Ngokuhlanganiswa komnotho womhlaba, ukugeleza kwamazwe ngamazwe kwezinsiza kumahhala futhi kuvame. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuncintisana kochungechunge lokuhlinzeka ngamabhizinisi, sekuyinkinga okufanele sibhekane nayo ngombono womhlaba wonke kanye nokuthengwa kwempahla emhlabeni jikelele.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nokuthengwa kwempahla yasekhaya, yimiphi imiqondo okudingeka iqondwe ekuthengeni uhwebo lwangaphandle?
Okokuqala, i-FOB, i-CFR ne-CIF
I-FOB(Mahhala Ebhodini）Kumahhala uma ugibela (okulandelwa ichweba lokuthutha), kusho ukuthi umdayisi uletha izimpahla ngokulayisha izimpahla emkhunjini oqokwe umthengi endaweni ekhethiwe yokuthunyelwa noma ngokuthola izimpahla ezilethiwe emkhunjini, ngokuvamile. eyaziwa ngokuthi "FOB".
I-CFR(Izindleko Nezimpahla）Izindleko kanye nomthwalo (okulandelwa ichweba lalapho kuyiwa khona) kusho ukuthi umdayisi udiliva ngomkhumbi noma ngokuhambisa izimpahla ezilethiwe.
I-CIF(I-Cost Insurance kanye ne-Freigh）Izindleko, umshwalense kanye nempahla (okulandelwa ichweba lapho uya khona), okusho ukuthi umdayisi uqedela ukulethwa lapho izimpahla zidlula ujantshi womkhumbi esikhumulweni somkhumbi. Intengo ye-CIF = intengo ye-FOB + I-premium yomshwalense + Impahla ye-F, ngokuvamile eyaziwa ngokuthi “intengo ye-CIF”.
Intengo ye-CFR iyintengo ye-FOB kanye nezindleko ezihlobene nokuthumela, futhi intengo ye-CIF iyinani le-CFR kanye nephrimiyamu yomshwalense.
Okwesibili, ukukhulula nokuthumela
Ephathini yokuqasha yohambo, isikhathi sangempela sokukhipha (i-Laytime) sempahla eyinqwaba ngokuvamile siqala kusukela emahoreni ayi-12 noma angu-24 ngemva kokuba umkhumbi uhambise “Isaziso Sokulungiselela Ukulayisha Nokulayisha” (NOR) kuze kube yilapho uhlolovo lokugcina luqedwa ngemva kokuthulula (Okokugcina I-Draft Survey) kuze kube.
Inkontileka yenqola ibeka isikhathi sokulayisha nesokukhipha. Uma iphoyinti lokugcina le-Laytime lingemuva kwesikhathi sokukhipha esishiwo esivumelwaneni, kuzokwehliswa i-demurrage, okungukuthi, umthwalo awukwazi ukuthululwa ngokugcwele phakathi nesikhathi esishiwo, okuholela ekutheni umkhumbi uqhubeke nokuma ethekwini futhi kubangele umnikazi womkhumbi ukuthi indawo yokulala. Inkokhelo okuvunyelwene ngayo ezokhokhwa ngumqashisi kumnikazi womkhumbi ukuze kukhushulwe izindleko zasechwebeni kanye nokulahlekelwa uhlelo lokuhamba ngomkhumbi.
Uma indawo yokugcina ye-Laytime ingaphambi kwesikhathi sokulayisha nokuthulula okuvunyelwene ngaso kwinkontileka, kuzokwenziwa imali yokuthunyelwa (Despatch), okungukuthi, ukuthululwa kwezimpahla kuqedwa kusenesikhathi phakathi nesikhathi esishiwo, esifinyeza umjikelezo wokuphila. yomkhumbi, futhi umnikazi womkhumbi ubuyisela inkokhelo okuvunyelwene ngayo kumqashi.
Okwesithathu, imali yokuhlolwa kwempahla
Isimemezelo sokuhlolwa nokuvalelwa kuzoholela ezindlekweni zokuhlola, izindleko zokukhucululwa kwendle, izimali zokubulala amagciwane, izimali zokupakisha, izimali zokuphatha, njll., ezibizwa ngokuhlanganyela njengezimali zokuhlola impahla.
Imali yokuhlolwa kwempahla ikhokhwa ehhovisi lendawo lokuhlola impahla. Ngokuvamile kukhokhiswa ngokuvumelana ne-1.5 ‰ yenani lezimpahla. Ngokukhethekile, kunqunywa ngokwenani le-invoyisi kudokhumenti yezimpahla zokuhlolwa kwempahla. Inombolo yentela yempahla ihlukile, futhi imali yokuhlolwa kwempahla nayo ihlukile. Udinga ukwazi inombolo ethile yentela yempahla kanye nenani elikudokhumenti ukuze wazi inkokhiso ethile.
Okwesine, amanani entengo
I-Tariff (I-Customs Duties, Tariff), okusho ukuthi, intela yokungenisa ezweni, intela ekhokhiswa intela ebekwe uhulumeni kumthumeli-mpahla ngaphandle lapho impahla ethunyelwa ngaphandle idlula endaweni yentela yezwe.
Ifomula eyisisekelo yentela kanye nezintela yilena:
Inani lentela engenayo = inani elikhokhelwayo × inani lentela yokungenisa
Ngokombono wezwe, ukuqoqwa kwentela kungakhuphula imali engenayo yezimali. Ngaso leso sikhathi, izwe liphinde lilungise uhwebo lokungena nokuthumela ngaphandle ngokubeka amanani entengo ehlukene kanye namanani entela, ngaleyo ndlela kuthinte ukwakheka komnotho wasekhaya kanye nesiqondiso sentuthuko.
Impahla ehlukene inamazinga entela ahlukene, asetshenziswa ngokuhambisana “neMithetho Yentela”.
Okwesihlanu, imali yedemurrage kanye nemali yokugcina
Imali yokuvalelwa (eyaziwa nangokuthi “imali eyeqiwe yisikhathi”) ibhekisela enkokhelweni yokusetshenziswa eyeqiwe yisikhathi (yedlulelwe yisikhathi) yesiqukathi esingaphansi komphathi othunyiweyo, okungukuthi, othunyiweyo uphakamisa isiqukathi asikhiphe egcekeni noma esikhumulweni semikhumbi ngemva kokuvunyelwa kwempahla futhi ahluleke bahambisane nemithethonqubo. Ikhiqizwe ngokubuyisela amabhokisi angenalutho phakathi nesikhathi. Uhlaka lwesikhathi luhlanganisa isikhathi lapho ibhokisi lilandwa khona kudokhi uze ubuyisele ibhokisi endaweni yechweba. Ngalé kwalo mkhawulo wesikhathi, inkampani yemikhumbi izodinga ukukucela ukuthi uqoqe imali.
Imali yesitoreji (Isitoreji, esaziwa nangokuthi "imali yesitoko esiningi"), ibanga lesikhathi lihlanganisa isikhathi lapho ibhokisi liqala khona lapho lehliswa esitokisini, futhi lize lifike ekupheleni kwesimemezelo senkambiso kanye nedokodo. Ihlukile ku-demurrage (Demurrage), imali yokugcina ikhokhiswa indawo yechweba, hhayi inkampani yokuthumela.
Okwesithupha, izindlela zokukhokha L/C, T/T, D/P kanye ne-D/A
L/C (Incwadi Yesikweletu) Isifinyezo sisho isitifiketi esibhaliwe esikhishwe yibhange kumthengisi (umdayisi) ngesicelo somthengi (umthengi) ukuze aqinisekise umthwalo wemfanelo wokukhokhwa kwempahla.
I-T/T (I-Telegraphic Transfer in Advance)Isifinyezo sibhekisela ekushintshaneni nge-telegram. I-Telegraphic Transfer yindlela yokukhokha lapho umkhokhi efaka inani elithile lemali ebhange lemali ethunyelwayo, bese ibhange elithumela imali liyidlulisele egatsheni lalapho kuyiwa khona noma ebhange lokuxhumana (ibhange lemali ethunyelwayo) ngocingo noma ngocingo, liyala ibhange elingaphakathi ukuthi likhokhe inani elithile kokhokhelwayo.
I-D/P(Amadokhumenti aphikisana nenkokhelo） Isifinyezo se-“Bill of Lading” sivame ukuthunyelwa ebhange ngemva kokuthunyelwa, futhi ibhange lizothumela i-bill of lading kanye namanye amadokhumenti kumthengi ovela kwamanye amazwe ukuze athole imvume yentela ngemva kokuba ongenisa impahla evela kwamanye amazwe esezikhokhele. Ngenxa yokuthi i-bill of lading iyidokhumenti ewusizo, ngokwemibandela yomuntu ovamile, ikhokhwa ngesandla esisodwa futhi ilethwe ngesandla sokuqala. Kukhona ubungozi obuthile kwabathumela ngaphandle.
I-D/A (Amadokhumenti aphikisana nokwamukelwa)Isifinyezo sisho ukuthi umthengisi ukhipha uhlaka oluya phambili ngemva kokuba izimpahla sezithunyelwe, futhi kanye nemibhalo yezohwebo (yempahla), yethulwa kumthengi ongaphandle ngebhange eliqoqayo.
Okwesikhombisa, iyunithi yokulinganisa
Amazwe ahlukene anezindlela ezahlukene zokulinganisa namayunithi emikhiqizo, okungase kuthinte ubuningi bangempela (ivolumu noma isisindo) somkhiqizo. Ukunakwa okukhethekile kanye nesivumelwano kufanele kukhokhwe kusengaphambili.
Isibonelo, ekuthengweni kwamalogi, ngokwezibalo ezingaphelele, eNyakatho Melika iyodwa, cishe kunezinhlobo eziyi-100 zezindlela zokuhlola izingodo, futhi kunezinhlobo eziningi ezifika ku-185 zamagama. ENyakatho Melika, ukukalwa kwamalogi kusekelwe kumbusi webhodi oyinkulungwane we-MBF, kuyilapho umbusi waseJapane u-JAS evame ukusetshenziswa ezweni lami. Ivolumu izohluka kakhulu.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Sep-01-2022