Ukunikeza isitifiketi, ukugunyazwa, ukuhlolwa nokuhlola kuwuhlelo oluyisisekelo lokuqinisa ukuphathwa kwekhwalithi nokwenza ngcono ukusebenza kahle kwezimakethe ngaphansi kwezimo zomnotho wemakethe, kanye nengxenye ebalulekile yokuqondisa izimakethe. Isibaluli sayo esibalulekile “siwukuletha ukwethembana nokuthuthukiswa kokuphakelayo”, okunezici ezivelele zokumaketha kanye nokwenza amazwe ngamazwe. Kwaziwa “njengesitifiketi sezokwelapha” sokuphathwa kwekhwalithi, “incwadi yesikweletu” yomnotho wemakethe, kanye “nokuphasiswa” kohwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe.
1. Umqondo kanye nencazelo
1). Umqondo Wengqalasizinda Yekhwalithi Kazwelonke (i-NQI) wahlongozwa okokuqala yiNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene Yokuthuthukiswa Kohwebo (i-UNCTAD) kanye neNhlangano Yezohwebo Yomhlaba (i-WTO) ngo-2005. Ngo-2006, iNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene Yokuthuthukiswa Kwezimboni (i-UNIDO) kanye neNhlangano Yamazwe Ngamazwe Ukumiswa (ISO) kubeka phambili ngokusemthethweni umcabango wengqalasizinda yekhwalithi kazwelonke, futhi okubizwa ngokuthi ukukala, ukumisa, nokuhlola ukuhambisana (ukunikeza isitifiketi nokugunyazwa, ukuhlolwa nokuhlola njengokuqukethwe okuyinhloko) njengezinsika ezintathu zengqalasizinda yekhwalithi kazwelonke. Lezi zintathu zakha uchungechunge oluphelele lwezobuchwepheshe, okuwuhulumeni kanye namabhizinisi ukuthuthukisa ukukhiqiza, ukugcina impilo nempilo, ukuvikela amalungelo abathengi, nokuvikela imvelo Izindlela zobuchwepheshe ezibalulekile zokugcina ukuphepha nokwenza ngcono izinga zingasekela ngempumelelo inhlalakahle yomphakathi, uhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe kanye ukuthuthuka okungashabalali. Kuze kube manje, umqondo wengqalasizinda yekhwalithi kazwelonke wamukelwe kabanzi emphakathini wamazwe ngamazwe. Ngo-2017, ngemva kocwaningo oluhlanganyelwe lwezinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe ezingu-10 ezifanele ezibhekele ukuphathwa kwekhwalithi, ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni, ukuthuthukiswa kwezohwebo kanye nokubambisana kokulawula, incazelo entsha yengqalasizinda yekhwalithi yahlongozwa encwadini ethi “Quality Policy – Technical Guidelines” ekhishwe yi-United Nations Industrial. Inhlangano Yentuthuko (i-UNIDO) ngo-2018. Incazelo entsha ikhomba ukuthi ingqalasizinda yekhwalithi iyisistimu eyakhiwe izinhlangano (ezomphakathi nezizimele) nezinqubomgomo, izinhlaka ezifanele zomthetho nezokulawula kanye nezinqubo ezidingekayo ukuze kusekelwe futhi kuthuthukiswe izinga, ukuphepha kanye nokuvikelwa kwemvelo. imikhiqizo, izinsizakalo kanye nezinqubo. Ngaso leso sikhathi, kuyavezwa ukuthi uhlelo lwengqalasizinda yekhwalithi lubandakanya abathengi, amabhizinisi, izinsizakalo zengqalasizinda ezisezingeni eliphezulu, izikhungo zomphakathi ezisezingeni eliphezulu, kanye nokubusa kukahulumeni; Kuphinde kugcizelelwe ukuthi uhlelo lwengqalasizinda yekhwalithi luncike esilinganisweni, kumazinga, ekugunyazweni (okusohlwini oluhlukene nokuhlola ukuhambisana), ukuhlolwa kokuvumelana kanye nokuqondisa izimakethe.
2).Umqondo wokuhlola ukuhambisana uchazwa ezingeni lamazwe ngamazwe le-ISO/IEC17000 “Vocabulary and General Principles of Conformity Assessment”. Ukuhlola ukuhambisana kusho “ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izidingo ezibaluliwe ezihlobene nemikhiqizo, izinqubo, izinhlelo, abasebenzi noma izikhungo kuhlangatshezwana nazo”. Ngokwe-“Building Trust in Conformity Assessment” eshicilelwe ngokuhlanganyela yi-International Organisation for Standardization kanye ne-United Nations Industrial Development Organisation, amakhasimende ezentengiselwano, abathengi, abasebenzisi kanye nezikhulu zikahulumeni balindele ikhwalithi, ukuvikelwa kwemvelo, ukuphepha, umnotho, ukwethembeka, ukuhambisana, ukusebenza, ukusebenza kahle kanye nokusebenza kahle kwemikhiqizo namasevisi. Inqubo yokufakazela ukuthi lezi zici zihlangabezana nezidingo zamazinga, imithethonqubo kanye nokunye okucacisiwe kubizwa ngokuthi ukuhlola ukuhambisana. Ukuhlolwa kokuvumelana kunikeza izindlela zokuhlangabezana nokuthi imikhiqizo namasevisi afanelekile ayahlangabezana yini nalokhu okulindelekile ngokuhambisana namazinga afanelekile, imithethonqubo kanye nokunye okucacisiwe. Kuyasiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imikhiqizo namasevisi athunyelwa ngokuvumelana nezidingo noma izibopho. Ngamanye amazwi, ukusungulwa kokuthembana ekuhloleni ukuhambisana kungahlangabezana nezidingo zezinkampani ezithuthukisa umnotho wemakethe futhi kukhuthaze ukuthuthukiswa okunempilo komnotho wemakethe.
Kubathengi, abathengi bangazuza ekuhlolweni kokuvumelana, ngoba ukuhlola ukuhambisana kunikeza isisekelo sokuthi abathengi bakhethe imikhiqizo noma amasevisi. Emabhizinisini, abakhiqizi nabahlinzeki besevisi kudingeka banqume ukuthi imikhiqizo namasevisi abo ayahlangabezana yini nezidingo zemithetho, izimiso, izindinganiso kanye nokucaciswayo futhi bakunikeze ngokuvumelana nalokho okulindelwe ngamakhasimende, ukuze kugwenywe ukulahlekelwa emakethe ngenxa yokwehluleka komkhiqizo. Kuziphathimandla ezilawulayo, zingazuza ekuhlolweni kokuvumelana ngoba kuzihlinzeka ngezindlela zokusebenzisa imithetho nezimiso kanye nokufeza izinjongo zenqubomgomo yomphakathi.
3). Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zokuhlola ukuhambisana Ukuhlola ukuhambisana ngokuyinhloko kuhlanganisa izinhlobo ezine: ukutholwa, ukuhlola, ukuqinisekiswa kanye nokugunyazwa. Ngokwencazelo yezinga lamazwe ngamazwe le-ISO/IEC17000 “Isilulumagama sokuhlola ukuhambisana nezimiso ezijwayelekile”:
①Ukuhlola “kuwumsebenzi wokunquma isici esisodwa noma eziningi zento yokuhlola ukuvumelana ngokuya ngenqubo”. Ngokuvamile, kuwumsebenzi wokusebenzisa amathuluzi namathuluzi ukuhlola ngokuya ngamazinga obuchwepheshe kanye nokucaciswa, futhi imiphumela yokuhlola idatha yokuhlola. ② Ukuhlola “kuwumsebenzi wokubuyekeza idizayini yomkhiqizo, umkhiqizo, inqubo noma ukufakwa nokunquma ukuthobela kwawo izimfuneko ezithile, noma ukunquma ukuthobela kwawo izimfuneko ezivamile ezisekelwe ekwahluleleni kochwepheshe”. Ngokuvamile, iwukuthola ukuthi ingabe iyavumelana yini nemithethonqubo efanele ngokuthembela kokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu nolwazi, kusetshenziswa idatha yokuhlola noma olunye ulwazi lokuhlola. ③ Isitifiketi “yisitifiketi somuntu wesithathu esihlobene nemikhiqizo, izinqubo, amasistimu noma abasebenzi”. Ngokuvamile, kubhekiselwa emisebenzini yokuhlola ukuhambisana kwemikhiqizo, izinsizakalo, izinhlelo zokuphatha kanye nabasebenzi ngokuhambisana namazinga afanele kanye nemininingwane yobuchwepheshe, eqinisekiswa indikimba enikeza izitifiketi ngohlobo lomuntu wesithathu. ④Ukugunyazwa “yisitifiketi senkampani yangaphandle esibonisa ngokusemthethweni ukuthi isikhungo sokuhlola ukuhambisana sinamandla okwenza umsebenzi wokuhlola ukuhambisana okuthile”. Ngokuvamile, kubhekiselwa kumsebenzi wokuhlola ukuhambisana isikhungo esigunyazayo esiqinisekisa amakhono obuchwepheshe esikhungo sokunikeza izitifiketi, isikhungo sokuhlola kanye nelabhorethri.
Kungabonakala encazelweni engenhla ukuthi izinto zokuhlolwa, ukutholwa kanye nezitifiketi ziyimikhiqizo, izinsizakalo kanye nezinhlangano zamabhizinisi (ezibheke ngqo emakethe); Inhloso yokuqashelwa izikhungo ezisebenza ekuhloleni, ekuhloleni nasekunikezeni izitifiketi (eziqondiswe ngokungaqondile emakethe).
4. Izici zemisebenzi yokuhlola ukuhambisana zingahlukaniswa zibe izigaba ezintathu: uhlangothi lokuqala, uhlangothi lwesibili kanye nohlangothi lwesithathu ngokwezimfanelo zemisebenzi yokuhlola ukuhambisana:
Iqembu lokuqala libhekisela ekuhlolweni kokuvumelana okwenziwa abakhiqizi, abahlinzeki besevisi nabanye abahlinzeki, njengokuzihlola kanye nokucwaninga kwangaphakathi okwenziwa abakhiqizi ukuze bahlangabezane nezidingo zabo zocwaningo nentuthuko, ukuklama nokukhiqiza. Ingxenye yesibili ibhekisela ekuhlolweni kokuvumelana okwenziwa umsebenzisi, umthengi noma umthengi kanye nabanye abafuna ngenkani, njengokuhlolwa nokuhlolwa kwezimpahla ezithengiwe ngumthengi. Inkampani yangaphandle ibhekisela ekuhlolweni kokuvumelana okwenziwa yinhlangano yezinkampani zangaphandle ezizimele kumnikezeli kanye nomphakeli, njengesitifiketi somkhiqizo, isitifiketi sohlelo lokuphatha, imisebenzi ehlukahlukene yokuqashelwa, njll. Imisebenzi yokuhlola nokuhlola yesitifiketi, ukuqashelwa kanye nesitifiketi umphakathi wonke uwukuhlola ukuhambisana komuntu wesithathu.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nokuhlolwa kokuvumelana kweqembu lokuqala kanye neqembu lesibili, ukuhlolwa kokuvumelana komuntu wesithathu kunegunya eliphakeme nokwethembeka ngokusetshenziswa kwesimo esizimele kanye nekhono lobungcweti lezikhungo ngokuhambisana ngokuqinile namazinga kazwelonke noma amazwe ngamazwe kanye nemininingwane yobuchwepheshe, futhi ngaleyo ndlela izuze ukuqashelwa emhlabeni wonke kwawo wonke amaqembu emakethe. Ayikwazi kuphela ukuqinisekisa ngempumelelo ikhwalithi futhi ivikele izintshisekelo zabo bonke abathintekayo, kodwa futhi ithuthukise ukwethenjwa kwemakethe futhi ikhuthaze ukuhweba lula.
6. Ukuvezwa kwemiphumela yokuhlola ukuhambisana Imiphumela yokuhlolwa kokuvumelana ivamise ukumenyezelwa emphakathini ngamafomu abhaliwe njengezitifiketi, imibiko kanye nezimpawu. Ngalobu bufakazi obusesidlangalaleni, singakwazi ukuxazulula inkinga ye-asymmetry yolwazi futhi sizuze ukwethenjwa okuvamile kwamaqembu afanele kanye nomphakathi. Amafomu amakhulu yilawa:
Isitifiketi sokuqinisekisa, isitifiketi sokuqashelwa kwamamaki, isitifiketi sokuhlolwa kwamamaki kanye nombiko wokuhlola
2. Umsuka kanye nentuthuko
1). Ukuhlola nokuhlonza ukuhlola nokuhlonza kuhambisane nokukhiqizwa komuntu, ukuphila, ucwaningo lwesayensi neminye imisebenzi. Ngesidingo sokukhiqiza kanye nemisebenzi yokuhweba yokulawulwa kwekhwalithi yempahla, imisebenzi yokuhlola nokuhlola esezingeni elifanele, esekwe enqubweni kanye nesezingeni elijwayelekile iyakhula. Ngasekupheleni kwenguquko yezimboni, ubuchwepheshe bokuhlola nokuhlonza kanye nezinsimbi nezinto zokusebenza kuhlanganiswe kakhulu futhi kuyinkimbinkimbi, futhi izikhungo zokuhlola nokuhlonza okukhethekile ekuhloleni, ukulinganisa nokuqinisekisa ziye zavela kancane kancane. Ukuhlola nokuhlonza sekuyinkambu yemboni echumayo. Ngokuthuthuka kwezohwebo, kube nezikhungo zokuhlola nokuhlola zezinkampani zangaphandle ezikhethekile ekuhlinzekeni ngezinsizakalo zekhwalithi ezifana nokuhlolwa kokuphepha komkhiqizo nokuhlonzwa kwezimpahla emphakathini, njenge-American Underwriters Laboratory (UL) eyasungulwa ngo-1894, edlala indima ebalulekile. iqhaza ekuhwebeni nasekuqondiseni izimakethe.
2). Isitifiketi Ngo-1903, i-United Kingdom yaqala ukusebenzisa isitifiketi futhi yengeza uphawu lwe-“kite” emikhiqizweni yesitimela efanelekile ngokuya ngamazinga akhiwe yi-British Engineering Standards Institute (BSI), yaba uhlelo lokuqala lomhlaba lokunikeza isitifiketi somkhiqizo. Ngawo-1930s, amazwe ezimboni afana ne-Europe, America kanye ne-Japan ayesesungule ngokulandelana izinhlelo zawo zokunikeza izitifiketi kanye nokugunyazwa, ikakhulukazi emikhiqizweni ethile enezinga eliphezulu nezingozi zokuphepha, futhi asebenzisa izinhlelo zokunikeza izitifiketi eziyisibopho ngokulandelana kwazo. Ngokuthuthuka kohwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe, ukuze kugwenywe izitifiketi eziyimpinda futhi kube lula ukuhwebelana, kubalulekile ukuthi amazwe amukele izindinganiso ezibumbene nemithetho nezinqubo zemisebenzi yokunikeza izitifiketi, ukuze abone ukuqashelwa okufanayo kwemiphumela yesitifiketi ngokwalesi sisekelo. Ngeminyaka yawo-1970, ngaphezu kokuqaliswa kwezinhlelo zokunikeza izitifiketi emazweni awo, amazwe aseYurophu nawaseMelika aqala ukuqaphela izinhlelo zokunikeza izitifiketi phakathi kwamazwe, abese ethuthukiswa abe izinhlelo zezitifiketi zesifunda ezisekelwe kumazinga nemithethonqubo yesifunda. Uhlelo olujwayelekile kakhulu lwesitifiketi sesifunda isitifiketi somkhiqizo kagesi se-European Union's CENELEC (European Electrotechnical Standardization Commission), okulandelwa ukuthuthukiswa kwe-EU CE Directive. Ngokukhula kohwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe, kuwumkhuba ongenakugwemeka ukusungula uhlelo lokunikeza izitifiketi emhlabeni wonke. Ngeminyaka yawo-1980, amazwe emhlabeni wonke aqala ukusebenzisa uhlelo lokunikeza izitifiketi lwamazwe ngamazwe olusekelwe kumazinga nemithetho yamazwe ngamazwe emikhiqizweni eyahlukene. Kusukela lapho, liye lakhula kancane kancane lisuka emkhakheni wokunikeza isitifiketi somkhiqizo laya emkhakheni wokuphatha kanye nesitifiketi sabasebenzi, njenge-ISO9001 international quality management system ekhuthazwa yi-International Organization for Standardization (ISO) kanye nemisebenzi yesitifiketi eyenziwa ngokwalokhu. ejwayelekile.
3). Ukuqashelwa Ngokuthuthukiswa kokuhlolwa, ukuhlola, ukunikeza izitifiketi kanye neminye imisebenzi yokuhlola ukuhambisana, izinhlobo ezahlukene zezikhungo zokuhlola ukuhambisana abenza imisebenzi yokuhlola, yokuhlola kanye nezitifiketi ziye zavela ngokulandelana. Okuhle nokubi kuyahlangana, okwenza abasebenzisi bangabi nakuzikhethela, futhi ngisho nama-ejensi athile alimaze izithakazelo zezinhlangano ezinentshisekelo, okubangela izingcingo zokuba uhulumeni alawule ukuziphatha kwezikhungo ezinikeza izitifiketi kanye nezikhungo zokuhlola nokuhlola. Ukuze kuqinisekiswe igunya nokungakhethi kwesitifiketi nemiphumela yokuhlolwa, imisebenzi yokugunyazwa yaba khona. Ngo-1947, indikimba yokuqala kazwelonke yokugunyazwa, i-Australia i-NATA, yasungulwa ukuze iqale igunyaze amalabhorethri. Ngawo-1980, amazwe athuthukile ezimbonini ayesesungule izikhungo zawo zokugunyazwa. Ngemuva kweminyaka yawo-1990, amanye amazwe asafufusa asesungule izikhungo zokugunyazwa ngokulandelana kwazo. Ngomsuka nokuthuthukiswa kohlelo lokunikeza izitifiketi, kancane kancane luthuthuke kusukela ekutholeni isitifiketi somkhiqizo kuya ekutholeni isitifiketi sohlelo lokuphatha, ukunikezwa kwezitifiketi zesevisi, ukunikezwa kwabasebenzi kanye nezinye izinhlobo; Ngokuqala nokuthuthuka kohlelo lokugunyazwa, liye lathuthuka kancane kancane ukusuka ekugunyazweni kwaselabhorethri kuya ekugunyazweni kwenhlangano yezitifiketi, ukugunyazwa kwenhlangano yokuhlola kanye nezinye izinhlobo.
3. Umsebenzi kanye nomsebenzi
Isizathu sokuthi kungani ukuqinisekiswa, ukugunyazwa, ukuhlolwa nokuhlolwa kuwuhlelo oluyisisekelo lomnotho wemakethe kungafingqwa “njengesibaluli esisodwa esibalulekile, izici ezimbili ezijwayelekile, imisebenzi emithathu eyisisekelo nemisebenzi emine evelele”.
Isibaluli esisodwa esibalulekile nesibaluli esisodwa esibalulekile: ukwethembana kokudlulisa nokuthuthukiswa kwesevisi.
Ukudlulisa ukwethembana nokusebenzela ukuthuthukiswa komnotho wemakethe kuwumnotho wezikweletu. Konke ukuthengiselana kwemakethe kuwukukhetha okuvamile kwabahlanganyeli bemakethe okusekelwe ekwethembaneni. Ngobunzima obandayo bokuhlukaniswa kwezenhlalo kwezabasebenzi kanye nekhwalithi kanye nezindaba zokuphepha, ukuhlolwa okuyinhloso nokulungile kanye nokuqinisekiswa kwento yokuthengiselana yemakethe (umkhiqizo, isevisi noma inhlangano yebhizinisi) ngumuntu wesithathu onekhono lobungcweti sekuphenduke isixhumanisi esidingekayo kwezomnotho wemakethe. imisebenzi. Ukuthola isitifiketi nokuqashelwa okuvela enkampanini yangaphandle kungathuthukisa kakhulu ukwethenjwa kwazo zonke izingxenye zemakethe, ngaleyo ndlela kuxazulule inkinga yolwazi olulinganayo emakethe futhi kwehlise ngempumelelo ingcuphe yokwenziwa kwemakethe. Ngemva kokuzalwa kohlelo lokunikeza izitifiketi kanye nokugunyazwa, lusetshenziswe ngokushesha futhi kabanzi emisebenzini yezomnotho yasekhaya neyamazwe ngamazwe kanye nezohwebo ukuze kudluliselwe ukwethembana kubathengi, amabhizinisi, ohulumeni, umphakathi kanye nomhlaba. Enqubweni yokuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kohlelo lwemakethe kanye nesistimu yezomnotho yemakethe, izici zesitifiketi nokuqashelwa "ukuletha ukwethembana kanye nentuthuko yokusebenzela" zizobonakala ngokuqhubekayo.
Izici ezimbili ezijwayelekile Izici ezimbili ezijwayelekile: ukumaketha kanye nokwenza amazwe ngamazwe.
Ukuqinisekiswa kwesici esigxile emakethe nokuqashelwa kuvela emakethe, kuhlinzeka ngemakethe, kuthuthuke emakethe, futhi kukhona kabanzi emisebenzini yokuhweba ezimakethe njengemikhiqizo namasevisi. Ingadlulisela ulwazi olugunyaziwe nonokwethenjelwa emakethe, isungule indlela yokwethenjwa kwemakethe, futhi iqondise imakethe ukuze iphile ngendlela efanele. Amabhizinisi emakethe angakwazi ukuzuza ukwethembana nokuqashelwa, aphule izimakethe nezithiyo zemboni, akhuthaze ukuhweba lula, futhi ehlise izindleko zokuthengiselana zesikhungo ngokwamukela izindlela zokuqinisekisa nokuqashelwa; Umnyango wokuqondisa izimakethe ungaqinisa ukugadwa kwekhwalithi nokuphepha, uthuthukise ukufinyelela kwemakethe kanye nenqubo esetshenzwayo kanye nokugadwa kwangemva komcimbi, umise ukuhleleka kwemakethe futhi unciphise izindleko zokugada ngokusebenzisa indlela yokuqinisekisa nokuqashelwa. Isitifiketi sophawu lwamazwe ngamazwe kanye nokuhlonishwa yimithetho ekhona yamazwe ngamazwe yezomnotho nezohwebo ngaphansi kohlaka lweNhlangano Yezohwebo Yomhlaba (i-WTO). Umphakathi wamazwe omhlaba ngokuvamile ubheka ukugunyazwa nokuqashelwa njengendlela efanayo yokulawula imakethe nokwenza lula ukuhwebelana, futhi usungula amazinga, izinqubo nezinhlelo ezihlangene. Okokuqala, izinhlangano zokubambisana zamazwe ngamazwe zisungulwe emikhakheni eminingi, njenge-International Organization for Standardization (ISO), i-International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), i-International Accreditation Forum (IAF), kanye ne-International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation Organization (ILAC). Inhloso yabo ukusungula indinganiso ehlangene yamazwe ngamazwe kanye nezitifiketi kanye nohlelo lokugunyazwa ukuze kuzuzwe “ukuhlolwa okukodwa, ukuhlolwa okukodwa, isitifiketi esisodwa, ukuqashelwa okukodwa kanye nokusakazwa komhlaba wonke”. Okwesibili, umphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe ususungule izilinganiso neziqondiso eziphelele zokuqinisekisa nezigunyazo, ezikhishwe izinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe njenge-International Organization for Standardization (ISO) kanye ne-International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). Njengamanje, amazinga angama-36 okuhlola ukuhambisana akhishiwe, amukelwa kabanzi yiwo wonke amazwe emhlabeni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ISivumelwano Semigoqo Ezohwebo Kwezobuchwepheshe (i-WTO/TBT) yeNhlangano Yezohwebo Yomhlaba siphinde silawule amazinga kazwelonke, izimiso zobuchwepheshe kanye nezinqubo zokuhlola ukuhambisana, futhi simisa izinjongo eziphusile, umthelela omncane ekuhwebeni, ukungafihli, ukuphathwa kwezwe, amazwe ngamazwe. amazinga kanye nezimiso zokuqaphelana ukuze kuncishiswe umthelela kwezohwebo. Okwesithathu, izindlela zokunikeza isitifiketi kanye nokugunyazwa zisetshenziswa kabanzi emazweni omhlaba, ngakolunye uhlangothi, njengezinyathelo zokufinyelela emakethe zokuqinisekisa ukuthi imikhiqizo nezinsizakalo ziyahlangabezana nezidingo zemithethonqubo namazinga, njenge-EU CE Directive, isitifiketi se-Japan PSE, isitifiketi se-China CCC nokunye. izinhlelo zezitifiketi eziyimpoqo; Ezinye izinhlelo zokuthengwa kwempahla ezimakethe zamazwe ngamazwe, njengeGlobal Food Safety Initiative (GFSI), nazo zisebenzisa isitifiketi nokugunyazwa njengezimo zokufinyelela ekuthengweni noma isisekelo sokuhlola. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, njengesinyathelo sokusiza ezohwebo, igwema ukuhlolwa okuphindaphindiwe kanye nesitifiketi ngokuqashelwa kwamazwe amabili kanye namazwe amaningi. Isibonelo, izinhlelo zokuqashelwa okuhlanganyelwe njengohlelo lokuhlola nesitifiketi semikhiqizo kagesi nekagesi (IECEE) kanye nesistimu yokuhlola ukuhambisana kwekhwalithi yezingxenye ze-elekthronikhi (IECQ) esungulwe yi-International Electrotechnical Commission ihlanganisa ngaphezu kuka-90% wezomnotho womhlaba, lula kakhulu ukuhwebelana emhlabeni jikelele.
Imisebenzi emithathu eyisisekelo Imisebenzi emithathu eyisisekelo: ukuphathwa kwekhwalithi “isitifiketi sezokwelapha”, umnotho wemakethe “incwadi yesikweletu”, kanye “nephasi” yohwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe. Ukunikeza isitifiketi nokuqashelwa, njengoba negama lisho, ukuhlola ukuhambisana kwemikhiqizo, amasevisi kanye nezinhlangano zabo zebhizinisi nokukhipha izitifiketi zomphakathi eziya emphakathini ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zezinkampani zemakethe ngezici zekhwalithi ezihlukahlukene. Njengoba iminyango kahulumeni yehlisa “isitifiketi” semikhawulo yokufinyelela, umsebenzi “wesitifiketi” ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukwethembana kanye nokunethezeka phakathi kwamabhizinisi emakethe uya ubaluleke kakhulu.
Isitifiketi "sokuhlolwa komzimba" kanye nokugunyazwa kokuphathwa kwekhwalithi kuyinqubo yokuhlonza nokwenza ngcono ukuthi ukukhiqizwa nokusebenza kwamabhizinisi kuyahambisana namazinga kanye nezicaciso ngokusebenzisa izindlela zokuphatha ikhwalithi ezahlukahlukene ngokuya ngezidingo zamazinga nemithethonqubo, futhi ithuluzi eliphumelelayo lokuqinisa ukuphathwa kwekhwalithi jikelele. Imisebenzi yokunikeza izitifiketi nokugunyazwa ingasiza amabhizinisi ukuhlonza izixhumanisi ezibalulekile nezinto eziyingozi zokulawulwa kwekhwalithi, aqhubeke ethuthukisa ukuphathwa kwekhwalithi, futhi athuthukise ikhwalithi yemikhiqizo namasevisi ngokuqhubekayo. Ukuze bathole isitifiketi, amabhizinisi adinga ukubheka izixhumanisi eziningi zokuhlola njengokucwaninga kwangaphakathi, ukubuyekezwa kwabaphathi, ukuhlolwa kwefekthri, ukulinganisa ukulinganisa, ukuhlolwa kohlobo lomkhiqizo, njll. Ngemva kokuthola isitifiketi, kudingeka futhi enze ukugadwa okuvamile kwangemuva kokuthola isitifiketi, okusho ukuthi. ukuthi isethi egcwele "yokuhlolwa komzimba" ingaqinisekisa ngokuqhubekayo ukusebenza ngempumelelo kohlelo lokuphatha, futhi iqinise ngempumelelo ukuphathwa kwekhwalithi. Ingqikithi yomnotho wemakethe umnotho wezikweletu. Ukuqinisekisa, ukugunyazwa, ukuhlolwa nokuhlola kudlulisa imininingwane egunyaziwe nethembekile emakethe, esiza ukusungula indlela yokwethenjwa kwemakethe, ithuthukise ukusebenza kahle kokusebenza kwemakethe, futhi iqondise ukusinda kwabanamandla kakhulu emakethe. Ukuthola isitifiketi esigunyaziwe esivela eceleni inkampani yezikweletu efakazela ukuthi inhlangano yebhizinisi ineziqu zokubamba iqhaza emisebenzini ethile yezomnotho yemakethe kanye nokuthi izimpahla noma amasevisi ewahlinzekayo ahlangabezana nezimfuneko. Isibonelo, isitifiketi se-ISO9001 sohlelo lokuphatha ikhwalithi yisimo esiyisisekelo sokubhida kwasekhaya nekwangaphandle kanye nokuthengwa kukahulumeni ukuze kumiswe amabhizinisi ukuze abambe iqhaza ekubhideni. Kulezo ezibandakanya izidingo ezithile ezifana nemvelo kanye nokuphepha kolwazi, isitifiketi se-ISO14001 sohlelo lokuphathwa kwemvelo kanye nesitifiketi sohlelo lokulawulwa kolwazi lwe-ISO27001 kuzosetshenziswa futhi njengezimo zokufaneleka; Ukuthengwa kukahulumeni kwemikhiqizo yokonga ugesi kanye nephrojekthi kazwelonke “yeLanga Legolide” kuthatha isitifiketi semikhiqizo yokonga ugesi kanye nesitifiketi esisha samandla njengemibandela yokungena. Kungashiwo ukuthi ukuqinisekiswa nokwamukelwa kokuhlolwa nokutholwa kunikeza isihloko semakethe isitifiketi sesikweletu, sixazulule inkinga ye-asymmetry yolwazi, futhi sidlale indima engenakuthathelwa indawo ekudluliseni ukwethenjwa kwemisebenzi yezomnotho yemakethe. Ngenxa yezimpawu zokuhwebelana kwamanye amazwe, isitifiketi "sokudlula" kanye nokuqashelwa kohwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe kukhuthazwa yiwo wonke amazwe ngokuthi "ukuhlola nokuhlola okukodwa, isitifiketi esisodwa nokuqashelwa, kanye nokuhlonishwa kwamanye amazwe", okungasiza amabhizinisi nemikhiqizo ukungena emakethe yamazwe ngamazwe. ngokushelela, futhi ibambe iqhaza elibalulekile ekuxhumaniseni ukufinyelela ezimakethe zamazwe ngamazwe, ukukhuthaza ukuqhutshwa kohwebo kanye neminye imisebenzi ebalulekile ohlelweni lokuhweba lomhlaba wonke. Kuwuhlelo lwesikhungo lokukhuthaza ukuvulwa kwezimakethe ezihlanganyelwe ohlelweni lokuhweba lwezizwe ngezizwe kanye namazwe amabili. Emkhakheni ohlanganisa amazwe amaningi, ukuqinisekiswa nokugunyazwa akuyona nje imithetho yamazwe ngamazwe yokuthuthukisa ukuhwebelana kwezimpahla ngaphansi kohlaka lweNhlangano Yezohwebo Yomhlaba (i-WTO), kodwa futhi nezimo zokufinyelela kwezinye izinhlelo zokuthengwa kwempahla zomhlaba wonke ezifana ne-Food Safety Initiative kanye ne-Telecommunication. Inyunyana; Emkhakheni wamazwe amabili, ukuqinisekiswa nokugunyazwa akulona nje ithuluzi elikahle lokuqeda izithiyo zohwebo ngaphansi kohlaka lwe-Free Trade Area (FTA), kodwa futhi kuwudaba olubalulekile lwezingxoxo zokuhwebelana phakathi kohulumeni mayelana nokufinyelela ezimakethe, ibhalansi yohwebo kanye nezinye izingxoxo zokuhwebelana. . Emisebenzini eminingi yohwebo yamazwe ngamazwe, izitifiketi zokuqinisekisa noma imibiko yokuhlolwa ekhishwa izikhungo ezidumile emhlabeni wonke ithathwa njengemfuneko yokuthengwa kwempahla yohwebo kanye nesisekelo esidingekayo sokukhokhelana kwezohwebo; Akugcinanga lapho, izingxoxo zamazwe amaningi zokufinyelela ezimakethe zifake phakathi ukuqinisekiswa, ukuqashelwa, ukuhlolwa nokuhlolwa njengokuqukethwe okubalulekile ezivumelwaneni zohwebo.
Imisebenzi emine evelele: ukuthuthukisa ukunikezwa kwemakethe, ukuhlinzeka ngokuqondisa izimakethe, ukuthuthukisa indawo yemakethe, nokukhuthaza ukuvulwa kwemakethe.
Ukuqondisa ukwenziwa ngcono kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwekhwalithi kanye nokwandisa ukuhlinzekwa kwemakethe ngempumelelo, uhlelo lokunikeza izitifiketi kanye nokugunyazwa selusetshenziswe ngokugcwele kuyo yonke imikhakha yomnotho kazwelonke nakuyo yonke imikhakha yomphakathi, futhi kwakhiwe izinhlobo ezahlukene zezitifiketi nokugunyazwa. okuhlanganisa imikhiqizo, izinsizakalo, izinhlelo zokuphatha, abasebenzi, njll., okungahlangabezana nezidingo zomnikazi wemakethe neziphathimandla ezilawulayo kuzo zonke izici. Ngokuqhutshwa komsebenzi kanye nempendulo yokugunyazwa nokuqashelwa, ukuqondisa ukusetshenziswa nokuthengwa kwempahla, ukwakha indlela ephumelelayo yokukhetha izimakethe, futhi kuphoqelele abakhiqizi ukuthi bathuthukise izinga lokuphatha, umkhiqizo kanye nekhwalithi yesevisi, futhi bakhulise ukunikezwa okusebenzayo kwemakethe. Eminyakeni yakamuva, ngokuhambisana nezidingo zenguquko yesakhiwo sohlangothi lokunikezela, Ikhomishana Yokugunyazwa Nezitifiketi idlale indima yokuqinisekisa "umugqa ophansi wezokuphepha" kanye nokudonsa "umugqa ophezulu wekhwalithi", yenza ukuthuthukiswa. yohlelo lokuphatha ikhwalithi emabhizinisini aqinisekisiwe, futhi yenze isitifiketi sekhwalithi ephezulu emkhakheni wokudla, izimpahla zabathengi namasevisi, okuvuse umdlandla wezinkampani zemakethe ukuthi zithuthukise ikhwalithi ngokuzimela. Ibhekene neminyango kahulumeni ukuze isekele ukugadwa kokuphatha kanye nokwenza ngcono ukusebenza kahle kokuqondisa kwemakethe, imakethe ngokuvamile ihlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili: imakethe yangaphambili (ngaphambi kokuthengisa) kanye nemakethe yangemuva (ngemuva kokuthengisa). Kukho kokubili ukufinyelela ezimakethe zangaphambili kanye nokuqondisa kwangemva kwemakethe, ukunikezwa kwezitifiketi nokugunyazwa kungakhuthaza iminyango kahulumeni ukuthi iguqule imisebenzi yayo, futhi kunciphise ukungenelela okuqondile ezimakethe ngokuphathwa ngokungaqondile ngumuntu wesithathu. Kusixhumanisi sokufinyelela emakethe yangaphambili, iminyango kahulumeni isebenzisa ukuphathwa kokufinyelela ezinkambini ezibandakanya impilo yomuntu siqu kanye nokuphepha kanye nokuphepha komphakathi komphakathi ngendlela yesitifiketi esiyisibopho, izidingo zamandla ezibophayo nezinye izindlela; Ekugadweni kwemakethe yangemva kwemakethe, iminyango kahulumeni kufanele inikeze umdlalo ngezinzuzo zobungcweti zezikhungo zezinkampani zangaphandle ekugadweni kwangemuva kwemakethe, futhi ithathe imiphumela yesitifiketi somuntu wesithathu njengesisekelo sokuqondisa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukugadwa kwesayensi nokungenzeleli. Esimeni sokudlala ngokugcwele endimeni yokuqinisekisa nokugunyazwa, iziphathimandla akufanele zigxile ekugadweni okuphelele kwamakhulu ezigidi zamabhizinisi amancane nemikhiqizo, kodwa kufanele zigxile ekugadweni kwenani elilinganiselwe lokunikeza izitifiketi nokugunyazwa. , izikhungo zokuhlola nokuhlola, ngosizo lwalezi zikhungo ukuze zidlulisele izidingo zokulawula emabhizinisini, ukuze kuzuzwe umphumela "wokushintsha isisindo sokubili kuya kwezine". Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukwakhiwa kobuqotho kuyo yonke imikhakha yomphakathi nokudala isimo semakethe esihle, iminyango kahulumeni ingathatha ulwazi lwesitifiketi lwamabhizinisi kanye nemikhiqizo namasevisi awo njengesisekelo esibalulekile sokuhlola ubuqotho nokuphathwa kwezikweletu, ithuthukise indlela yokwethenjwa kwemakethe, kanye nokwandisa indawo yokufinyelela emakethe, indawo yokuncintisana kanye nendawo esetshenziswayo. Mayelana nokuthuthukisa indawo yokufinyelela emakethe, qinisekisa ukuthi amabhizinisi nemikhiqizo yawo kanye nezinsizakalo ezingena emakethe zihlangabezana nezidingo zamazinga afanele nemithetho nemithethonqubo ngokunikezwa kwezitifiketi nokuqashelwa, futhi adlale indima yokulawula imithombo kanye nokuhlanza izimakethe; Mayelana nokwenza ngcono indawo yokuncintisana yemakethe, ukuqinisekiswa nokugunyazwa kunikeza imakethe ulwazi lokuhlola oluzimele, olungakhethi, olunobuchwepheshe noluthembekile, lugwema ukungafani kwezinsiza okubangelwa ukungafani kolwazi, lwakha indawo yokuncintisana enobulungisa nesobala, futhi idlala indima ekulinganiseni imakethe. ukuhleleka nokuqondisa ukusinda kwabanamandla kakhulu emakethe; Mayelana nokuthuthukisa indawo yokusetshenziswa kwemakethe, umsebenzi oqondile kakhulu wokunikeza isitifiketi nokuqashelwa ukuqondisa ukusetshenziswa, ukusiza abathengi ukuhlonza okuhle nokubi, bagweme ukuphulwa ngemikhiqizo engafaneleki, nokuqondisa amabhizinisi ukuthi asebenze ngokwethembeka, athuthukise imikhiqizo namasevisi, futhi idlale indima ekuvikeleni amalungelo abathengi kanye nokwenza ngcono ikhwalithi yezimpahla zabathengi. Isivumelwano se-WTO mayelana nezithiyo zohwebo (i-TBT) sibheka ukuhlola ukuhambisana njengesinyathelo sokuhweba esivame ukusetshenziswa yiwo wonke amalungu, sidinga ukuthi zonke izinhlangothi ziqinisekise ukuthi izinyathelo zokuhlola ukuhambisana azilethi izithiyo ezingadingekile ekuhwebeni, futhi sikhuthaza ukwamukelwa kokuvumelana okwamukelekayo emhlabeni wonke. izinqubo zokuhlola. Ngenkathi i-China ingena ku-WTO, yenza isibophezelo ekuhlanganiseni izinqubo zokuhlola ukuhambisana kwemakethe futhi inikeze ukwelashwa kukazwelonke kumabhizinisi asekhaya nawangaphandle kanye nemikhiqizo. Ukwamukelwa kokuqinisekiswa okuqashelwa umhlaba wonke kanye nokugunyazwa kungagwema ukungqubuzana nokuphindaphindeka kokuqondisa kwangaphakathi nangaphandle, kuthuthukise ukusebenza kahle nokungafihli kokuqondisa izimakethe, kusize ekudaleni indawo yebhizinisi lamazwe ngamazwe, futhi kunikeze izimo ezikahle ukuze umnotho waseChina “uphume” futhi “ ngenisa”. Ngokusheshiswa kokwakhiwa kwe-“Belt and Road” kanye ne-Free Trade Zone, indima yokunikeza izitifiketi nokugunyazwa isibonakala kakhulu. Embonweni kanye Nesenzo Sokukhuthaza Ukwakhiwa Ngokuhlanganyela Kwebhande Lezomnotho Lomgwaqo Kasilika kanye Nomgwaqo Kasilika Wasolwandle Wekhulu Leminyaka Lama-21 okhishwe yiShayina, ukunikezwa kwezitifiketi nokugunyazwa kuthathwa njengengxenye ebalulekile yokukhuthaza ukuhwebelana okushelelayo kanye nokuxhumanisa imithetho. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, i-China ne-ASEAN, i-New Zealand, iNingizimu Korea namanye amazwe benze izinhlelo zokuqaphelana ekunikezeni izitifiketi nokugunyazwa.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Mar-16-2023