiqizo uyadingeka. Lo mbiko kufanele ukhishwe i-ejensi yokuhlola eyaziwayo noma inhlangano yezitifiketi futhi ufakazele ukuthi umkhiqizo uthobela imininingwane yobuchwepheshe kanye namazinga okuphepha ezwe elingenisayo. Okuqukethwe umbiko wokuhlola kufanele kufake igama, imodeli, imininingwane, imingcele yezobuchwepheshe, izindlela zokuhlola, imiphumela yokuhlola nolunye ulwazi lomkhiqizo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kuyadingeka futhi ukunikeza ulwazi olufanele njengamasampula omkhiqizo noma izithombe ukuze zihlolwe futhi zibuyekezwe.
Ukuhlolwa kwezinga lokushisa eliphansi
Ngokwendlela yokuhlola echazwe ku-GB/T 2423.1-2008, i-drone yafakwa ebhokisini lokuhlola imvelo ezingeni lokushisa elingu-(-25±2)°C kanye nesikhathi sokuhlola samahora angu-16. Ngemuva kokuthi ukuhlolwa sekuqediwe futhi kubuyiselwe ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile zomkhathi amahora angu-2, i-drone kufanele ikwazi ukusebenza ngokujwayelekile.
Ukuhlolwa kokudlidliza
Ngokwendlela yokuhlola ecaciswe ku-GB/T2423.10-2008:
I-drone isesimweni esingasebenzi futhi ayipakishiwe;
Ibanga lemvamisa: 10Hz ~ 150Hz;
Imvamisa ye-Crossover: 60Hz;
f＜60Hz, i-amplitude engaguquki engu-0.075mm;
f>60Hz, ukusheshisa okuqhubekayo 9.8m/s2 (1g);
Iphuzu elilodwa lokulawula;
Inombolo yemijikelezo yokuskena nge-eksisi ngayinye ingu-l0.
Ukuhlolwa kufanele kwenziwe ngaphansi kwe-drone futhi isikhathi sokuhlola imizuzu eyi-15. Ngemuva kokuhlolwa, i-drone akufanele ibe nomonakalo obonakalayo osobala futhi ikwazi ukusebenza ngokujwayelekile.
Drop test
I-drop test iwukuhlola okuyinjwayelo okumele kwenziwe imikhiqizo eminingi njengamanje. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuhlola ukuthi ukupakishwa komkhiqizo we-drone kungavikela umkhiqizo ngokwawo kahle ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha kwezokuthutha; ngakolunye uhlangothi, empeleni i-hardware yendiza. ukwethembeka.
ukuhlolwa kwengcindezi
Ngaphansi kokuqina kokusetshenziswa okuphezulu, i-drone ingaphansi kokuhlolwa kwengcindezi njengokuhlanekezelwa nokuthwala umthwalo. Ngemuva kokuthi ukuhlolwa sekuqediwe, i-drone idinga ukuthi ikwazi ukuqhubeka nokusebenza ngokujwayelekile.
ukuhlolwa kwenkathi yokuphila
Yenza ukuhlolwa kwempilo ku-gimbal ye-drone, i-radar ebonakalayo, inkinobho yamandla, izinkinobho, njll., futhi imiphumela yokuhlolwa kufanele ihambisane nemithetho yomkhiqizo.
Ukuhlolwa kokumelana nokugqoka
Sebenzisa itheyiphu yephepha ye-RCA ukuhlola ukumelana nemihuzuko, futhi imiphumela yokuhlolwa kufanele ihambisane nezidingo zokuhuzuka ezimakwe emkhiqizweni.
Okunye ukuhlola okuvamile
Okufana nokubukeka, ukuhlolwa kokupakisha, ukuhlolwa okuphelele komhlangano, izingxenye ezibalulekile nokuhlolwa kwangaphakathi, ukulebula, ukumaka, ukuhlolwa kokuphrinta, njll.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: May-25-2024